考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学模拟考试题含答案14

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1、考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题Basic research is the cutting of paths through the unknown. As most of us know today, it is the pacesetter for technology and the raw material of invention.Because basic research is aimed at understanding rather than at practical results, the layman sometimes assumes th

2、at it is entirely abstract and theoretical, and that only when it becomes a matter of industrial development does it “come down to earth.” This is a false notion and its falsity becomes increasingly clear with time. Indeed, one striking characteristic of our scientific age has been the disappearance

3、 of the barriers between pure and applied science. Not only are we finding important technological application for mathematical and scientific knowledge which was formerly thought of as abstract and useless, but the advance of technology has both generated new problems in pure science and provided n

4、ew tools with which such science can be advanced more effectively. The development of the techniques and hardware for radar during the war, for example, gave the physicist and the chemist a new and refined tool for investigating the properties of solids and of chemical compounds. Conversely, the ext

5、ensive use of this tool in basic science has opened the way to entirely new techniques in electronics. Similarly, the development of large-scale electronic computers has led engineers to find practical uses for some of the most, abstruse and impractical branches of higher mathematics, while the unde

6、rstanding of the techniques of using computers has, on the other hand, given us deeper insight into some aspects of the behavior of complex biological and social systems. Basic and applied science today are distinguished less by method and content than by motivation. Very often indeed, the same man

7、can be both “pure scientist” and “engineer” as he works on different problems or on different parts of one problem.By the word scientist we mean someone who is fit to take part in basic research, to learn without a teacher, to discover and attack significant problems not yet solved, to show the natu

8、re of this process to others someone, in short, who is equipped to spend a lifetime in the advancement of science, to the best of his ability.The process of graduate education and the process of basic research belong together at every possible level. The two kinds of activity reinforce each other in

9、 a great variety of, and each is weakened when carried on without the other.If graduate education aims at making scientists, and if inquiry into what is unknown is the moving principle of all science, it is not surprising that experience of this kind of inquiry should be essential in graduate educat

10、ion. Clearly such experience is best obtained in association with others who have had it or are having it themselves. The apprentice scientist learns best when he learns in an atmosphere of active research work. In all forms of scientific work, a mans effectiveness is multiplied when he has that dep

11、th of understanding of his subject that comes only with the experience of working at a research problem.The process of graduate education depends on research just as much as upon “teaching” .Indeed, the two are essentially inseparable and there is a radical error it trying to think of them as differ

12、ent or opposite forms of activity. From the point of view of the graduate student, the teaching and the research of his professor-are at the crucial point which defines the whole, uniteD.What he learns is not opposite from research; it is research. Of course many necessary parts of a scientists educ

13、ation have little to do with research, and obviously, also, for many professors there must be a gap between teaching a standard graduate course and working at ones own problems. Moreover, many good teachers men who keep up with the new work in their subject and communicate its meaning clearly to the

14、ir students are not themselves engaged in research. Yet we insist on the central point, the would-be scientist must learn what it is like to do science,and this which is research is the most important thing he can be “taught”.So far we have been arguing that graduate education requires the experienc

15、e of basic research. What happens when we turn the matter around, and ask whether basic research must be carried on only in conjunction with graduate education? Here the answer cannot be so categorical. Though our general conviction is that a fundamentally reciprocal relation does exist, it is clear

16、 that research of outstanding quality is often carried on in isolation from reaching and indeed quite, outside the universities. While the great, teacher of graduate students is almost invariably a research man too, there are many notable scientists who have as little as possible to do with teaching

17、. First-rate industrial and governmental laboratories with commitments to specific programs are necessarily separated in some measure from teaching of a conventional sort. Thus, basic research can be carried on without much connection to graduate education.Yet in the long run it is dangerous to sepa

18、rate research in any field entirely from education. The pool of graduate students in our universities is the pool from which the scientist of the future must come. These young people do not easily study what is not taught; they do not often learn the meaning of research which does not exist in their

19、 environment. A scientific field which has no research life in the universities is at a grave disadvantage in recruiting new members. As learning and teaching require research, so research, in the end, cannot be sustained without teaching. Hence it is always important for research installations to m

20、aintain effective connections with students.There is also the fact that in the wider sense all-rate-research laboratories are permeated by an atmosphere of learning. Successful research can be defined, indeed, as learning what has not been taught before, and a good scientist is constantly learning f

21、rom others. We believe that research, learning and teaching are deeply connected processes which should kept together wherever possible.1.According to the author, basic research（ ）.2.Our scientific age is characterized by（ ）.3.According to the author, a scientist is one（ ）.4.In discussing the relati

