考研考博-考博英语-福建师范大学模拟考试题含答案46

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1、考研考博-考博英语-福建师范大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题1. Flattery, Richard Stengel writes by way of defining his terms, “is strategic praise, praise with a purpose. It may be inflated or exaggerated or it may be accurate and truthful, but it is praise that seeks some result, whether it be increased liking or an office with

2、 a window.Flattery is also a kind of bribe, an emotional gratuity that we accept and which very often repays the giver with something he wants. It is a bribe we want to pocket.Flattery at its core is language that advances self-interest while concealing it at the same time.”2. All of which is perfec

3、tly true, but it needs to be qualified (as in time Stengel does) in one important way: Flattery is almost always recognizable for exactly what it is. If it is true, as probably it is, that most of us are susceptible to flattery and willing to employ it in our own interests, it is equally true that f

4、lattery is infrequently subtle and often blatant. In my line of work, for example, when I see in a publishers catalogue that a writer with whom I am acquainted has a new book forthcoming, I can predict almost to the day the letter or call from said author in which, in one fashion or another, my own

5、perspicacity and stylistic elegance will be praised fulsomely, accompanied, perhaps, by an invitation to lunch. Similarly, a letter or e-mail from someone wholly unknown to me will begin with praise for my latest book review or column, followed, apace, with the news that the writer of the letter or

6、a relative, or a friend, or a colleague is about to come forth with . a book.3. It is the way of the world. Though in my case flattery infrequently produces the desired results quite to the contrary, if the truth be known I cannot claim that the silken words whispered in my ear go unheeded. Stengel

7、quotes Lord Chesterfield: “This principle of vanity and pride is so strong in human nature, that is descends even to the lowest objects; and one often sees people angling for praise.” Though we would prefer praise that is offered without ulterior motives, that is heartfelt and generous, we readily s

8、ettle for mere flattery; we may not deliver the quid pro quo so transparently sought beneath the oleaginous words we may even hold the flatterer in contempt yet we are not impervious to the stroking he or she administers; indeed we may luxuriate in it even as we pretend to ridicule it.4. “To describ

9、e someone as a social climber or a self-promoter is generally not considered a compliment. Those two labels seem like particularly modern putdowns (and in the culture of celebrity they have become full-time occupations). But I would make the case that they are simply neutral terms for fundamental hu

10、man behavior, In fact, Id contend that based on the principles of evolutionary biology, social-climbing and self-promotion. They are in our genes.”5. Flattery, he quite correctly says, “is a form of cooperation, and cooperation is the successful evolutionary principle of reciprocal altruism.” As Sam

11、 Rayburn used to say, during his long and productive tenure as speaker of the House of Representatives, “If you want to get along, go along.” To be sure flattery is routinely carried to obscene lengths in this city , which as Stengel correctly points out “is in some ways closer to the courts of Rena

12、issance Europe than it is to our modern era,” yet it is the grease that oils the wheels of politics and often enables the government and its satellites to accomplish worthwhile things. The spectacle that members of the Senate present when they fawn over each other as “honorable” and “distinguished”

13、is hardly a pretty one, yet it is not without purpose.6. In American life, flattering influential individuals is an essential part of the machinery of society and business. In a perceptive chapter called How Dale Carnegie Won Friends and Influenced People, Stengel shows how “the simplest devices of

14、paying attention, offering appreciation and the giving of small flatteries” have become so engrained that it is hard to imagine functioning without them. The rules of flattery or its handmaiden, ingratiation are clear: “avoid complimenting the target.in a way that makes it clear you want a reward; m

15、ake sure the compliment is plausible; praise an attribute about which the target is uncertain; and dont leave the impression that you are a promiscuous praise.” Do all of that and you too can succeed in business or anything else without really trying?7. All of which should, make clear especially to

16、you, gentle and quick-witted reader that Stengel has written not merely a popular history of flattery but also a guide to its employment. He does the latter with tongue slightly in cheek at times to the point that his prose becomes excessively chatty and breezy yet the truth is that his counsel, and

17、 that of the many others whom he quotes, probably can be used to good purpose. If you must flatter - and there are times when flattery is clearly the wisest course then by all means do it well.1.when flattery is clearly the wisest course then by all means do it well.2.According to Richard Stengel, a

