2022-2023年考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第16期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 写作题Directions: For this part, you are required to summarize the main idea of the following passage in plain language in no more than 50 words. You should write your summary on the answering sheer.Whether we like it or not, the world we live in has changed a great de

2、al in the last hundred years, and it is likely to change even more in the next hundred. Some people would like to stop these changes and go back to what they see as a purer and simpler age. But as history shows, the past was not that wonderful. It was not so bad for a privileged minority, though eve

3、n they had to do without modem medicine, and childbirth was highly risky for women. But for the vast majority of the population, life was nasty, brutish, and short.If we accept that we cannot prevent science and technology from changing our world, we can at least try to ensure that the changes they

4、make are in the right directions. In a democratic society, this means that the public needs to have a basic understanding of science. So that it can make informed decisions and not leave them in the hands of experts. At the moment, the public is in two minds about science. It has come to expect the

5、steady increase in the standard of living that new developments in science and technology have brought to continue, but it also distrusts science because it doesnt understand it. This distrust is evident in the cartoon figure of the mad scientist working in his laboratory to produce a Frankenstein.

6、It is also an important element behind support for the Green parties. But the public also has a great interest in science, particularly astronomy, as is shown by the large audiences for television series such as The Sky at Night and for science fiction.What can be done to harness this interest and g

7、ive the public the scientific background it needs to make informed decisions on subjects like acid rain, the greenhouse effect, nuclear weapons, and genetic engineering? Clearly, the basis must lie in what is taught in schools. But in schools science is often presented in a dry and uninteresting man

8、ner. Children learn it by rote to pass examinations, and they dont see its relevance to the world around them. Moreover, science is often taught in terms of equations. Although equations are a brief and accurate way of describing mathematical ideas, they frighten most people. When I wrote a popular

9、book recently, I was advised that each equation I included would halve the sales. I included one equation, Einsteins famous equation, E=mc2. Maybe I would have sold twice as many copies without it.Scientists and engineers tend to express their ideas in the form of equations because they need to know

10、 the precise values of quantities. But for the rest of us, a qualitative grasp of scientific concepts is sufficient, and this can be conveyed by words and diagrams, without the use of equations.The science people learn in school can provide the basic framework. But the rate of scientific progress is

11、 now so rapid that there are always new developments that have occurred since one was at school or university. I never learned about molecular biology or transistors at school, but genetic engineering arid computers are two of the developments most likely to change the way we live in the future. Pop

12、ular books and magazine articles about science can help to put across new developments. But even the most successful popular book is read by only a small proportion of the population. Only television can reach a truly mass audience. There are some very good science programmers on TV, but others pres

13、ent scientific wonders simply as magic, without explaining them or showing how they fit into the framework of scientific ideas. Producers of television science programmers should realize that they have a responsibility to educate the public, not just entertain it.【答案】The world people live in has cha

14、nged grratly, and people should ensure that the direction of change is right. Thus, people need to have a good knowledge of basic science. School and television science programs should shoulder the responsibility of educating the public.2. 单选题For years, studies have found that first-generation colle

15、ge students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree-lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges an

16、d universities have pushed for decades to recruit lore of them. This has created a paradox in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” achievement gap based on social class, ac

17、cording to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of

18、the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation

19、 was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a fo

20、ur-year degree.Their thesis-that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research b

21、y several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-generation students struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the rules of the game, and take advantage of college resources, they write. And this becomes more

22、of a problem when colleges dont talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students educational experience, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are strugg

23、ling and do not understand how students like them can improve.1.Recruiting more first-generation students has（ ）.2.The author of the paper believes that first-generation students（ ）.3.We may infer from the last paragraph that（ ）.问题1选项A.reduced their dropout ratesB.narrowed the achievement gapC.misse

24、d its original purposeD.depressed college students问题2选项A.are actually indifferent to the achievement gapB.can have a potential influence on other studentsC.may lack opportunities to apply for research projectsD.are inexperienced in handling their issues at college问题3选项A.universities often reject the

25、 culture of the middle-classB.students are usually to blame for their lack of resourcesC.social class greatly helps enrich educational experiencesD.colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题目提问招募更多第一代大学生己经如何？根据文章第一段“This has created a paradox in that

26、recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close achievement gap based on social class. 这就产生了一个“悖论”，即招收第一代学生，但却眼睁睁地看着他们中的许多人失败，这意味着高等教育“继续繁衍和扩大，而不是缩小”基于社会阶层的成就差距，所以这是一种自相矛盾的事”。确定C选项能达到其最初的目的

27、正确。2.细节事实题。题目提问本文作者认为第一代学生如何？根据第四段第一句“.first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students.第一代大学生缺少的不是潜力，而是在处理大多数大学生面对的问题时的实际的常识。”确定D选项“在大学里没有处理问题的经验”正确。3.推理判断题。题目提问最后一段中可以推断什么？根据最后一段最后一句“Because

