考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学模拟考试题含答案14

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1、考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题Einsteins theory of relativity seemed _ when it was first introduced.问题1选项A.impressiveB.unaccountableC.inconsistentD.incredible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项impressive“感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的”；B选项unaccountable“无责任的；莫名其妙的；不可理解的”；C选项inconsistent“不一致的；前后矛盾的”；D选项incredible“不能相信的，难以置信的；极好的

2、，极大的”。句意：爱因斯坦的相对论刚被提出时似乎令人难以置信。因此D选项正确。2. 单选题This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important _ of American life.问题1选项A.fashionsB.frontiersC.facetsD.formats【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项fashions“时尚；时装；样式；方式；时髦人物”；B选项frontiers“前沿；边界；国境”；C选项facets“面；方面；小平面”；D选项formats“格式；版式；开本”。句意：这本书大致介绍了这

3、些根本的信仰和价值观对美国人生活各个重要层面的影响。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题Parents often faced the _ between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.问题1选项A.paradoxB.junctionC.dilemmaD.premise【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项paradox“悖论，反论；似是而非的论点；自相矛盾

4、的人或事”；B选项junction“连接，接合；交叉点；接合点”；C选项dilemma“困境；进退两难；两刀论法”；D选项premise“前提，假定；（常复数）商店、餐馆、公司等使用的房屋及土地；（常复数）上诉各项”。句意：父母们经常面对这样的两难处境，是选择做他们认为的对孩子发展好的事情呢，还是选择对其放任自流。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题The usual distinctions between “basic research”, “applied research”, and “development”, used for many years in the formal govern

5、ment statistics kept by the National Science Foundation are, unfortunately insufficient for discussions of policy for government investment in technical activities. Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and tec

6、hnical enterprise. One cannot distinguish in any meaningful way “basic” from “applied research” by observing what a scientist is doing.“Applied research” should not be used to mean “purposeful and demonstrably useful basic research,” and one should be wary of the use of the term in government statis

7、tics. In corporate research laboratories, such as the TJ. Watson Research Laboratories of IBM, all of the work is referred to simply as “research.” There is no need to attempt a distinction between “basic” and “applied” research. All of the companys research investments are motivated by corporate in

8、terests. All of the research has a purpose. All of it is conducted under highly creative conditions. None of it is so “pure” that there are no expectations of value from the research investment.We should reserve the words “applied research” for those narrowly-defined tasks in which limited time and

9、resources are devoted to a specific problem for an identified user who gets all the benefit and should pay all the costs. To make this view of applied research clear in this discussion, I use the words “problem-solving research” instead.Narrow problem-solving and development are activities initiated

10、 by someone who wishes to apply research methods purposefully to exploit an identified opportunity or solve a problem. They involve the application of technical resources to achieve an identified goal for a specified beneficiary, usually the investor in the work. It is a reasonable assumption that t

11、hose who engage in such activities expect to benefit from them, and to benefit by a sufficient margin over the cost to accommodate the technical risk that is ever-present in research. The investor in problem-solving may be a government agency, but is more likely to be a private firm. In most cases t

12、hat firm would be expected to be able to appropriate sufficient benefits to need no government subsidy to take those risks. Public investment in the creation of new technology (technological development, whether by research or as a product of problem-solving) is a critical link between id the scient

13、ific research that is pursued by virtue of societys commitment to those goals. Thus the desire for technology is an important-perhaps the most important-source of demand for science.1. According to the author, the distinction between Basic and applied researches in government documents is _.2. A dis

14、turbing result of the definitions of nature of research in government statistics is that _.3. It is implied in the second paragraph that basic research is characterized by _.4. The “applied research” as the author understands it is best defined in terms of _.5. The passage is mainly concerned with d

15、efining the role of _.问题1选项A.theoretically unjustifiableB.obscure and misleadingC.scientific but insufficientD.meaningful though confusing问题2选项A.the role of government in funding research activities is poorly definedB.scientists are not sure whether what they are doing is meaningfulC.the goals of bo

16、th basic and applied researches are not rationally setD.research in corporate settings is not purposeful or demonstrably useful问题3选项A.less creativityB.higher motivationC.lack of immediate valueD.insufficient investment问题4选项A.the goal it serves and the problem it solvesB.the party that sponsors and b