18、ll of the following are true of flattery EXCEPT （ ）.3.In the second paragraph, the writer makes the point that（ ）.4.The main idea of the third paragraph is that（ ）.5.What can be inferred about the courts of Renaissance Europe (Para. 5)? The writers attitude toward Richard Stengels views regarding fl

19、attery can best be described as（ ）.问题1选项A.it can stretch the truthB.it has a purposeC.it is an unsuccessful bribeD.it can be expressed subtly问题2选项A.flatterers often achieve their objectivesB.flattery is often blatantC.the writer is often flatteredD.we are often tempted by flattery问题3选项A.flattery sel

20、dom produces the desired resultsB.humans are vain and proudC.its only human to enjoy flatteryD.we find flattery objectionable问题4选项A.They were very similar to our modern era.B.They banned flattery.C.They encouraged flattery.D.They were not popular with the general republic.问题5选项A.neutralB.favorableC.

21、doubtfulD.critical【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Flattery is also a kind of bribe, an emotional gratuity that we accept and which very often repays the giver with something he wants.（阿谀奉承也是一种贿赂，一种我们可以接受的情感馈赠，常常会用回报给赠予者他想要的东西）可知阿谀奉承是一种成功的贿赂，因此选C。2.推理判断题。由文章第二段中的Flattery is almost al

22、ways recognizable for exactly what it is.it is equally true that flattery is infrequently subtle and often blatant.（阿谀奉承几乎总是可以确切地认出它是什么同样的事实是，奉承不那么微妙，常常是明目张胆的）可知选B。A选项为第一段的内容；C选项只是作者用自己的经历举例说明，阿谀奉承很显而易见；D选项在第二段中没有出现，因此选B。3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的It is the way of the world. indeed we may luxuriate in it even

23、as we pretend to ridicule it.（阿谀奉承是人之常情事实上，即使我们假装嘲笑它，我们也可以尽情享受它）可知C选项“喜欢听阿谀奉承的话是人类的天性”符合题意。4.推理判断题。由文章第五段中的To be sure flattery is routinely carried to obscene lengths in this city, which as Stengel correctly points out “is in some ways closer to the courts of Renaissance Europe than it is to our mod

24、ern era”（阿谀奉承在这座城市里到处都有，正如Stengel正确的指出“在某些方面更接近文艺复兴时期的欧洲，而不是我们的现代时代”）可推测阿谀奉承在文艺复兴时期的欧洲宫廷也十分流行，因此选C。5.观点态度题。由文章第二段中的All of which is perfectly true（所有这些都是完全正确的）和第五段中的Flattery, he quite correctly says（阿谀奉承，他说得很对）与which as Stengel correctly points out（正如Stengel正确的指出）可知作者对Richard Stengel的观点都是用的正面肯定的词，故可知

25、作者是赞成Richard Stengel的观点的，因此选B。2. 单选题There was once a town in this country where all life seemed to live in （ ）with its surroundings.问题1选项A.coincidenceB.harmonyC.uniformD.alliance【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。coincidence意为“巧合，一致”；harmony意为“和谐，协调”，in harmony with意为“与和谐相处”；uniform意为“制服”；alliance意为“结盟，同盟”。句意：这个国家曾经有一

26、个小镇里的所有的生命似乎与周围环境和谐相处。3. 单选题There are two main things that make aircraft engineering difficult: the need to make every component as reliable as possible and the need to build everything as light as possible. The fact that an airplane is up in the air and cannot stop if anything goes wrong, makes it

27、perhaps a matter of life and death that its performance is absolutely dependable.Given a certain power of engine, and consequently a certain fuel consumption, there is a practical limit to the total weight of an aircraft that can be made to fly. Out of that weight as much as possible is wanted for f

28、uel, radio navigational instruments, passenger seats, or freight room, and of course, the passengers and aircraft themselves. So the structure of the aircraft has to be as small and light as safety and efficiency will allow. The designers of it must calculate the normal load that each part will bear

29、. This specialist is called the stress man. He takes account of any unusual stress that may be put on the part as a precaution against errors in manufacture, accident damage, etc.The stress mans calculations go to the designer of the part, and he must make it as strong as the stress man say is neces