28、US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students educational experience, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students like them can improve. 因为美国的学院和大学很少承认社会阶层是如何影响学生的教育经历的，所以许多第一代学生缺乏对他们为什么会挣扎的洞察力，也不

29、知道像他们这样的学生如何才能进步。”可以推知D选项“学校应该为目前的问题承担部分责任”正确。3. 单选题The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can（1）the joy of discovering for yourself something that is really important to you! It may be an idea or a bit of information you（2）accidentally or a sudden（3）, fitting togethe

30、r pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal（4）are the payoff in education. A teacher may（5）you to learning and even encourage you in it, but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen. Thats（6）to you.A research paper,（7）in a course and perhaps checked at various sta

31、ges by an instructor;（8）you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a （9）where the joy of discovery and learning can come to you many times. Preparing the research paper is an active and individual process, and an（10）learning process. It provides a structure（11）which you can make ex

32、citing discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. The research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to（12）a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others（13）you can do. Writing a research paper is（14）than just a classroom ex

33、ercise. It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of many skills（15）to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovery, and an education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly（16）experien

34、ce!To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever produced before, is disconcerting.（17）the very idea of having to work（18）is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with（19）, and nobody should view the research paper as

35、an obstacle to overcome.（20）consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach and you will find great pleasure in it.问题1选项A.exterminateB.disparageC.overwhelmD.exceed问题2选项A.confront withB.conform toC.come acrossD.concentrate on问题3选项A.insightB.achievementC.outcomeD.thought问题4选项A.behaviorsB.encount

36、ersC.segregationsD.opportunities问题5选项A.directB.helpC.pushD.move问题6选项A.offB.upC.downD.on问题7选项A.relatedB.loungedC.assignedD.relayed问题8选项A.leadsB.jotsC.jetsD.litters问题9选项A.situationB.interfaceC.fieldD.process问题10选项A.excellentB.idealC.abnormalD.accomplished问题11选项A.withoutB.withinC.uponD.by问题12选项A.devote

37、B.adoptC.adaptD.suit问题13选项A.becauseB.thatC.whichD.what问题14选项A.none otherB.ratherC.moreD.other问题15选项A.applicableB.suitableC.flexibleD.alternative问题16选项A.inspiringB.satisfyingC.rewardingD.stimulating问题17选项A.To the otherB.To anotherC.To the othersD.To others问题18选项A.accordinglyB.hardlyC.independentlyD.p

38、recisely问题19选项A.cautionB.anxietyC.difficultyD.passion问题20选项A.FurthermoreB.ThereforeC.InsteadD.In return【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A第6题:B第7题:C第8题:A第9题:D第10题:B第11题:B第12题:D第13题:D第14题:C第15题:A第16题:B第17题:D第18题:C第19题:B第20题:C【解析】（1）动词词义辨析。A选项exterminate“消灭；根除”；B选项disparage“蔑视；毁谤”；C选项overwhelm“淹没；压倒”；D选项exc

39、eed “超过；胜过”。空格前“The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal.最激动人心的教育也是最个人的。”空格后 “discovering for yourself something that is really important to you 自己发现一些对自己确实重要的事情”，所以空格这里指代“自己发现对自己而言确实重要的一些事情带来的喜悦超过任何事情。”，D选项的“超过”符合文意，正确。（2）词组辨析。A选项confront with “使面临”；B选项conform to “ 符合；遵照”； C选项c

40、ome across“偶遇；无意中发现”；D选项concentrate on “集中精力于；全神贯注于”。空格前“ an idea or a bit of information 一个想法或一些信息”,所以空格的对应是C选项“偶遇，无意中发现”。（3）名词词义辨析。A选项insight “洞察力；洞悉；顿悟”；B选项achievement “成就；完成；达到”；C选项outcome “结果，结局”；D选项thought “思想；思考；想法；关心”。空格后“ fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem拼凑

41、信息或解决问题”是空格处填写内容带来的结果，所以空格这里应该是“突然的顿悟”，A选项正确。（4）逻辑关系。A选项behavior “行为，举止；态度；反应”；B选项encounter “相见；意外或偶然的相遇；遭遇”;C选项segregation“隔离，分离；种族隔离”；D选项opportunity “时机，机会”。空格前“Such personal如此个人的”指代的是上文提及的“偶遇的一个想法或一些信息与突然顿悟”，而这些全都是“意外的相遇”，B选项符合，正确。（5）动词词义辨析。A选项direct “引导；命令；导演（电影等）；指挥”；B选项help “帮助；促进”；C选项push “推动

