考研考博-考博英语-华中科技大学模拟考试题含答案28

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1、考研考博-考博英语-华中科技大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题While there have been countless attempts at correlating sunspot cycles with such diverse phenomena as the economy, crop yields, and the weather, there has been little evidence to support these correlations. The past few decades have seen a renewed interest in the sun-cl

2、imate relationship with a comprehensive analysis of many different historical records of solar observation. Late in the seventeenth century, a period known as the Maunder Minimum, there were virtually no sunspots observed, indicating a “quiet” period in the suns activity coinciding with the height o

3、f a time known as the Little Ice Age, a period of lower temperatures in Europe. Once this evidence had been synthesized, it has become much clearer that there are indeed robust correlations between the Earths temperature and sunspots. Perhaps the most important development in the solar-climate link

4、came when satellites were developed to measure, in rough terms, the Total Solar Irradiance （TSI）, a factor shown to be directly related to these “activity” cycles. At the maxima of these cycles, there are more sunspots （magnetic phenomena that attenuate local irradiance）, but new instruments show th

5、at these dark sunspots are more than compensated for by bright areas on the sun called faculae; therefore, the overall irradiance increases in correspondence with higher numbers of sunspots.Unfortunatedly, identifying this evident increase in minimum values as a trend provokes concern, as there have

6、 been only two minima ever measured in this way. We must be aware that the warming trend in the surface temperature goes far beyond the last two decades, and that an extension of the solar record is necessary to assess whether solar activity and irradiance is indeed increasing at the minima of the c

7、ycles and what the potential effect on the climate may be. The solar record has been extended by the use of the historical sunspot records already mentioned and correlations have been drawn between solar irradiance and the temperature curve since 1610, suggesting a predominant solar influence in the

8、 pre-industrial period. But since 1860 only half the observed warming could be attributable to the irradiance increase, indicating that some other influence is becoming more influential in controlling the temperature change: most likely industrial carbon-dioxide.Recent studies of global warming have

9、 necessitated a more comprehensive effort to quantify the natural climate variability so that the residual change may be attributed to the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This attempt at quantification of the many different forces effect on the climate has re-emphasized the complexity o

10、f the climate system and the simultaneous interaction of many influences. Solar irradiance may indeed account for some of the temperature increases recorded over the last several decades, but as the atmospheric CO2 rises, due to the exponential increase in emissions from industrial sources, the infl

11、uence of solar variability on the Earths climate will most likely decrease, and its relative contribution will be far surpassed by “greenhouse” gases.31.The author focuses primarily on （ ） .32.Which of the following statements concerning the comparison between preindustrial and post-industrial clima

12、te change, as described in the passage, is accurate?33.According to the passage, extending solar record is important for which of the following reasons?34.According to the passage, sunspot cycles have which of the following characteristics?35.It can be inferred from the passage that the author regar

13、ds the correlations drawn in recent decades between sunspots and terrestrial phenomena as（ ）.问题1选项A.pointing out the success of a certain line of scientific inquiry into the terrestrial effects of solar activity while qualifying its successes with regard to climate changeB.giving a brief overview of

14、 some recent scientific developments in solar physics and explaining their possible implications for future researchC.discussing the successes in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how they may have an impact on preventing further climate changeD.presenting two competin

15、g scientific theories for the cause of post-industrial climate change and evaluating the body of evidence behind each one问题2选项A.The pre-industrial period experienced a much greater degree of climate change, owing to solar activityB.The post-industrial period experienced a much greater degree of clim

16、ate change, owing to greenhouse gases.C.Both periods have experienced a degree of change, but their primary causes are different.D.Both periods have experienced a degree of change, and their primary causes are identical.问题3选项A.It would allow scientists to establish whether the warming trends owe to

17、industrialization or to natural factors existing prior to industrialization.B.It would help establish whether the data supporting the existence of the Maunder Minimum is reliable.C.It would determine the extent to which sunspots plays a role in increasing the suns irradiance.D.It could possible corr

18、oborate the information on sunspots provided by satellites.问题4选项A.During the minima phase of the cycle, there is lower overall irradiance but greater local irradiance, and fewer sunspots.B.During the minima phase of the cycle, there is greater overall irradiance but lower local irradiance, and fewer

19、 sunspots.C.During the maxima phase of the cycle, there is lower local irradiance but greater overall irradiance, and more sunspots.D.During the maxima phase of the cycle, there is lower overall irradiance but greater local irradiance, and more sunspots.问题5选项A.more reliable than similar correlations

20、 drawn in the past, but still inconclusiveB.solid evidence of the complexity of the climate system and the simultaneous interaction of its many influencesC.poorly supported by the statistics mentioned at the beginning of the passageD.unlikely given the predominant role played by greenhouse gases【答案】

21、第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】31.主旨大意题。通读全文可发现作者通篇探讨的是太阳活动与气候变化的联系。根据关键词“solar activity” “climate change” “the sun-climate relationship”即可得出本题答案。32.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“preindustrial and post-industrial climate change”可将信息点定位至原文第二段第三句和第四句，根据“The solar record has been extended by the use of the historical su

