外文翻译土石坝的施工

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1、外文翻译Rapid construction of the embankment damAbstract : In recent decades,the soil core rockfill dam has gradually become the worlds con struct ion of the high dam-one of the mai nstream. With the new earth and the huge inv estme nts in mach inery and con structi on tech no logy of filli ng a higher

2、level, Mea nwhile dams in-depth testi ng, greatly expa nding the emba nkme nt dam scope of the materials and the use of materials for model for more extensive embankment dam will provide favorable con diti ons to cha nge the Ion g-sta nding emba nkme nt dam with a long con struct ion period, Filli n

3、g the lack of low inten sity, and further accelerate the progress of the con struct ion, Filli ng in en suri ng con struct ion quality and safe operati on un der the premise to explore the rapid con struct ion of emba nkme nt dams it is very n ecessary thing.Key words : embankment dam Rapid construc

4、tion Construction1 OverviewAlso known as the emba nkme nt dam dam local materials, the n ecessary soil in situ stone mining in general, but can also make full use of the excavated material. having to basic requireme nts, low deformati on based on the character, filli ng con struct ion, and can be di

5、vided into RCC-grade. Fill-rockfill dam, direct ional blasti ng rockfill dam, the hydraulic fill dams, hydro-filled dam and masonry dam in differe nt ways. Parabolic which adm ini stered rockfill dam no Ion ger, direct ional blast ing rockfill dam late settleme nt exist, not be pla nted withi n the

6、dam prototype observation equipment shortage, which are rarely used, hydraulic fill dams, Fill the water main in a special area of the lower dam height of the small and medium projects, the masonry dam strictly speak ing bel ongs masonry dam category, At prese nt, the exte nsive use of thin sect ion

7、s and the hierarchical compact ion roller compacted emba nkme nt dam.2 The need for rapid constructionWith the dam con struct ion tech no logy, con crete gravity dam dam the tech no logy continues to improve, while the rubber dam and other new dam-constant use, there is a traditi onal emba nkme nt d

8、am filli ng a large qua ntity of a long time to build the shortco mings become extremely prominent, how to fully exploit the tech no logy itself emba nkme nt dam low, right foun dati on adaptability, full use of local materials to the traditi onal adva ntages to speed up the construction schedule, a

9、s Pa-an important option. Filling in ensuring the quality of con struct ion and safe operati on of the rapid con struct ion premise is that the parties are concern ed.2.1 Based on the uncertainty, the need to accelerate the progress of measuresWith the hydropower development progress in basic bad pl

10、ace to build a large emba nkme nt dams, In order to meet the capacity and in frastructure foun datio n impervious to the n eeds, ofte n based on the completi on of treatme nt can only be reclaimed after con structio n, however, foundation of a more complicated, especially in deep-cover construction

11、projects, infrastructure projects are large, unpredictable factors, often need cutoff Vibroflotation, curtain grouting, grouting consolidation of the foundation for the integrated treatment, han dli ng difficult and complex exam in ati on, Based on the nu mber of projects, fo un dati on treatment co

12、mpletion and handover of face time is often more work plan by the time lag. Filli ng started caus ing delay and the n ext gate or the completi on of water storage ofte n not be adjusted, resulti ng in an effective filli ng time, Con structi on un its have had to resort to quick con struct ion of mea

13、sureswill be scheduled accord ing to the con tract (or eve n ahead of) completi on of the project.2.2 Hydro-meteorological, filling intensity of the proposed new standardsEmba nkme nt dam of the hydro-meteorological factors are extremely sen sitive and in the rai ny seas on, soil moisture greatly in

14、 flue need, directly restricts dam reclamati on, con structi on inten sity will be affected; win ter, the soil on the cold, and if it does not take active measures is impossible to filli ng and filli ng win ter rai ny seas on, there is a high in put, low output of the predicame nt, Con structio n un

15、 its are ofte n relucta nt to assume, therefore, take full adva ntage of filli ng the golde n seas on, try to avoid win ter con structi on of the rai ny seas on (or reduce the amount of filli ng win ter rainy seas on), the con structi on un it is the first choice of the relative, the golde n seas on

16、, filli ng the qua ntity of work is ofte n very substa ntial. Rapid con struct ion can be avoided win ter rainy seas on gen erous amount of filli ng the most importa nt issue.2.3 New Construction equipment and materials massive expansion of the scopeof application is the basis for rapid construction

