初中英语语法归纳总结-2

《初中英语语法归纳总结-2》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《初中英语语法归纳总结-2（37页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、初中英语语法归纳总结一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词.1、名词：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称.如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词：主要用来代替名词.如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词：表示人或事物的性质或特征.如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词：表示数目或事物的顺序.如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词：表示动作或状态.如：am,

2、 is,are,have,see .6、副词：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等.如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词：用在名词前,帮助说明名词.如：a, an, the.8、介词：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系.如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词：用来连接词、短语或句子.如and, but, before .10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情.如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语.1、主

3、语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是谁或者什么.通常用名词或代词担任.如：Im Miss Green.2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答做.主要由动词担任.如：Jack cleans the room every day. 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是什么或者怎么样.通常由名词、代词或形容词担任.如：My name is Ping ping . 4、宾语表示与物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是什么.通常由名词或代词担任.如：He can spell the word.有些与物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人.指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语.间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前

4、面.如：He wrote me a letter . 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语.如：He wrote a letter to me . 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任.如：Shanghai is a big city .6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任.如：He works hard .7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当.如：They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lesso

5、ns. / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况.如：Where is your classmateTom ?英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一： 主谓基本句型二： 主谓表基本句型三： 主谓宾基本句型四： O间 直 主谓间宾直宾基本句型五： 主谓宾宾补基本句型 一此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做不与物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等. 不与物动词1. The moon rose. 月亮升起了.2. What he said

6、 does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系.3. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时.4. The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔书写流利.基本句型 二此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做连系动词.系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类,表示情况；get, grow, bee, turn等属另一类,表示变化.be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用.其它系动词仍保持其部分词义.

7、 系动词 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典.2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好.3. His face turned red. 他的脸红了.基本句型 三此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整.这类动词叫做与物动词. 与物动词 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？2. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙.3. He enjoys read

8、ing. 他喜欢看书.4. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭.基本句型 四此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思.这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者.通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略. 与物 多指人 多指物1. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美味的饭.2. He brought you a dictionary.他给你买了一本字典.3.I told him that th

9、e bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了.4. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器.基本句型 五此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是与物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整. 与物 宾语 宾补1. They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理.2. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色.3. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？4. He asked me to e back soon

10、. 他要我早点回来.5. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车.但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大.这些修饰语可以是单词主要是形容词、副词和数词,也可以是各种类型的短语主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语.下面以基本句型五为例：We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了.We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师.We found

11、the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听一个重要报告.We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a rade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报

12、告.3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法.1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等.2、派生法：派生名词：动词+er/or 动词+ing 动词+ion 形容词+ness 其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge派生形容词：名词+y 名词+ful 动词+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese English French German 国名+a

13、n 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily,nervous, delicious 派生副词：形容词+ly 其它,如：slowly, angrily, fullfully, goodwell, possiblepossibly等等.3、转换法：形容词动词,如：drydry, cleanclean,等等. 动词名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等.名词动词,如：hand,face等等.形容词副词,如：earlyearly, fastfast等

14、等.副词连词,如：when,等等.介词副词,如：in,on,等等.二、名词：1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称.专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写.如：Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the.如：the Great Wall姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人,如：the Greens.2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称.如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词.可数名词是可

15、以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词.如：water, news, oil, population, information .2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式.1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加s.如：map maps,boy boys,horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注：少数以o结

16、尾的词,变复数时只加s.如：photophotos, pianopianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es.如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es.如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.2、不规则变化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计

17、量名词.如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 3、名词所有格：1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语.其构成法如下：表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s.如：Childerns Day, my sisters book以s或es结尾的复数名词.只在词尾加.如：Teachers Day有些表示时间、距离以与世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays news

18、paper, ten minutes break,Chinas population.无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系.如：a fine daughter of the Party.2、注解：s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunts, the doctors两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroomof+名词所有格/名词性物主代词,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers, a friend of mine4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：

19、1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The puter was a great invention.The water in the glass is very cold.2、集体名词做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用