30、sary. One or two samples are always tested to prove that they are as strong as the designer intended. Each separate part is tested, and then the whole assembly for example, a complete wing, and finally the whole airplane. When a new type of airplane is made, normally only one of the first three will

31、 be flown. Two will be destroyed on the ground in structural tests. The third one will be tested in the air.When a plane has passed all the tests it can get a government certificate of airworthiness, without which it is illegal to fly, except for test flying.Making the working parts reliable is as d

32、ifficult as making the structure strong enough. The flying controls, the electrical equipment, the fire precautions, etc. must not only be light in weight, but must work both at high altitudes where the temperature may be below freezing point and in the hot air of an airfield in the tropics.To solve

33、 all these problems the aircraft industry has a large number of research workers, with elaborate laboratories and test houses and new materials to give the best strength in relation to weight are constantly being tested.1.The two main requirements of aircraft design are （ ）.2.The maximum possible we

34、ight of an aircraft is determined by（ ）.3.The stress mans job is to（ ）.4.The first three airplanes of a new type（ ）.5.All equipment in an aircraft must（ ）.问题1选项A.speed and costB.reliability and passenger comfortC.lightness and dependabilityD.ability to stay up in the air and reliability问题2选项A.the en

35、gineer powerB.the amount of freight roomC.the number of passengersD.international regulations问题3选项A.test how safe the plane isB.calculate how strong each part must beC.work out how height the plane may fly atD.control the amount of luggage each passenger may carry问题4选项A.are only for showB.are all de

36、stroyedC.are later broken up for spare partsD.are used for testing purposes问题5选项A.be tested to destructionB.not be too light in weightC.work especially well at high temperaturesD.work perfectly within a wide range of temperatures【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的There are two main thi

37、ngs that make aircraft engineering difficult: the need to make every component as reliable as possible and the need to build everything as light as possible.（有两件主要的事情使飞机工程变得困难：需要使每一个部件尽可能可靠，以及需要建造一切尽可能轻的东西）可知C选项“轻便与可靠性”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Given a certain power of engine, and consequently a certain

38、fuel consumption, there is a practical limit to the total weight of an aircraft that can be made to fly.（考虑到一定的发动机功率，并由此产生一定的燃料消耗，可以飞行的飞机的总重量有一个实际的限制）可知飞机的最大可能重量由发动机功率决定的，因此选A。3.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的The designers of it must calculate the normal load that each part will bear.（设计人员必须计算每个零件将承受的正常载荷）可知B选项“计算每个

39、部分能承受的正常重量”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的When a new type of airplane is made, normally only one of the first three will be flown. Two will be destroyed on the ground in structural tests. The third one will be tested in the air.（当一种新型飞机被制造出来时，正常情况下，头三架飞机中只有一架可以飞行。在结构试验中，两架将在地面上销毁，第三架将在空中进行测试）可知这三架飞机都是用来测试的，两架

40、用于地面测试，一架用于空中测试，因此选D。5.推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中的but must work both at high altitudes where the temperature may be below freezing point and in the hot air of an airfield in the tropics.（但必须在海拔较高、温度可能低于冰点的情况下工作，也必须在热带地区的热空气中工作）可知飞机上的所有设备都必须能在温差范围极大的条件下工作，因此选D。4. 单选题It is through learning that the individual （

41、）many habitual ways of reacting to situations.问题1选项A.acquiresB.achievesC.gainsD.retains【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。acquire意为“获得，取得”，指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等；achieve意为“取得”，指成就、目标、幸福的取得；gain意为“获得”，指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；retain意为“保持，保留”。句意：正是通过学习，个人才能获得处理各种情况的习惯做法。5. 单选题For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturi

42、ng into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glow of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it pu

43、rchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no sc

44、ientists had gone before.Today Mars looms as humanitys next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives o

45、ther than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others. Are ther

46、e experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space?With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the p

47、lanet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Ma

48、rs, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one

49、of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.1.According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past was （ ）.2.At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is（ ）.3.What is the ma