17、With the improvement in the degree of mechanization, large capacity of earth and equipme nt used in con structi on, i mproved ergono mics, thus laid for the rapid con structi on of the necessary material foundation for the formation of materials to expand the scope of applicati on. the orig inal dam

18、 material un suitable materials can also be used as filli ng material, this rapid filli ng of the emba nkme nt dam with a new pillar.3 Field data miningYard of the emba nkme nt dam importa nee is self-evide nt, it is also most likely to affect the smooth filli ng of the dam weak nesses, accord ing t

19、o engin eeri ng practice. Gen erally, the material yard depth of geological exploration work is far less dam, especially the largest volume filli ng of rockfills. Several exploratory ofte n alone or topographic survey con ducted geological descripti on of the venue, and cha nges in the ten der docum

20、e nts is a great possibility, or geological con diti ons un dergo ne major cha nges. ten der docume nts into useful in formati on useless in formati on, or mi ning area is smaller, to create large-scale mi ning (or stairs mi nin g), is not con ducive to large-scale mi ning machi nery. can directly c

21、on trol dam Regular filli ng, gradi ng sound, but also can affect the dam fast filli ng the key In impermeable soil, the water level of the dam could also become the key to rapid filling, therefore, sound and carefully reviewed for yard work and rehabilitation investigation it is particularly import

22、ant to do a good job yard recheck ing and reserve calculati on, be aware of. If those con diti ons for the best in the dam filli ng part of the former reserves expected to peak loweri ng fini shed Pin ggu.3.1 Road ConstructionTo meet the n eed for rapid con struct ion of a large nu mber of mach iner

23、y and equipme nt inv estme nt is in evitable, At prese nt, more and more vehicles to tran sport large tonn age tren ds, the nu mber of tran sport vehicles also require a corresp onding in crease on the road in creas in gly high dema nd, the practice has prove n that better roads, tran sport vehicles

24、 higher atte ndan ce, Filli ng a corresp onding in creaseefficie ncy, the say ing goes, is the road repair, road con struct ion is progress is the reas on, Gen eral projects have adopted the mud stone paveme nt, if those con diti ons for the local traffic is heavy use lots of con crete paveme nt, wi

25、ll greatly improve transport efficiency on the road layout, as far as the actual layout of the Cen tral Bank into a two-la ne, vehicles to avoid in terfere nee and improve the efficie ncy of cycli ng.3.2 Rapid construction of the main methods and attention to the matterCompleted all the preparati on

26、s have reclaimed con diti ons, the con struct ion un its, as pla nned dam filli ng. stre ngthe n the con verge nee process, reduce in termediate lin ks, is the rapid con structi on of the highest priority.3.2.1 Reasonable zoning routine dam, filling work is the key to rapid constructionBecause it wa

27、s larger than the embankment dam for the dam surface area routine provided the n ecessary sce nes,ge nerally be divided in to processesShop filli ng materials, pav ing, wateri ng and compact ion, quality con trol, etc., If impermeable soil surface pla ning will be con ducted hair, accord ing to the

28、actual situatio n, the Secti on will be divided into several processes with a few, If Secti on few equal to the nu mber of manu facturi ng processes, people, machines, not idle; If the number is greater than Section several processes, people, pla nes idle, and idle; If the secti on of less tha n a f

29、ew processes, people, machi nes leisure, not idle land, not the no rmal rout ine, Section con ducted a nu mber of operati ons and the nu mber of ide ntified and classified, there are several ways. Because of the reclamati on works before the situati on is not very clear, gen erally use exist ing equ

30、ipme nt to their calculatio n, by the dema nds and rout ine matters prelim inary to draw up the nu mber of processes, the work ing of the area and the nu mber of Section, Accord ing to pre-filli ng equipme nt and the running time of the statistics, further ame ndme nts to en sure an orderly manner.3

31、22 Ping filling up with the Provisional Section FillingTo speed up the con struct ion schedule, the gen eral-use start ing filli ng con structi on and con struct ion - has several adva ntages : reduc ing the seams, the n Sin gapore, cutti ng processes, en suri ng the quality of filli ng; en sure the

32、 greatest possible surface rock filli ng, ben efits large mecha ni zed con struct ion; to continue after filli ng in whe n en teri ng the layout of the material impervious road con structi on; Tran sport filter materials and tran siti on material is not large dump truck across the impermeable materi