20、复数.如：There is a sheep in the yard. / There are some sheep in the yard.4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. 5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数.如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式.如：A lot of st

21、udents are playing baseball now. A lot of time was wasted on that work.7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数.如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now. / Fish and chips is very famous food. 8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定.如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.9、用bothand连接

22、两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数.如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定.如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. 一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子就站在路边11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则.如：Either you or he is right. / Neither you nor I am going ther

23、e. 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数.如：Two months is not a short time.Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance.13、主语中含有half of / of / all the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.学生的三分之一正在

24、湖边玩耍 / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.但是,population一词又有特殊情况： Whats the population of China? / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs.5、部分名词用法辨析：1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指户外运动,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是运动、比赛,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为竞赛、比赛,多指正式比赛；race主要表示赛跑、

25、赛马、赛车.如：People all around the world enjoy sports. / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. / Our school football team won the league match. / They were strong and won the boat race. 2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival节日,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday,指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation假期,指学习或

26、工作中一段长时间的休息.如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month. / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work. / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如

27、出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为.如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang./ He has gone on a walking tour. / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar. / Did you go to Santiago during your travels? / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous. 4、sound、noise、

28、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指噪音；voice指人的嗓音.如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night. / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry. / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish指鱼肉时是不可数名词.如：There are man

29、y kinds of fishes in the pool. / I prefer fish to meat.三、代词：1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等.2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式.1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语.如： I often go shopping on Sundays. / Are they from Brazil? / Where have they gone? / Thats it. / Its he!2、宾格用来作与物动词或者介词的宾语.如：Who teac

30、hes you English this year? / Help me! / We often write letters to her.3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格.如：-Who is it? Its I/me.4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含我时,按照youheI的顺序表达.如：Both he and I are working at that puter pany. Who will go there? You and me.5、人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示时间、天气、温度、距

31、离、情况等含义,此外还可以作非人称代词使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句.如：-Whats the weather like today?Its fine. / -Whats the time? Its 12：00. / Its a long way to go. / It took him three days to clean his house. / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space. / We found it very difficult t

32、o learn a foreign language well.3、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种.1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词.如：Is that your umbrella? / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays. / They are their books.2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词.如：This is your cup,but where is mine? / Your classroom is v

33、ery big, but ours is rather small.3、of + 名词性物主代词称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面.如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterday. 试比较 My friend came to see me yesterday.4、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关.1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射.如：Dont play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.2、在句子中作同位语表示强调.如：The story itself is good.

34、Only he didnt tell it well.6、指示代词：指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物.单数复数含义thisthese指较近的人和物thatthose指较远的人和物such 指上文提过的人和物same 指和上文提过的相同的人和物it 指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词.如：Whats this? / That model plane is made of plastic. / Remember never to do such things. / Do the same as the teach

35、er tells you. / -Who is it? -Its me!6、关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面的定语从句.1、关系代词who 、which、 that 、whom 等,将定语从句和主句连接起来.英语中的关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用.如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.2、关系代词who / whom指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略.如：Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? 3、关系代词which 指物,

36、如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略.如：Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?4、关系代词that既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略.如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?7、连接代词：用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词.英语中连接代词主要有：what,who,whom,which,whose.详见相应从句.8、不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词.单数含义someanynonone/eac

37、honeeither,neithersothe other,another复合不定代词不可数含义muchlittle,a littleall/复数含义manyfew,a fewonesbothothers,the others注：复合不定代词有12个：something, someone, somebody, anything, anyone, anybody, nothing,nobody, no one, everything, everyone, everybody. some和 any 的用法：some一般用于肯定句中,意思是几个、一些、某个作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词.如：I

38、have some work to do today. / They will go there some day. some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答.如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是任何一些、任何一个,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词.如：They didnt have any friends here. / Have you got any questions to ask?any 用于肯定句时,意思是任何的.e here with any friend.no和none的用法：no

