考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学模拟考试题含答案6

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1、考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题Samuel Slater was born in Belper, England, in 1768. On completion of his seven year apprenticeship in an English spinning mill, he was apparently so worried about the growth, and hence saturation, of the industry in the United Kingdom that, in 1789, without the knowledg

2、e of his family, Slater traveled to America at the age of 21. This was done in secret; it was illegal at the time to export anything to the U.S. relating to machinery, including engineers. Also, the U.S. was offering rewards for textile information.Arriving in New York, it was not long before he lea

3、rned of the experimental work of Moses Brown and William Almy, in Pawtucket, with more advanced machines than the Spinning Jennys used in New York. Initially without any contract, and working alongside the engineers already employed at the Almy and Brown mill, Slater successfully reworked a spinning

4、 frame along the lines of Arkwrights Water Frame. This three months of work resulted in a partnership with Almy and Brown. He understood the whole spinning process and knew which machines were vital to overall success of a mill.However, that management training and knowledge really came into its own

5、 over the next two years as Slater labored to educate the embryonic textile industry and businessmen in the techniques that had proved so successful in Belper. Without these, Slater believed the industry would not flourish. In particular, his aim was to maximize the output from the machinery and dev

6、elop the market place in order to sell all the yarn that could be produced. Prior to this, the philosophy of Almy and Brown was to produce only to order. By 1792, Slater had proved, through the use of his Belper-learned management techniques, that he could make spinning a profitable business. This l

7、ed to building the Old Slater Millthe first successful U.S. cotton spinning mill. Slaters view was to concentrate on a specific aspect and specialize. The other partners believed in covering the whole textile process through to finished goods, including knitting. As a result, in 1797, Slater broke a

8、way and built his own larger millthe White Mill. Following the success of Slaters business, the cotton industry really took off and over the next ten or so years, over eighty mills developed. Slater has been called both the “Father of American Industry”, and the “Founder of the American Industrial R

9、evolution”.1. What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?2. According to the passage, Slater was attracted to the Almy and Brown mill because _.3. According to the passage, which of the following was NOT one of Slaters aims in his approach to running a mill?4. What had Slater proved by 1792?5. Sl

10、ater left Almy and Brown to establish _.问题1选项A.Slaters arrival in AmericaB.New York and the Almy and Brown millC.The first three months and achievement of a partnershipD.Slaters understanding of the spinning process问题2选项A.they were in PawtucketB.they were innovative and had advanced machinesC.he did

11、 not have to have a contractD.they employed professional engineers问题3选项A.maximizing outputB.sales developmentC.Belper management techniquesD.covering the full process through to knitted goods问题4选项A.That his imported management techniques worked.B.That the philosophy of Almy and Brown was wrong.C.Tha

12、t he could build his own successful mill.D.That he could sell all the yarn he could produce.问题5选项A.the Old Slater MillB.the White MillC.over eighty millsD.ten or so mills【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据第二段倒数第二句“This three months of work resulted in a partnership with Almy and Brown.（经过三个月

13、的努力，斯莱特与阿尔米和布朗建立了伙伴关系。）”可知第二段主要讲的是斯莱特与另外两个工厂的合作以及取得的成就，所以C选项“合伙的头三个月和成就”符合题意。A选项“斯莱特到达美国”；B选项“纽约、阿尔米和布朗磨坊”；D选项“斯莱特对纺纱过程的理解”均不符合题意，因此C选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据第二段“Arriving in New York, it was not long before he learned of the experimental work of Moses Brown and William Almy, in Pawtucket, with more advanced m

14、achines than the Spinning Jennys used in New York.（到达纽约后不久，他就知道了摩西布朗和威廉阿尔米在波塔基特的实验工作，他们用的机器比纽约使用的詹妮丝纺车还要先进。）”，由此可知是布朗和阿米尔他们的先进机器吸引了斯莱特，所以B选项“他们是创新的且有先进的机器”符合题意。A选项“他们在波塔基特”；C选项“他不需要签合同”；D选项“他们雇佣专业工程师”。因此B选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“In particular, his aim was to maximize the output from the machinery

15、and develop the market place in order to sell all the yarn that could be produced. （特别是，他的目标是最大限度地提高机器的产量和发展市场，以销售所有能生产的纱线。）”，由此可知A选项“输出最大化”和B选项“发展销售”正确，可排除；第三段开头提到“.as Slater labored to educate the embryonic textile industry and businessmen in the techniques that had proved so successful in Belper.