22、onship between research and graduate education the author think（ ）.5.An apprentice scientist learns better in an atmosphere of research work because（ ）.问题1选项A.is aimed at understanding and therefore, is basically abstract and theoretical.B.has opened the way to entirely new techniques in electronics

23、C.gives us deeper insight into some aspects of the behavior of complex biological social systems.D.is sometimes hard to distinguish from applied science.问题2选项A.the vanishing of barriers between pure and applied sciencesB.the disappearance of differences between pure and applied sciencesC.practical a

24、pplications of some of the most abstract and Impractical branches scienceD.the invention of new and refined tools for investigation and research问题3选项A.who is able to participate in basic research and work on the unsolved problemsB.who is able to develop his abilities in solving problemsC.who is comp

25、etent to show the process of research to othersD.who is capable of doing all above-mentioned问题4选项A.that graduate education depends on research just as much as upon teaching.B.that graduate students learn better when they work at a research problemC.that graduate education requires the experience of

26、basic researchD.that graduate education and research are inseparable and depend on each other.问题5选项A.graduate education requires the experience of basic research.B.many professors are engaged in research and this is the most important thing they teach.C.when a person is doing research he has a bette

27、r understanding of the subject he learning and thus, the effectiveness is increasedD.the process of graduate education and the process of basic research belong together every possible level【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。A选项可以定位到文章中“Because basic research is aimed at understanding rather th

28、an at practical results, the layman sometimes assumes that it is entirely abstract and theoretical.” 中文翻译为：因为基础研究旨在理解而不是实际结果，所以，外行有时认为它完全是抽象的和理论性的。可知A选项错误；由B选项可以定位到文章中“Conversely, the extensive use of this tool in basic science has opened the way to entirely new techniques in electronics.” 中文翻译为：相反，

29、在基础科学中广泛使用这一工具，为电子领域的全新技术开辟了道路。”可知B选项错误；由C选项可以定位到文章中 “while the understanding of the techniques of using computers has, on the other hand, given us deeper insight into some aspects of the behavior of complex biological and social systems.” 中文翻译为：另一方面，对计算机技术的理解使我们对复杂的生物和社会系统的某些方面有了更深入的了解。可知C选项符合作者观点；

30、根据D选项可以定位到原文 “Indeed, one striking characteristic of our scientific age has been the disappearance of the barriers between pure and applied science.”中文翻译为：事实上，我们这个科学时代的一个显著特点是，纯科学和应用科学之间的障碍消失了。障碍消失不代表很难将基础科学与应用科学之间区分开，故排除D选项。因此答案为 C。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词scientific age可定位到文章“Indeed, one striking characteri

31、stic of our scientific age has been the disappearance of the barriers between pure and applied science”，中文翻译为：事实上，我们这个科学时代的一个显著特点是，纯科学和应用科学之间的障碍消失了。因此A项“纯科学与应用科学之间的障碍消失了”正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到原文 “By the word scientist we mean someone who is fit to take part in basic research, to learn without a teache

32、r, to discover and attack significant problems not yet solved, to show the nature of this process to others someone, in short, who is equipped to spend a lifetime in the advancement of science, to the best of his ability.”，中文翻译为：根据科学家这个词，我们可以说他是适合于基础研究、自主学习，发现并攻击尚未解决的重大问题，而且向他人展示这一过程的本质。简而言之，科学家会在科学

33、进步中奉献一生并且尽最大能力去完成。因此，最佳答案为D项。4.推理判断题。由题干关键词the relationship between research and graduate education可以定位到原文 “The process of graduate education and the process of basic research belong together at every possible level. The two kinds of activity reinforce each other in a great variety of, and each is w

34、eakened when carried on without the other. ”，中文翻译为：研究生教育的过程和基础研究的过程是各方面的共同努力。这两种活动在各种情况下相互加强，每一种活动在没有对方的情况下都会被削弱。以及“The process of graduate education depends on research just as much as upon “teaching”Indeed, the two are essentially inseparable and there is a radical error it trying to think of them

35、 as different or opposite forms of activity.”，中文翻译为：研究生教育的过程就像“教学”一样依赖于研究。事实上，两者本质上是不可分割的，它试图把它们看作是不同或相反的活动形式，这是一个根本性的错误。可以得出 D项“研究生教育和研究是不可分割的并且互相依赖”为最佳答案。5.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文“Clearly such experience is best obtained in association with others who have had it or are having it themselves. The apprenti