33、al; to reduce errors and materials sector-adjace nt material whe n filli ng up the in ter-li nking of RCC; Con structio n of the dam bala need stre ngth, In impermeable soil and filter material filli ng tran siti on relati ons, after the first soil and sand sand soil first two practices, In order to

34、 accelerate progress and the control of borders, in gen eral, are used in the con structi on of sand soil.3.2.3 Large equipment investmentDam filling in volume under certain circumstances, to shorten the filling time, it is in evitable to in crease filli ng stre ngth, Filli ng the stre ngth and abil

35、ity to achieve the desired purpose, equipme nt inv estme nt is very importa nt, although the new equipme nt, keep large equipment into projects, but the present belongs to the overall construction of water conservancy vicious competition, the successful low-cost environment, in a project into a larg

36、e number of new equipment, equipment for the construction of high-intensity more difficult, therefore, We can see that in many projects, small and medium-sized projects with a con struct ion equipme nt to complete the con struct ion of major projects. Practice has show n that this small carts of mal

37、athion does not guarantee the dam fast, the normal construction, For example, the RCC adva need equipme nt, shop rockfill material thick ness can reach 1.5 m or eve n 2m, and regular use of the 16 pla ne crushed not on ly RCC 1.0 m 0.8% obviously filli ng equipme nt to see the progress of the impact

38、.3.2.4 Winter Construction strengthen research and organizations, isto speed up the dam filling a directionBecause of the win ter, Dam filli ng (especially impermeable soil sites) are ofte n at the stage of filling or not filling very low intensity, Filling caused by the dam, in general, in southern

39、 Chi na, the impact of Win ter Con structio n 2 3, and the North, Win ter Con structio n Ion ger tha n the South, and how to main tai n a no rmal win ter con struct ion accelerate the dam filli ng a matter of orientation, as this issue is a breakthrough, Quick filling embankment dam will bring a qua

40、litative leap.Therefore, rapid con struct ion, it should be the owners and the con structi on of a correct view of the issues, such as settleme nt and the arch effect, use fin ite eleme nt an alysis and prototype observati on equipme nt laid for the actual measureme nt, and to mon itor stress and de

41、formati on of the dam; Dam to aggregate gradati on con trol, good size distributi on duri ng the con struct ion period to try and fill dense lower late settlement; use large, The vibration of heavy rolling equipme nt, and improve the degree of compact ion to reduce porosity measures; In order to ach

42、ieve a bala need con struct ion, parties should be from a scie ntific point of view, comprehe nsive and accurate an alysis and reas on able period to maximize the use of resources to achieve the goals, It is not a simple high dema nd, speed and efficie ncy, in order to achieve rapid con structi on,

43、property owners and con struct ion un its, a wi n-wi n goal.References :1 Embankment dam during flooding period of construction characteristics and strength of the con struct ion mitigati on measures Libi ng2 Xiaola ngdi dam filli ng con structi on tech no logy and con struct ion Wan gbi3 Sichuan wa

44、ter conservancy embankment dam with the dam construction materials brief Lue nxi3 Chang Reservoir dam after the closure of the rapid con struct ion Xinyuqing1.1.1.1土石坝的施工摘要：近几十年来，土质心墙堆石坝已逐渐成为世界上高坝建设的主流坝型之一，随着 新型土石方机械的大量投入及填筑施工工艺水平不断提高，同时筑坝材料试验的深入， 极大地拓宽了土石坝的用料范围和用料模式，为土石坝更广泛地提供了有利条件，改变 了土石坝长期存在着建设工期

45、长、填筑强度低的不足，进一步加快了施工进度，在确保 填筑施工质量及安全运行的前提下探讨土石坝的快速施工很有必要的事情。关键词：土石坝快速施工1概述土石坝又称当地材料坝，所需土石料一般就地开采，同时还可充分利用各种开 挖料，且具有对基础要求低、适应基础变形强的特点，根据填筑施工，一般可分为碾压 式土石坝、抛填式堆石坝、定向爆破堆石坝、水力冲填坝、水中填土坝及砌石坝几种， 其中抛填式堆石坝基本不用，定向爆破堆石坝存在着后期沉降大、不能在坝内埋设原型 观测设备等不足，目前也用的很少，水力冲填坝、水中填土主要用在特殊地区的坝高较 低的中小型工程，砌石坝严格说应属于圬工坝类，目前广泛运用的是薄层铺筑并分