17、enefits from itC.the cost and risks involved in such researchD.both A and B问题5选项A.applied research in the creation of new technologyB.basic research in the creation of new technologyC.private firms in refunding problem-solving researchD.government in the creation of new technology【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C

18、第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The usual distinctions between basic research, applied research, and development, used for many years in the formal government statistics kept by the National Science Foundation are, unfortunately insufficient for discussions of policy for government investment in

19、 technical activities. Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise.（对基础研究和应用研究与发展这些词语的基本区分，在国家科学基金会记录的正式的政府数据中已经沿用多年，不幸的是，在讨论政府对技术活动的投资政策时，这些区分显得很不足。的确，在讨论政府在国家科技事业中的合理角色时，对这些词语的界定引起很多混乱。）”，由

20、此可知“基础研究”和“应用研究”的区别定义不够清楚，且会引起误导，所以B选项“模糊和误导性的”符合题意。A选项“理论上不合理的”；C选项“科学但不充分的”；D选项“有意义但令人困惑的”。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise. （的确，在讨论政府在国家科技事业中的合理角色时

21、，对这些词语的界定引起很多混乱。）”，由此可知政府在资助研究活动中的角色定义不明确是导致不安结果的原因，所以A选项“政府在资助研究活动中的角色定义不明确”符合题意。B选项“科学家不确定他们正在做的事情是否有意义”；C选项“基础研究和应用研究的目标设置不合理”；D选项“在公司背景下的研究是没有目的的，也没有明显的用处”。因此A选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章二段“All of the research has a purpose. All of it is conducted under highly creative conditions. None of it is so pu

22、re that there are no expectations of value from the research investment.（所有的研究都有一个目的。所有这些都是在高度创造性的条件下进行的。哪项研究都不是那么纯粹，以至于研究的投资者不指望它有任何价值。）”，由此可推测，基础研究（即所谓的纯科学研究）不在于满足某些人的功利需求，也不在于满足一个短期的价值预期，所以C选项“缺乏直接价值”符合题意。A选项“更少的创造力”；B选项“更高的动机”；D选项“投资不足”。因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“We should reserve the words a

23、pplied research for those narrowly-defined tasks in which limited time and resources are devoted to a specific problem for an identified user who gets all the benefit and should pay all the costs. To make this view of applied research clear in this discussion, I use the words problem-solving researc

24、h instead.（我们应该把应用研究这个词保留在那些狭义的定义上，即应用研究指在有限时间内利用有限资源为某个特定使用者完成某个特定任务，作为受益者的使用者获得全部利益，并支付所有研究成本。为了在这次讨论中明确应用研究的观点，我使用了以解决问题为目的的研究这个词。）”，作者称之为“以解决问题为目的的研究”这个定义，以及下一段对这个定义的进一步解释，强调了研究的目的性，当然也强调了解决问题，因此A选项“它服务的目标和它解决的问题”表达的意思是正确的。同时，这个定义也强调了受益者（=投资者），因此B选项“赞助并从中受益的一方”也是正确的。C选项“这种研究涉及的成本和风险”没有提及，所以D选项正确

25、。5.主旨大意题。第一段前两句实际上表达了本文的主旨。分析“应用研究”的定义也是为了澄清概念，说明政府在研究中的作用。因此最后一段再次指出“Public investment in the creation of new technology (technological development, whether by research or as a product of problem-solving) is a critical link between id the scientific research that is pursued by virtue of societys co

26、mmitment to those goals. Thus the desire for technology is an important-perhaps the most important-source of demand for science. 对新技术创新进行公共投资（区别于上面提到的私人和公司投资，所谓公共的根据上下文实际上指政府的）是一个关键环节，将社会目标和为追求这些社会目标所做的科学研究联系在一起。因此，对技术的追求是对科学的追求的一个重要也许是最重要的源泉。”最后一句实际上又强调了应用研究和基础研究的关系。可见，本文的主要意图是如何解决政府在“应用研究”和“基础研究”中

27、的作用，所以D选项“政府在创造新技术上的支持”符合题意。A选项“新技术创造中的应用研究”；B选项“创造新技术的基础研究”；C选项“私营企业资助问题解决研究”。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have _ as the amount of money borrowed.问题1选项A.as the same valueB.the same valueC.value as the sameD.the value