42、，对施加压力，逼迫”；D选项move “移动；感动”。由空格前“teacher老师”与空格后“你去学习，甚至鼓励你，但没有老师可以使兴奋或快乐发生。”可知A选项的“引导”符合语境，正确。（6）固定搭配。由空格前 “ but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen 但没有老师可以使兴奋或快乐发生。”所以空格后应该是这取决于你。B选项be up to sb. “取决于”是固定搭配。（7）动词词义辨析。A选项relate “叙述；使有联系”；B选项lounge“闲逛；懒洋洋地躺卧；闲混”；C选项assign “分配；指派；布置（作业等

43、）”；D选项relay “转播；使接替；分程传递”。空格前“A research paper一篇研究论文”，空格后“in a course在课程中”，所以空格这里指代“布置，分配”，C选项正确。（8）动词词义辨析。A选项lead “领导；致使；引导；指挥”；B选项jot “略记；摘要记载下来”;C选项jet“射出”;D选项litter乱丢;把弄得乱七八糟”。由空格前一篇研究论文，在一个课程中指定，可能在不同的阶段由老师检查和空格后“.你越过教室，超出文本类”可知A选项的“引导”符合文意，正确。（9）逻辑关系。A选项situation “情况；形势；处境；位置”；B选项interface “界面

44、；接口”；C选项field “领域；牧场；旷野；战场”；D选项process “过程；方法，步骤；程序”。这句话主句部分是A research paper, lead you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a . where the joy of discovery and learning can come to you many times.一篇研究论文，带你走出课堂，走出课文，走进在其中，发现和学习的乐趣可以来到你的身边很多次。由空格后 “an active and individual process

45、一个积极和个人的过程”中process的对应确定上文指的是“研究论文的写作带你进入一个过程，在其中”，所以D选项“过程”符合语境，正确。（10）形容词词义辨析。A选项excellent “卓越的；极好的；杰出的”；B选项ideal “理想的；完美的;想象的”；C选项abnormal “反常的，不规则的”；D选项accomplished “完成的；熟练的；有学问的”。空格前“an active and individual process 一个积极和个人的过程”，空格后“learning process学习过程”，中间由连词and连接表并列，所以B选项“理想的”符合语境，正确。（11）介词词义辨

46、析。A选项without “没有；缺乏；在外面”；B选项within “在之内”; C选项upon “根据；接近；在之上”；D选项by “通过；被;依据；在之前”。空格前“a structure一个体系”，空格后是一个which引导的定语从句，“你能在体系内得到激动人 心的发现等”，B选项“在之内”符合语境，正确。（12）逻辑关系。A选项devote “致力于；奉献”；B选项adopt “采取；接受；收养”；没有 adopt sth. to sth.的搭配；C选项adapt “使适应”，改编”，与to连用adapt to sth适应某事；D选项suit “相配；使适应，常与to连用”，suit

47、 sth. to sth. “使某事与某事相配”。由空格前 “研究论文也给了你一个个性化学校作业的机会，”空格后.一份适合自己兴趣和能力的工作，D选项使句意变成“让作业与你的兴趣和能力相配”，符合文意，正确。（13）语法题。A选项because“因为”；B选项that “那个”；C选项which“哪/那一个;哪/那一些”；D选项what “什么；多么;多少”。空格后“you can do 你能做”中的do缺少宾语，所以D选项“什么”使句意变成“向别人展示你能做什么”正确。（14）逻辑关系。A选项none other than “恰是”；B选项rather than “而不是”；C选项more

48、than “多于；超出”；D选项other than “除了；不同于”。由空格后 “It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing它是一个在寻找、理解和综合方面的经历”可知空格句这里指代“写研究报告不仅是课堂练习”，C选项正确。（15）形容词词义辨析。A选项applicable “可适用的；可应用的；合适的”；B选项suitable “适当的；相配的”；C选项flexible “灵活的；柔韧的;易弯曲的”；D选项alternative “供选择的；选择性的；交替的”。空格所在句句意它是一种探索、理解和综合

49、的经验，是许多学术和非学术任务技能的.基础。由关键词“academic and nonacademic tasks 学术和非学术任务”可知“可应用的”符合题意，正确。（16）逻辑关系。A选项inspiring “鼓舞人心的；灌输的;启发灵感的”;B选项satisfying “令人满意的；令人满足的”；C选项rewarding“有益的；有报酬的”；D选项stimulating“刺激的； 有刺激性的”。空格所在句句意从最充分的意义上说，这是一个发现，也是一种教育。所以，写一篇好的研究论文既是有用的，也是一次彻底的体验!由and并列连接连个形容词修饰experience，前一个是“useful有用的