46、层压 实的碾压式土石坝。2快速施工的必要性随着坝工技术的，砼重力坝、拱坝的技术不断提高，同时橡胶坝等新型坝型不断的 运用，传统土石坝存在着填筑量大带来的建设时间长的缺点显得极为突出，如何在充分 发挥土石坝本身的技术要求低、对坝基适应性强、当地材料使用充分的传统优势下加快 施工进度，成为坝型选择的重要方面，在确保填筑施工质量及安全运行的前提下快速施 工是各方均关心的。2.1基础处理的不确定性，需要采用加快施工进度等措施随着水电开发的进展，在基础不良的地方也开始修建大型土石坝，而为了满足 坝基承载力及基础防渗的需要，往往在完成基础处理后方可进行填筑施工，然而，地基 情况较为复杂，特别是在深覆盖层上

47、修建工程，基础处理工程量大、不可预见因素多， 经常需要防渗墙、振冲、帷幕灌浆、固结灌浆等对地基进行综合处理，处理难度大、检 查复杂，根据对多个工程的资料，基础处理完工及交面时间往往较开工时所制定计划时 间滞后，造成填筑开工时间拖延，而下闸蓄水或竣工期往往却不予以调整，造成有效填 筑时间缩短，施工单位也不得不采用快速施工措施，才能按合同按期（甚至提前）完成 工程。2.2水文气象的，对填筑强度提出新的标准土石坝对水文气象的因素极为敏感，在雨季，土料的含水量影响极大，直接制 约着大坝填筑，施工强度将受到影响；冬季，土料上冻，如不采取积极措施，也无法进 行填筑，且冬雨季填筑施工，存在着高投入、低产出的

48、窘境，往往是施工单位不愿意承 担的，因此，充分利用填筑的“黄金季节”，尽量避免冬雨季施工（或减少冬雨季填筑 量），是施工单位首选的，相对应，在“黄金季节”填筑的工程量也往往极为可观，能 否快速施工成为避免冬雨季大方量填筑的首要问题。2.3新型施工设备的大量投入和材料适用范围的拓展，是快速施工的基础随着机械化程度的提高，大容量的土石方设备运用到施工中，提高了工效，从 而为快速施工打下了必要的物质基础，填筑材料适用范围的拓展，原来不适合作坝料的 材料也可作为填筑料，这也为土石坝快速填筑提供了新的支撑点。3料场的开采料场对土石坝的重要性不言而喻，却也是最容易影响大坝顺利填筑的软肋，根据工 程实践，一

49、般而言，料场的地质勘探工作深度远不如坝址， 特别是填筑量最大的堆石料, 往往仅靠几个探洞或地形勘查进行地质描述，进场后，与招标文件发生变化的可能性很 大，要么地质条件发生重大变化，招标文件中有用料变成无用料，要么就是开采面积变 小，无法形成大规模开采（或台阶开采）条件，不利于大规模机械开采，直接制约大坝 能否按期填筑，同时级配是否良好，也是影响大坝能否快速填筑的关键，在防渗土料方 面，含水量的高低也成为大坝能否快速填筑的关键，因此，完善而慎重地进行料场复查 及复勘工作显得尤为重要，搞好料场复查和储量计算，做到心中有数。如具备条件，最 好在大坝填筑前储备一部分成品料来削峰平谷。3.1施工道路为满

50、足快速施工的需要，大量的机械设备投入是不可避免的，而目前运输汽车越来 越向大吨位趋势，运输车辆数量也要求相应增多，对道路的要求越来越高，工程实践证 明，道路越好，运输车辆出勤率越高，填筑效率也相应提高，俗话说“修路就是修车、 修路就是进度”就是这个道理，一般工程上均采用泥结石路面，如果具备条件，在局部 车流量大的地段采用砼路面，将会极大的提高运输效率，在道路布置上，应尽量根据实 际情况布置成环行双车道，避免车辆的相互干扰，提高单车效率。3.2快速施工的主要方法及注意的事项在完成各项准备，具备填筑条件后，对施工单位而言，按计划进行坝体填筑，加强 各工序的衔接、减少中间环节，是快速施工的重中之重。