39、是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是没有,修饰可数名词或不可数名词.如：There is no time left. Please hurry up. / They had no reading books to lend.none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是没有一个人,表示复数或单数.如：None of them is/are in the classroom. / I have many books, but none is interesting. all和both的用法：all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词.both指两

40、个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词.all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等.如：I know all of the four British students in their school. / -Would you like this one or that one? Both.all和both既可以修饰名词all/both+名词,也可以独立使用,采用all/both + of the +名词的形式,其中的of 可以省略.如：All boys are naughty.every和each用法：every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是每一个,表示整体概念；each是形容词

41、、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是每个或者各个,表示单个概念；each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后或者行为动词之前every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词也可以用复数的代词替代.如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard. / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do. either和neither的用法：either意思是两个中间的任何一个；neither是either

42、的否定形式,意思是两个都不.neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数.如：I dont care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. / -Will you go there by bus or by car? Neither. I will go there by train.other、the other和another的用法：other意思是另一、另一些,有复数形式.在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语.another意思是另外、又一个,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语.如： Some girls ar

43、e singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking. / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one? / I want another four books.another与the other 主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用the other,在原先基础上增加用another.如： This is one of your socks. Where is the other one? / I have eaten 4

44、 cakes, but I still want another.others与the others的主要区别：others指剩余的人/物；the others指其余的人/物,.如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them. / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.many和much的用法：many意思是很多,与可数名词复数连用；much意思是很多,与不可数名词连用.它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等.如

45、：I dont have many friends here. /Many died in the bus accident. / We can learn much with the help of him. many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.如： There are a lot of people on the playground./ They havent got much work to do. / There are too many people in t

46、he room.few、little、a few、a little的用法：few、little意思是很少几个、几乎没有,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是有几个、有些,有肯定的意思；few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物.它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语.如：He is very poor and he has little money. / Dont worry. There is still a little time left. / In that polar region there live f

47、ew people. / You can get a few sweets from him.复合不定代词somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 构成的,叫做复合不定代词,在句子中当单数使用.somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中；anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中.修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面.如：Hey,Lily. There is

48、 someone outside the door. /Did you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?/He has nothing much to do today. one与ones用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、形容词、指示代词、which等.如： Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?你要哪件夹克,这件还是那件？ / I dont like the green ones. so可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语.如： I dont thin

49、k so. / He lost a book. So did I. a lot of、lots of、a number of、a great deal of、plenty of的区别：五个名词+介词短语都表示大量,许多,a lot of既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式,可以相应地换为much和many；plenty of足够、大量,既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式. a number of / large numbers of只可以修饰可数名词复数形式可以换为some、many、a lot of、plenty of. a great deal of只可以修饰不可

50、数名词可以换为much.如：A lot of people think that time is money. / I dont have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time. / I have a number of letters to write today. / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping. none、no one、nobody的区别：no one和nobody都表示没有人,仅指人,后面不跟of 短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式；none表示没有一个人/物,可指

51、人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数.如：No one knows how he managed to get the ticket. / Nobody handed in his/their position yesterday. / None of my friends came to see me that day.9、相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词.each other ,one another是相互代词,译成互相,可以通用.each other表示两者之间,而one anther表示许多人之间.它们有所有格形式each others ,one anot

52、hers.如： We must help each other when we are in trouble. / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.10、疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词.1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首.口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom.如：Who did you invite to your birthday party? / What do

53、es she want to be when she grows up?2、who 和whom只能独立使用,其中who可以作句子的主语、表语或动词的宾语,whom只能作谓语动词的宾语；而what、which、whose等既可以独立使用作主语、表语和宾语,也可以与名词构成疑问短语.如： Who is that man? / What colour are their hats? / Which car was made in Germany? 注意这个提问：The man in the car is my father.Which man is your father?3、which除了可以询问指代的情况之外,还可以针对说明人物的时间、地点、岁数、颜色、大小、状况等进行提问.如：People there live a very sad life. Which people live a sad life? / -Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?The biggest one in Haikou.4、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数；如果修饰名词,则以名词的单复数为准.如：Who is in that playhouse? / What is that