36、ce scientist learns best when he learns in an atmosphere of active research work. In all forms of scientific work, a mans effectiveness is multiplied when he has that depth of understanding of his subject that comes only with the experience of working at a research problem. ”，中文翻译为：显然，这种经验最好是与其他已经或正

37、在拥有这种经验的人一起获得。当科学家学徒在积极研究工作的氛围中学习时，他学得最好。在所有形式的科学工作中，当一个人对自己的学科有了深入的理解，而只有在研究问题上工作的经验时，他的效率才会成倍增加。因此，C项“当一个人在做研究时，他对他所学的学科有了更好的理解，从而提高了学习的有效性”正确。2. 单选题The developed countries are urging the developing countries to adopt a strategy that can（ ）the twin needs of development and preservation of nature.问

38、题1选项A.assimilateB.correspondC.coincideD.reconcile【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: assimilate“吸收”；B: correspond “一致”；C: coincide “ 一致”；D: reconcile “使一致”。句意：发达国家正在催促发展中国家采用一个能使发展和保护自然的双重需要一致的策略。结合此处语境，D为正确答案。3. 单选题Her professional ethics is now being questioned since she often（ ）her reports to suit the people sh

39、e is speaking to.问题1选项A.disfiguresB.deformsC.misshapesD.distorts【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A: disfigures “丑化”；B: deforms “使变形”；C: misshapes “变成畸形”；D: distorts “扭曲”。句意：她专业的伦理学现在正被质疑，因为她经常扭曲她的报告来迎合她交谈的人。根据句意，D符合题意。4. 单选题The 215-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October,（ ）an outburst of interest.问题1

40、选项A.flaredB.glitteredC.sparkedD.flashed【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项 flare“闪光，闪耀”；B选项 glitter “闪闪发光，闪烁”；C选项 spark “发动，激起”；D选项 flash “闪光，闪现”。句意：去年十月传到出版商那儿的215页的手稿激发起他们浓厚的兴趣。根据句意，C选项正确。5. 单选题Automobiles, not factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in Americas cities, and the smog （ ）the possibili

41、ty of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment.问题1选项A.presentsB.emergesC.erectsD.imposes【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: presents “呈现；提交；使产生” ；B: emerges “出现”；C: erects “使直立”；D: imposes “强加；征税”。句意：汽车而不是工厂，是美国城市三分之二的烟雾的罪魁祸首。烟雾产生了一种全新的流行病的可能性，不是由一种细菌引起的，而是由于环境污染造成的。结合语境，由

42、宾语是“一种全新疾病的可能性”，可知A为正确答案。6. 单选题Mr. Smith had an unusual（ ）: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher.问题1选项A.professionB.occupationC.positionD.career【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项 profession “（需要教育、大量训练和专门学习的法律、医学、教育等脑力劳动方面的）专业或职业”；B选项 occupation “（成为正常的生活来源的一项活动）职业，行业，位置”

43、；C选项 position “（雇用）职位，工作，职务”；D选项 career “事业，生涯；某人工作经历或事业上取得成就的总的过程或进程”。句意：史密斯先生有着不寻常的人生：他起初当过办公室职员，然后当海员，最终做了一名教师。根据句意，选项D选项正确。7. 单选题Murovyovka Nature Park, a private nature reserve, is the result of the vision and determination of one man, Sergei Smirenski. The Moscow University Professor has gaine

44、d the support of international funds as well as local officials, businessmen and Collective farms.Thanks to his efforts, the agricultural project is also under way to create an experimental farm to teach local farmers how to farm without the traditionally heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertili

45、zers. Two Wisconsin farmers, Don and Ellen Padley, spent last summer preparing land in Tanbovka district, where the park is located，and they will return this summer to plant it.Specialists from the University of Utah also came to study the local cattle industry, looking to develop possibilities for

46、beef exports to Japan.Separately, 10 New Jersey school teachers will spend the summer in the district running summer camps for the local children that will stress field trips and lectures on the nature around them.These programs, particularly the agricultural project, are getting some support from t

47、he United States, including funding from the MacArthur Foundation, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and the US Agency for International Development. The Trust for Mutual Understanding and the Weedier Foundation are also supporting the International Crane Foundations work in creating the park.The World

48、 Bank is funding a small project to study the possibilities for ecotourism in theAinu basin region. Delta Dream Vacations, a Delta Airlines subsidiary, is looking into flights to Khabarovsk and Vladivostok for ecology tours, with some of the money going to support the zapovedniks (totally wild prese

49、rves used only for scientific research) in the region.But this money has also generated a jealous attempt by the local wildlife service to block the Murovyovka project.They said, Give us their money, and well do it better, Smirenski says. They went to the local court to get a court order to halt the