22、nspot records already mentioned and correlations have been drawn between solar irradiance and the temperature curve since 1610, suggesting a predominant solar influence in the pre-industrial period.（利用前面提到的太阳黑子历史记录扩展了太阳活动记录，并从1610年起绘制了太阳辐照度与温度曲线之间的关系，表明太阳活动在前工业时期具有重要的影响。）” “indicating that some othe

23、r influence is becoming more influential（表明其他一些影响正在变得更有影响力）”，即可得出本题答案。33.细节事实题。根据题干关键字“extending solar record”可将信息点定位至原文第二段第二句和第三句。“We must be aware that the warming trend in the surface temperature goes far beyond the last two decades, and that an extension of the solar record is necessary to asses

24、s whether solar activity and irradiance is indeed increasing at the minima of the cycles and what the potential effect on the climate may be.（我们必须认识到，地表温度的上升趋势远远超过过去二十年，必须扩大太阳记录，以评估太阳活动和辐照度是否确实在以周期的最小值增加，以及对气候可能产生的潜在影响。）”从而得出本题答案。34.细节事实题。根据题干关键字“sunspot cycles” “characteristics”，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第六句，“A

25、t the maxima of these cycles, there are more sunspots （magnetic phenomena that attenuate local irradiance）, but new instruments show that these dark sunspots are more than compensated for by bright areas on the sun called faculae; therefore, the overall irradiance increases in correspondence with hi

26、gher numbers of sunspots.（这些周期的最大值，太阳黑子（磁现象减弱本地辐照度）,但新仪器显示，这些黑暗的太阳黑子超过补偿在太阳明亮的区域称为光斑；因此，整体较高的辐照度增加对应数量的太阳黑子。）”即可得出本题答案。35.细节推断题。根据题干关键字“correlations drawn in recent decades”可将信息点定位至原文最后一段，根据“Recent studies of global warming have necessitated a more comprehensive effort（最近对全球变暖的研究需要更全面的努力。）”可进行合理推断，从

27、而得出本题答案。2. 写作题You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic: “ Is it better to set up a bridge or a wall between China and the west? ”【答案】In recent years, with the development of science and technology, and with the change of peoples idea, the world is globalized increasingly. Peo

28、ple are confronted with a new international life that exchanges between people, whether it is business trade or social activities, become more than before. The same situation winds up between countries. In my opinion, it is better to set up a bridge between China and the west.A bridge not only makes

29、 life more convenient; it could also be a symbol of communication, understanding and friendship. There are various factors badly needed to build a “bridge” for China and the west. Firstly, China needs to know more about the west, and the west needs to know more about China. For any country in the wo

30、rld, the past always holds the key to the present and the present is always rooted in the past. Furthermore, only when we know where a country has come from, could we possibly understand why the country is what it is today, and only then could we realize in which direction it is heading.As far as I

31、am concerned, China and the west enable to take measures to build a bridge in this respect. For one thing, the need of both sides to build a bridge of common cultural prosperity links the two major civilizations of China and the west. China represents the Eastern civilization in an important way, wh

32、ile the west is the birthplace of the Western civilization. For another, they both need to build a bridge of economic growth and prosperity. China is one of the most important major economies in the world and the west has many big markets. We must uphold open market, speed up negotiations on the inv

33、estment agreement, and actively explore the possibility of a free trade area. Last but not least, they both need to build a bridge of reform and progress. Both China and the west are pursuing reforms that are unprecedented in human history, and both are sailing uncharted waters. We need to respect e

34、ach others path of reform and draw upon each others reform experience. And we need to promote world development and progress through our reform efforts.In conclusion, building a bridge has advantages and we should set up a bridge with the west.3. 单选题Globalization is a phenomenon that has been affect

35、ing countries and societies for several decades, but the outline of the global system has only emerged with some clarity recently. The rise of global markets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions has brought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic

36、matters among states that has not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights and democracy. Indeed, many democracies are still fragile, and have not made the transition from viewing democratic practices as instrumental to having a widely shared prin

37、cipled commitment to the democratic and constitutional framework.The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of global actors such as multi-national corporations, global economic bodies such as the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF and regional economic organizations. These co

38、nstitute a new form of global governance whose directives and imperatives states find increasingly difficult to ignore. The established international political organizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness.Predictions that the phenomenon of globalization will result in a loweri

39、ng of human rights standards as the mobility of capital seeks out the markets least constrained by labor and human rights standards to maximize the highest returns need not be the case. The role of human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization drives standards up no

40、t down, and to present the case that freedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which in turn support the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.With the demand for global trade to go

41、hand in hand with global responsibility international financial institutions are coming under increasing pressure to regulate the global economy not simply to facilitate economic growth, but to promote compliance with human development, including international human rights norms. Multinational corpo

42、rations have also been forced to recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility in the areas in which they operate and in the communities on which they have an impact. Transparency in the operations of such companies is becoming increasingly important to their gaining access to capital. They

43、are more and more accountable to shareholders, who, in turn are increasingly diffuse and numerous. The pursuit of “shareholder value” means that there is score to ensure that the investor citizen has a say in the way that companies conduct themselves.The task for those promoting free expression is t