51、3.2.1合理的坝面分区流水作业，是填筑工作快速施工的关键由于土石坝体型较大，为坝面分区流水作业提供了必要的场面，一般将填筑工序分 为铺料、摊铺、洒水、压实、质检等工作，如防渗土料还需进行表面刨毛处理，根据实 际情况，将分为工段数与工序数，如果工段数与工序数相等，人、机、地不闲；如果工 段数大于工序数，人、机不闲，地闲；如果工段数小于工序数，人、机闲，地不闲，流 水作业不能正常进行，进行工段数及工序数的确定和划分有很多种方法。在填筑前由于 施工情况并不很明朗，一般采用先按现有设备进行计算后，按流水作业的要求和注意事 项初步拟出工序数目、工作段面积及工段数目，再根据前期填筑对设备及运行时间的统

52、计，进一步进行修正，确保施工有序进行。322平起填筑与临时断面填筑为加快施工进度，一般采用平起填筑施工，平起施工有几个优点：减少了接缝、接 坡、削坡等工序，保证了填筑质量；保证有尽可能大的堆石填筑面，利于大机械化的施 工；有利于在以后继续填筑时布置进入防渗料区的施工道路；运输反滤料及过渡料的大 型自卸汽车不横穿防渗料区；有利于减小料界偏差和相邻料平起填筑时的跨缝碾压；均 衡坝体的施工强度，在防渗土料与反滤过渡料的填筑关系上，有先土后砂及先砂后土两 种作法，为加快施工进度及控制边界，一般均采用先砂后土施工工艺。3.2.3大型设备的投入在坝体填筑量一定的情况下，要缩短填筑时间，必然要增大填筑强度，

53、而填筑强度 的能否达到预期目的，设备的投入是极为重要的方面，虽然目前新型设备、大型设备不 断投入到工程中，但在目前水利建设整体属于恶性竞争、低价中标的大环境下，要在一 个工程中投入大量新型设备、大型设备进行高强度的施工也比较困难，因此，我们可以 看到，在许多工程，均拿着施工中小型工程的设备去完成大型工程的修建，实践证明， 这种小马拉大车的情况并不能保证大坝快速、正常的施工，比如先进的碾压设备，堆石 料铺料厚度就可以达到1.5m甚至2m而常使用的16t平面碾仅能碾压0.81.0m左右， 明显地看出设备对填筑进度的影响。3.2.4加强冬季施工研究和组织，是加快坝体填筑的一个方向由于受冬季的影响，大

54、坝填筑（特别是防渗土料部位）往往在该阶段不能填筑或填 筑强度极低，致使坝体填筑受到影响，一般而言，在我国南方，冬季施工影响为23个月，而北方，冬季施工影响比南方更长，如何在冬季保持正常施工，是加快坝体填筑的 一个方向性问题，如该问题得到突破性进展，将对土石坝快速填筑带来质的飞跃。因此，快速施工，应是业主及施工单位正确看待的问题，如沉降及拱效应问题，可 采用有限元分析及埋设原型观测仪器进行实际量测，以监控大坝应力及变形情况；重视 坝料级配控制，良好的级配能够在施工期尽量冲填密实而降低后期沉降；采用大型、重 型的振动碾压机具，提高压实度而降低孔隙率等措施；而要做到均衡施工，各方均应从 科学的角度，

55、全面、正确的分析合理工期，以实现资源利用最大化的目标，而不是简单 的求高、求快、求效益，方能达到快速施工、业主及施工单位“双赢”的目标。 参考文献：1 土石坝拦洪度汛期的施工特点及施工强度的缓解措施李 兵2 小浪底大坝填筑施工技术和施工王碧李玉洁王奇峰3 四川省水利工程土石坝建设与筑坝材料简述陆恩施4昌马水库截流后大坝的快速施工辛玉庆在此毕业设计即将结束之际，首先向我们的指导老师陆明老师表示衷心的感谢和 崇高的敬意。同样的感谢帮助过我的同学。在设计期间，陆老师在百忙中抽出时间来 指导我们的设计，并且解答相关的疑难问题，可以说这次设计不仅是我个人的成果， 同时还凝结着老师们的心血。当然，在设计期间，本组成员之间的互助互爱、团结更是必不可少的。有问题自 己决不了的提出来大家一起解决，这无疑增强了我们自己动手翻阅书籍、刻苦钻研、 独立思考问题的能力，也是对我们大学期间以来所学基础课和专业课的一次综合测试, 是将理论系统化、综合化应用于实践的评估，也为我们将来走向工作岗位奠定基础。最后，再次向帮助过我的老师和同学表示忠心的感谢。由于本人对设计的结果做 的不是太完善，在设计中不可避免的会存在问题，还希望老师和同学给予批评指正。