50、 contract. Although they were successful at that level, the Atom regional government, with encouragement from Moscow, has already moved to reverse the decision as illegal.I dont pay attention to this negative side. Smirenski says characteristic optimistic fashion. I decided we should continue to cre

51、ate.Beyond Murovyovka, there are even vaster grasslands and wetlands in the Amur basin that are vital nesting areas for rare birds such as the eastern white stork, and the red-crowned, white-napped; and hooded cranes. A complex of 100,000 hectares, for example, lies largely unprotected in Zhuravalin

52、i literally a place for cranes downstream from MurovyovkA.Creation of a national park, along for tourist use, has been proposed for this area.A key part of the conservation strategy is to gain the support of regional governments by getting them to see that such internationally backed nature projects

53、 can lead to business and other ties, particularly to countries like Japan and ChinA.For example, the cranes that nest in Russia have been tracked by satellite to wintering grounds in Izumi, on Japans southern Kyushu IslanD.This linkage has proved useful bringing regional officials from both countri

54、es together.Last summer, 100 Japanese school children from the Tama region outside of Tokyo came to Khabarovsk on the Amen to experience the kind of untouched nature that has disappeared from Japan. As part of the exchange, the Mayor of Tama donated 26 secondhand fire trucks to his counterpart.After

55、 this the mayor of Khabarovsk said, Now I will listen to you, about your birds and all your problems. Recounts Smirenski. Now the officials understand what cranes mean to them.1.A probable goal of the agricultural project is to（ ）.2.Summer camps in the area will（ ）.3.Projects connected with the deve

56、lopment of the nature park are（ ）.4.The zapovedniks appear（ ）.5.The passage implies that projects like Murovyovka（ ）.问题1选项A.reduce pollution in reserve farmlandsB.induce United Nations cooperationC.learn how local farms are operatedD.import new breeds of farm animals问题2选项A.be designed for foreign vi

57、sitorsB.be educationalC.attract scientists and ecologistsD.house field laborers and their families Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE问题3选项A.self sustainingB.narrow in scope and visionC.attracting world-wideattentionD.amassing scientific data问题4选项A.eager to support the Nature Par

58、kB.opposed to outside fundingC.envious of the Parks successD.to have legal jurisdiction of the area问题5选项A.face insurmountable financial problemsB.take too much from local residentsC.increase the need for fire enginesD.can promote international cooperation【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。通过题干

59、关键词agricultural project定位到原文第二段“Thanks to his efforts, the agricultural project is also under way to create an experimental farm to teach local farmers how to farm without the traditionally heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers.”，中文翻译：由于他的努力，农业项目也在进行中，是为了建立一个试验性农场，教当地农民在不使用大量杀虫剂和化肥这一传统方法的

60、情况下如何耕作。综合考虑，选项A符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词summer camps定位到原文 “Separately, 10 New Jersey school teachers will spend the summer in the district running summer camps for the local children that will stress field trips and lectures on the nature around them.”，中文翻译：另外，10名新泽西学校的教师将在该地区为当地儿童举办夏令营，这些夏令营将强调实地考察和关于周

61、围大自然的讲座。因此最佳答案为B选项。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词定位到原文 “These programs, particularly the agricultural project, are getting some support from.”，中文翻译：“这些项目，特别是农业项目，正得到多方支持，如”可以推断出答案选择C。4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词zapovedniks定位到原文 “with some of the money going to support the zapovedniks (totally wild preserves used only for scien

62、tific research) in the region.”中文翻译为：部分资金将用于支持该地区的zapovedniks(仅用于科学研究的野生保护区)。以及文章中“But this money has also generated a jealous attempt by the local wildlife service to block the Murovyovka project.”，中文翻译为：这笔钱也引起了当地野生动物机构的嫉妒，以阻止穆罗维约夫项目。可知，C项符合题目描述。5.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到原文“A key part of the conservation str

63、ategy is to gain the support of regional governments by getting them to see that such internationally backed nature projects can lead to business and other ties, particularly to countries like Japan and China.”，中文翻译为：保护战略的一个关键点是通过让地方政府认识到这种国际支持的自然项目能够建立商业和其他联系，特别是与日本和中国这样的国家建立联系，从而获得 区域政府的支持。可知。D选项正

64、确。8. 翻译题In contrast to the science of classical antiquity, modern science is basically unfinished whereas ancient science had the appearance of something completed to which the notion of progress was not essential. Modern science progresses into the infinite.Modern science has realized that a finished and total world-view is scientifically impossible. Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can a closed view of the world pretend to scientific validi