28、is the same【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。句子中的空格部分做宾语从句中的宾语成分，故可排除D选项；“与相同”可用“asas”和“the same as”，无“as the same as”这种表达；二者的区别为：as + adj/adv. +as ；the same (+n.) as，故可排除A选项和C选项，根据句意：消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。可知B选项正确。6. 单选题Doctors must inform _ parents about the low odds of success in fertility treatments.问题1选项A.prote

29、ctiveB.respectiveC.prospectiveD.perspective【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项protective“防护的；关切保护的；保护贸易的”；B选项respective“分别的，各自的”；C选项prospective“未来的；预期的”；D选项perspective“透视的”。句意：医生必须告知准父母生育治疗成功的几率很低。因此C选项正确。7. 单选题In Britain people _ more than four million tons of potatoes every year.问题1选项A.swallowB.disposeC.consumeD

30、.exhaust【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项swallow“忍受；吞没；吞下；咽下”；B选项dispose“安置，安排；使倾向于做；使对产生某种感觉；扔掉，清除；应付，处理；击败”；C选项consume“消耗，消费；使着迷；挥霍；耗尽（多指资源、财力的消耗），毁灭；耗尽生命”；D选项exhaust“使筋疲力尽；耗尽（多指体力的耗尽）；彻底探讨；排出”。句意：在英国，人们每年要消耗400多万吨土豆。因此C选项正确。8. 单选题In the case of Finney, where an attendant at a mental hospital caused the death o

31、f a patient by releasing a flow of boiling water into a bath, the test was whether he was grossly _.问题1选项A.negativeB.negligentC.neglectedD.negligible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项negative“负的；消极的；否定的；阴性的”；B选项negligent“疏忽的；粗心大意的”；C选项neglected“被忽视的；无人照管的”；D选项negligible“微不足道的，可以忽略的”。句意：在芬尼案中，精神病院的一名护工将沸腾的开水倒入浴缸，导

32、致一名病人死亡，测试的是他是否严重疏忽。因此B选项正确。9. 单选题Very few people understood his lecture, the subject of which was very _.问题1选项A.dimB.obscureC.conspicuousD.intelligible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项dim“暗淡的，昏暗的；模糊的，看不清的；悲观的，怀疑的”；B选项obscure“昏暗的，朦胧的；晦涩的，不清楚的；隐蔽的；不著名的，无名的”；C选项conspicuous“显著的；显而易见的”；D选项intelligible“可理解的；明了的；仅能用智力

33、了解的”。句意：很少有人听懂他的演讲，因为他的主题晦涩难懂。因此B选项正确。10. 单选题Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of _ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.问题1选项A.elitismB.eloquenceC.eminenceD.etiquette【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elitism“精英主义；杰出人物统治论”；B选项eloquence“口才；雄

34、辩；雄辩术；修辞”；C选项eminence“显赫；卓越；高处”；D选项etiquette“礼节，礼仪；规矩”。句意：在它无数的规则之下，礼仪的根本目的是让世界变得更宜居，让你成为一个更宜居的人。因此D选项正确。11. 单选题Their new policy gave _ to increased unemployment.问题1选项A.ariseB.arouseC.raiseD.rise【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项arise“产生；发生；出现（常用于抽象事物）”；B选项arouse“引起；唤醒；鼓励；激发”；C选项raise“提高；筹集；养育；升起；饲养，种植”（及物动词，表示把某具

35、体事物抬起高处或提高某抽象事物）；D选项rise“攀升；起床；升起；休会；（数量）增加；变得更成功”（使用范围广，既用于具体事物的“上升、增长”，又用于抽象事物的“上涨”）。根据固定搭配give rise to“引起；导致；造成；产生”可知句意为：他们的新政策导致更多人失业。因此D选项正确。12. 单选题“Very few people like to talk about how much money they makeespecially people who earn a lot of money,” wrote Salmon in his post Why Salaries Shoul

36、dnt Be Secret, in the wake of news that recentlydeparted New York Times editor Jill Abramson had started asking questions about the pay discrepancy between her and her predecessor. “Since companies tend to be run by people who earn a lot of money, the result is a culture of silence and secrecy when