50、in goal of sending human missions to Mars?4.By saying With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been (Line 1, Para. 4), the author means that（ ）.5.The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would（ ）.问题1选项A.to display their countrys military mightB.to accomplish som

51、e significant scienceC.to find new areas for colonizationD.to pursue commercial and state interests问题2选项A.international cooperationB.nationalistic reasonsC.scientific researchD.long-term profits问题3选项A.To find out if life ever existed there.B.To see if humans could survive there.C.To prove the feasib

52、ility of large-scale space ventures.D.To show the leading role of science in space exploration.问题4选项A.with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space venturesB.in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very highC.in the case of Mars, much more research f

53、unds are needed than ever beforeD.with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue问题5选项A.make clear the complex chemistry in the development of lifeB.confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteorC.reveal the kind of conditions under which l

54、ife originatesD.provide an explanation why life is common in the universe【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic.（几个世纪以来，探险家们冒着生命危险去探索那些不为人知的地方，或多或

55、少是由于经济的或国家利益的原因）可知D选项“追求商业和国家利益”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的And with doubtful prospects for a short term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationali

56、sm will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface.（由于短期财政回报的前景令人怀疑，冷战记忆的迅速消失，以及人们对大型太空探险国际合作的日益重视，很显然，现实需求已压倒经济利益和民族主要诉求，促使人类离开通向这座表面呈红色的星球的轨道）可排除B、D选项，A选项“国际合作”是进行太空探险的方式，故排除，因此选C。3.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and wheth

57、er it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.（越来越多的证据显示，这颗红色星球曾经有过大量稳定的液态水，关于掉落到地球的火星陨石上有细菌化石的说法一直存在争议，

58、这些都突出了一个问题火星上是否存在生命，以及这些生命到现在是否还一直生存在火星上）可知A选项“看那里是否存在生命”符合题意。4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science（如果可以确定生命是在火星和地球上独立产生的，这一发现将为所有科学中最深奥的奥秘之一提供第

59、一条具体线索）可推测风险越大，回报越高，因此选B。5.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life.（一个关于火星上生命的更确切的答案，无论是过去的还是现在的，都会给研究人员提供宝贵的数据，了解到行星在何

60、种条件下都可以产生导致生命的复杂化学物质）可知C选项“揭示生命起源的类型”符合题意。6. 单选题She sewed a （ ）on the knee of her trousers.问题1选项A.pinchB.plasterC.punchD.patch【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。pinch意为“捏，掐”；plaster意为“灰泥，膏药，创可贴”；punch意为“拳击打，用力的捶打”；patch意为“补丁，补片”。句意：她在她的裤子膝盖上缝了个补丁。7. 单选题About one-third of the adult homeless are（ ）mentally ill, and abou

61、t half are alcoholic or abuse drugs.问题1选项A.chronicallyB.sparselyC.adequatelyD.individually【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。chronically意为“慢性地，习惯性地，长期地”；sparsely意为“稀疏地，节省地”；adequately意为“足够地”；individually意为“分别地，单独地”。句意：大约三分之一的无家可归的人患有慢性精神病，而且大约有一半是酗酒或吸毒的。8. 单选题His career was not noticeably（ ）by the fact that he had nev

62、er been to college.问题1选项A.preventedB.restrainedC.hinderedD.refrained【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。prevent意为“防止，预防”；restrain意为“抑制，压抑”，指抑制某种感情；hinder意为“阻碍，妨碍”，指受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难；refrain意为“抑制，克制”，指抑制做某件事。句意：他从未上过大学，但他的事业并没有因此而受到明显的妨碍。9. 单选题Difficult market conditions were（ ）when Korean tanners entered the UK and New Z

63、ealand raw material markets, driving up prices.问题1选项A.relievedB.changedC.deterioratedD.solved【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。relieve意为“减轻，缓和”；change意为“改变”；deteriorate意为“变坏恶化”；solve意为“解决”。句意：当韩国制革工人进入英国和新西兰的原材料市场，抬高了价格，困难的市场条件恶化了。10. 单选题All animals, especially the small kind, appear to feel anxiety. Humans have felt it since the days they shared the planet with saber-toothed tigers. But we live in a particularly anxious age. The initial shock of Sept. 11 has worn off, and the