44、o harness new technologies to challenge censorship, and to harness the power and influence of new global actors to ensure that they not only take the arguments for free expression on board, but become vocal advocates for such rights.21.All of the following is not true according to the first paragrap

45、h except （ ） .22.The underlined word “which” in the third paragraph refers to （ ）.23.Multinational corporations have not to （ ）.24.Which of the following expressions about the global actors is not true?25.What is not the purpose of writing this passage?问题1选项A.globalization has been developing system

46、atically for several decadesB.protection of human rights hasnt increased enough to be correspondent with the present situationC.democracy has been fully developed in the worldD.many countries has constructed a democratic and constitutional framework问题2选项A.human rights organizationsB.the prevention o

47、f corruptionC.sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruptionD.freedom of expression and access to official information问题3选项A.recognize its social responsibilityB.be responsible to their shareholdersC.be transparent in operationD.be responsible in other communities in the

48、 same area问题4选项A.They are becoming more and more influential.B.Sometimes they can influence the decision of a country.C.They are not so effective as the international political organization.D.WTO and IMF are included.问题5选项A.To point out the negative effects of globalization.B.To bridle the power and

49、 influence of global actors.C.To call the global actors awareness of human rights.D.To harness new technologies to challenge examination.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】21.细节判断题。根据题干要求，将信息点定位到原文第一段第二句The rise of global markets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions has b

50、rought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic matters among states that has not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights and democracy.（全球市场的兴起以及国际交易的速度提升和数量的增加，在各国之间的经济事务中带来了一定程度的相互依赖和合作，而迄今为止，这些国家在尊重和保护人权与民主方面并没有相应的提升。），从

51、而得出本题答案。22.事实细节题。根据题干要求，定位到原文第三段最后一句The role of human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization drives standards up not down, and to present the case that freedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainable human and economic development an

52、d the prevention of corruption, which in turn support the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.（人权组织在这方面的作用必须是确保全球化提高而不是降低标准，并提出言论自由和获得官方资料是可持续的人力和经济发展和防止腐败的关键，而这反过来又支持可持续经济增长所必需的条件。）从而得出本题答案。23.细节推理题。根据题干关键词“Multinational corporations”定位到原文第四段。选项A与第四段第二句中的recognize a degree of corpo

53、rate social responsibility对应；选项B与原文第四段第四句中的more and more accountable to shareholders；选项C与原文第四段第三句中的Transparency in the operations对应。选项D的表述不对，因为文中对需负责任的团体的限定是on which they have an impact。即可得出本题答案。24.细节判断题。根据题干要求定位到原文第二段，由第二段第一句The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of

54、 global actors.（全球经济网络的崛起导致了全球参与者影响力的上升。）可知A正确；由第二段第二句可知选项B正确；D很显然也是正确的。而通过最后一句“The established international political organizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness”说明，国际政治组织没有经济组织有效力。可判断选项C与原文不符，即可得出本题答案。25.主旨大意题。通读全文，可知作者并未提及全球化的负面影响。从而得出本题答案。4. 翻译题一位专家近日称，漱口水（Mouthwashes）可能

55、会导致口腔癌，并呼吁超市停售这类产品。1. 澳大利亚一名科学家对近期的一些相关研究进行调研后做出评论：目前有“足够的证据”可证明含有酒精的漱口水会增加患口腔癌的风险。麦克尔迈克洛夫教授称，一些漱口水比葡萄酒或啤酒还要危险，因为它们所含的酒精浓度较高，达到26%。该研究结果在澳大利亚口腔健康期刊上发表。迈克洛夫教授指出，漱口水应需处方才能购买，而且建议只能短期使用。他说：“我们发现口腔癌患者正是使用了含有酒精的漱口水，而并未涉及其他风险因素，所以在这项研究中，我们深入分析了现有的全部病例。”2. 吸烟和饮酒已被认定为口腔癌的主要发病因素，每年英国有五千人患口腔癌，死亡病例达1600人。来自墨尔本

56、大学的迈克洛夫教授称，漱口水中的酒精会导致烟碱等致癌物更易渗入口腔内壁。而且酒精的代谢产物乙醛也容易通过漱口过程在口腔中堆积，这种物质也会致癌。3.该评论报告了一项有3210人参加的全球性研究提供的证据。这项研究发现，每天用漱口水是导致患头颈癌的一个“很重要的风险因素”。【答案】1. There is sufficient evidence that those containing alcohol contribute to increased risk of the disease, according to a review of the latest studies by an Aus

57、tralian scientist.2. Smoking and alcohol consumption are well-established risk factors in oral cancer which is diagnosed in 5,000 people in the UK each year, and causes 1,600 deaths.3. The review reported evidence from an international study of 3,210 people which found daily mouthwash use was a sign

58、ificant risk factor for head and neck cancer.5. 单选题In the eighteenth century, Japans feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the s

59、tress was also due to factors beyond the overlords control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage

60、 in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although sh

61、ortfalls in overlords income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a dom

62、ain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.It was difficult for individual samurai over lords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxe

63、s was not unlimited, and since the income of Japans central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines wer

64、e already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was tec

65、hnically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.Most of the countrys wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contrib