37、it comes to pay.”There are several surprising reasons. “Secrecy surrounding pay is generally a bad idea for any organizations,” Salmon wrote. “For one thing, secrecy about pay is bad for women, who are worse at asking for raises than men are. If men secretly ask for raises and secretly get then, whi

38、le women dont, then that helps to explain, at least in part, why men end up earning more than women,” Salmon wrote. “Secrecy around pay is also a great way to allow managers toconsciously or unconsciously play favorites with their staff.”“Weve all worked in companies, Im sure, where the only way to

39、get a substantial raise is to confront management with a job offer from somewhere else,” he added. “Thats clearly a dreadful way to run a company, since it gives all employees a huge incentive to spend a lot of time looking for work elsewhere, even if theyre happy where they are.”“If you work for a

40、company where everybody knows what everybody else is earning, then its going to be very easy to see whats going on. Youll see who the stars are, youll see what kind of skills and talent the company rewards,” he wrote. “Youll also see whether men get paid more than women, whether managers are general

41、ly overpaid, and whether behavior like threatening to quit is rewarded with big raises. Whats more, because management knows that everybody else will see such things, theyll be much less likely to do the kind of secret deals which are all too common in most companies today.”1. What do we learn from

42、the first paragraph?2. What is a possible reason why men usually earn more than women according to Salmon?3. The italicized phrase “play favorites with” most likely means to _.4. Another big problem secrecy about pay might cause is _.5. What does Salmon suggest might happen if there is no secrecy in

43、 pay?问题1选项A.Salmon is the first writer who put forward the question of pay discrepancy.B.Jill Abramson left New York Times when she knew that difference in pay.C.Managers seldom talk about their pay because it is a tradition not to.D.Jill Abramson didnt get the same pay with someone who did the same

44、 job.问题2选项A.Men are more likely to get the trust of their boss.B.Managers tend to think men are more capable than women.C.Men expect more pressure on the boss for pay raise than women.D.Men are more likely to make secret deal with the manager about pay.问题3选项A.make secret deals withB.treat differentl

45、yC.show prejudice againstD.cheat问题4选项A.employees lack of full commitmentB.low productivityC.unhappy employeesD.frequent confrontations问题5选项A.Managers will earn less than they do today.B.Employees will be more skilled than today.C.It will be clear who the bosss favorite is.D.The company will become a

46、 fairer place than today.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Since companies tend to be run by people who earn a lot of money, the result is a culture of silence and secrecy when it comes to pay.（由于公司往往是由赚大钱的人经营的，其结果是在薪酬方面形成了一种沉默和保密的文化。）”，由此可知C选项“经理们很少谈论他们的薪酬，因为这是一种传统”正确。A选项“萨尔蒙是第

47、一个提出工资差距问题的作家”文中没有说到；B选项“吉尔艾布拉姆森知道工资的差别后离开了纽约时报”文章也没有明确说到这二者有因果关系；D选项“吉尔艾布拉姆森没有和做同样工作的人得到同样的报酬”说法错误，文中只提到吉尔艾布拉姆森质疑她和自己前辈的工资差异，并没有说到他们是否是做的同样的工作，因此C选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“For one thing, secrecy about pay is bad for women, who are worse at asking for raises than men are. If men secretly ask for ra

48、ises and secretly get then, while women dont, then that helps to explain, at least in part, why men end up earning more than women.（一方面，工资保密对女性不利，因为女性比男性更不善于要求加薪。如果男人偷偷地要求加薪，然后偷偷地得到加薪，而女人却没有，那么这就有助于解释，至少在一定程度上，为什么男人最终会比女人挣得多。）”，由此可知D选项“男人更容易和经理就工资问题做秘密交易”正确。A选项“男人更容易得到老板的信任”；B选项“经理们倾向于认为男人比女人更有能力”以及

49、C选项“男性施加给经理的加薪压力比女性更大”文章都没有提及，因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Secrecy around pay is also a great way to allow managers toconsciously or unconsciously play favorites with their staff.（关于薪酬的保密也是一个很好的方法，可以让管理者有意识或无意识地与员工达成某种协议）”以及前文可知A选项“与做秘密交易”与play favorite with意思更接近。B选项“区别对待”；C选项“对有偏见”；D选项“欺骗”。因此A选项正确