50、”所以B选项“令人满意的”符合语境，正确。（17）逻辑关系。本段句首是“to some对一些人来说”，所以空格所在是固定搭配，“对其它人来说to others”，D选项正确。（18）逻辑关系。A选项accordingly “因此;相应地”；B选项hardly “几乎不，简直不；刚刚”; C选项independently “独立地；自立地”；D选项precisely “精确地；恰恰”。空格所在句句意对一些人来说，不得不写指定的页数(通常比以往任何时候都多)的想法令人不安。对其他人来说，不得不写本身就是一种威胁。由空格前“write an assigned number of pages写指定数量

51、的论文”和常识“研究论文一般自己独自写”可知“独立地”符合语境，所以C选项正确。（19）名词词义辨析。A选项caution “小心，谨慎；警告”；B选项anxiety “焦虑；渴望”；C选项difficulty“困难，困境”;D选项passion “激情;热爱”。由空格前关键词“disconcerting令人不安的”和threatening威胁的可知“焦虑”符合语境，B选项正确。（20）逻辑关系。A选项furthermore “此外;而且”；B选项therefore “ 因此；所以”；C选项instead “代替；反而”；D选项in return “作为回报；作为交换”。空格前“nobody

52、should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome没有人应该将研究论文看成是需要去克服的一个障碍。”空格后“consider it a goal to accomplish把它当成一个去完成的目标。”两句话句意发生了转折，所以C选项“反而”符合语境，正确。4. 单选题Some people view life as a(n)（ ）conflict between the forces of good and evil.问题1选项A.externalB.internalC.maternalD.eternal【答案】A【解析】形容词词

53、义辨析题。根据句意一些人把生活看作是正义力量与恶势力之间的一种外部冲突。可知是将生活看作是一种外部冲突。A选项external “外部的，外部”; B选项internal “内部的”；C选项maternal “母性的”； D选项eternal “永恒的”。A选项正确。5. 单选题Visa to Melina. R.D. got the surprise of her career last year, when the Seattle-based vegetarian nutritionist was asked to give a seminar on vegetarianism at a

54、senior citizen center. “I thought thered be four or five people,” she says. Instead, the room was packed with seniors who had paid a $5 fee to hear her advice. And their interest in better health wasnt only keen; it was informed. Theyve obviously been paying attention to new research,” she says.If M

55、elina studied demographic trends for a living, she probably wouldnt have been so surprised. Trend watchers have verified an intriguing new phenomenon. Older people are turning to a vegetarian diet in ever-increasing numbers. Not surprisingly, demographics are driving the drift. By the year 2005, peo

56、ple bom between 1949 and 1963 the Baby Boom Generation, will make up 38 percent of the American population. Furthermore, statistics suggest this educated, health-conscious, rebellious and relatively affluent contingent fits the traditional vegetarian profile. Add to the fact that older people seek n

57、atural, pleasant ways to combat problems associated with aging - weight gain, higher cholesterol and blood pressure, increased cancer risk and impaired digestion - and you have real motivation to go meatless, says Suzanne Havala, R.D., author of the American Dietetic Associations position paper on v

58、egetarianism.Quantifying this new trend isnt easy, but a 1994 study by Health Focus Inc., an independent research organization based in Des Moines, Iowa, found that shoppers over age 50 are cutting down on their consumption of red meat or eliminating it from their diets entirely. More compelling evi

59、dence for the senior surge toward vegetarianism comes from vegetarian groups nationwide, which report a swell in the ranks of older vegetarians. For example, one out of five members of the new Syracuse (N.Y.) Area Vegetarian Education Society is over 50; unusually high for a fledgling organization.

60、And two-thirds of the 850-member Vegetarian Society of Honolulu are also members of the American Association of Retired Persons, society executives say.An informal poll of older people suggests better health is often the main incentive and objective for turning veg. Three years ago Nancy Roberts, a

61、53-year-old magazine editor found herself doing what many people do over the holidays: overindulging in rich treats. However, this time it made her in. “The crash felt like the flu,” she says. By chance, Roberts was asked to edit some vegetarian recipes during that same period. She made a few at hom

62、e, and her flu” disappeared.More dramatically, Ruth Heidrich believes vegetarianism saved her life. The 61-year-old marathoner and tri athlete was diagnosed with breast cancer 14 years ago, at age 47. When an initial biopsy indicated far more cancer than her doctors had thought, she was ready to tak

63、e desperate measures. On the day of the diagnosis, she spotted a newspaper ad looking for volunteers to enroll in a study of breast cancer and diet, conducted by John McDougall, M.D., a leading advocate of the use of diet to fight disease. After meeting McDougall and reviewing what she says was an eight-inch thick file of statistics linking a high-fat diet with breast cancer, Heidrich converted from a traditional American diet to an extremely low-fat regimen with no animal produ