50、。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Weve all worked in companies, Im sure, where the only way to get a substantial raise is to confront management with a job offer from somewhere else,” he added. “Thats clearly a dreadful way to run a company, since it gives all employees a huge incentive to spend a lot of time

51、looking for work elsewhere, even if theyre happy where they are.”（我敢肯定，我们都在一些公司工作过，要想获得大幅加薪，唯一的办法就是让管理层面对来自其他地方的工作邀请。这显然是一种可怕的管理公司的方式，因为这给了所有员工巨大的动力，让他们花大量时间在别处找工作，即使他们在那里很开心。）”，由此可知薪酬保密导致如果员工想加薪就只有不停地去别处找工作，从而导致员工的心情变差，影响工作效率，C选项“不开心的员工”符合题意。A选项“员工缺乏充分的承诺”；B选项“生产率低”以及D选项“频繁的对抗”文章都没有提及，因此C选项正确。5.判断推

52、理题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Youll see who the stars are, youll see what kind of skills and talent the company rewards,” he wrote. “Youll also see whether men get paid more than women, whether managers are generally overpaid, and whether behavior like threatening to quit is rewarded with big raises. Whats more

53、, because management knows that everybody else will see such things, theyll be much less likely to do the kind of secret deals which are all too common in most companies today.”（你会看到最受老板青睐的是谁，你会看到公司奖励的是什么样的技能和才能。你还将看到，男性的薪酬是否高于女性，管理人员的薪酬是否普遍过高，以及威胁辞职等行为是否会得到大幅加薪的回报。更重要的是，因为管理层知道其他人都会看到这样的事情，所以他们不太可能

54、做今天大多数公司都太常见的秘密交易。）”，由此可知如果薪酬不保密，公司内部的各种规则会更透明化，工资制度相对来说会更公平，D选项“公司将变得比今天更公平”符合题意。A选项“经理们的收入将比现在少”和B选项“员工们的技能会比今天更高”文章中并没有直接体现；C选项“老板最喜欢谁将一目了然”虽然文章有提到，但是不符合题意，因此D选项正确。13. 单选题Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone （1） m

55、aking mistakes. It is actually caused by （2） of your “body clock”a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological （3） . The body clock is designed for a （4） rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it （5） daylight and darkness at the wrong times

56、in a new time zone.The （6） of jetlag often persist for days （7） the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is （8） that is based on proven （9） pioneering scientific research.Dr. Martin Moore-Ere has （10） a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much

57、 sooner to the new time zone （11） controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates （12） of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either （13） or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time

58、can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule （14） light exposure depends a great deal on （15） travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individuals sleep （16） are used to produce a Trip Guide with （17） on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls （1

59、8） bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, （19） you are on an aero plane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light （20） for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.问题1选项A.forB.fromC.ofD.to问题

60、2选项A.ruptureB.corruptionC.disruptionD.eruption问题3选项A.actionsB.functionsC.reflectionD.behavior问题4选项A.regularB.formalC.continualD.circular问题5选项A.retainsB.encountersC.possessesD.experiences问题6选项A.diseasesB.symptomsC.signsD.defects问题7选项A.whileB.whereasC.ifD.although问题8选项A.adaptableB.approachableC.availa

61、bleD.agreeable问题9选项A.broadB.inclusiveC.tentativeD.extensive问题10选项A.devisedB.recognizedC.scrutinizedD.visualized问题11选项A.throughB.atC.inD.as问题12选项A.mostB.leastC.littleD.more问题13选项A.attainB.shedC.retrieveD.seek问题14选项A.onB.withC.forD.in问题15选项A.uniqueB.specificC.complicatedD.peculiar问题16选项A.normB.modeC.patternD.style问题17选项A.directoriesB.instructionsC.specificationsD.commentaries问题18选项A.offB.onC.forD.up59.问题19选项A.orB.andC.butD.while60.问题20选项A.agitationB.spurC.accelerationD.stimulus【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A第6题:B第7题:A第8题:C第9题:A第10题:A第11题:A第12题:A第13题:D第14题:C