16、（因为斯莱特努力向处于萌芽阶段的纺织业和商人传授在贝尔珀非常成功的技术。）”，由此可知C选项“贝尔珀管理技术”正确，也可排除；根据第三段“Slaters view was to concentrate on a specific aspect and specialize. The other partners believed in covering the whole textile process through to finished goods, including knitting. （斯莱特的观点是专注于一个特定的方面并专门化。其他合作伙伴认为应该涵盖整个纺织过程到成品，包括针织

17、。）”，由此可知D选项“涵盖针织产品的整个生产过程”并不是斯莱特的目的，因此该题应选D选项。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“By 1792, Slater had proved, through the use of his Belper-learned management techniques, that he could make spinning a profitable business.（到1792年，斯莱特已经证明，通过使用他在贝尔珀学会的管理技巧，他可以使纺纱生意有利可图。）”，由此可知斯莱特证明了他引进的技术能让纺纱生意有利可图，所以A选项“他引进的管理技术有效”

18、符合题意。B选项“阿尔米和布朗的观点是错误的”；C选项“他可以建立自己成功的工厂”；D选项“他能卖掉他能生产的所有纱线”都不符合题意，因此A选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“As a result, in 1797, Slater broke away and built his own larger millthe White Mill. （结果，在1797年，斯莱特单飞并建立了他自己的更大的磨坊白磨坊。）”，由此可知B选项“白磨坊”正确。A选项“老斯莱特磨坊”；C选项“年过八十的磨坊”以及D选项“大约10个磨坊”均说法错误，因此B选项正确。2. 单选题Last year

19、, the crime rate in Chicago sharply _.问题1选项A.declinedB.lessenedC.descendedD.slipped【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项declined“下降；衰退”，表示数量或能量的下降；B选项lessened“减少；减轻；变小”；C选项descended“下降；下去；下来；遗传；屈尊”，表示空间位置的从高到低；D选项slipped“滑动；滑倒；犯错；失足；减退”。句意：去年，芝加哥的犯罪率急剧下降。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Music is the result of thought in the form of att

20、itude. There is no one way of thinking, since mens values are as scattered and dissimilar as individual men themselves. If black music can be seen as the result of certain attitudes, certain specific ways of thinking about the world, then my basic hypothesis about music is understood. The black mans

21、 music changed as the changed, reflecting shifting attitudes or consistent attitudes within changing contexts. It is why the music changing seems most important to me.When jazz first began to appear on the American scene during the twenties, in one form or another, it was introduced in many instance

22、s by white Americans. Yet its original conception and its most vital development were the result of certain attitudes, or experiential ideas, attributable to the Afro-American culture. Jazz as played by white musicians was not the same as that played by black musicians nor was there any reason for i

23、t to be. The music of the white jazz musician was, at its most profound, a learned art.The blues, for example, which I take to be an independent black music, was practically ignored in pre-jazz white American culture. Blues is an extremely important part of jazz. However, the way in which jazz utili

24、zes the blues “attitude” provided a musical analogy the white musician could understand, and thus he could arrive at a style of jazz music. The white musician understood the blues first as music, but seldom as an attitude, since the attitude of the white musician was necessarily quite a different on

25、e. And in many cases, it was not consistent with the making of jazz.Thus, the trumpets (小号) of Bix Beiderbecke and Louis Armstrong were very dissimilar. The white middle-class boy from Iowa was an inborn intellectual and had an emotional life that was based on his conscious or unconscious disapprova

26、l of most of the custom of his culture. On the other hand, Armstrong was, in terms of an emotional model, an honored priest of his culture. He was not rebelling against anything with his music. The incredible irony of the situation was that both stood in similar places in the superstructure of Ameri

27、can society: Beiderbecke, because of his isolation and departure from mass culture; and Armstrong, because of the socio-historical separation of the black man from the rest of American.1. Which of the following best states the underlying idea of the passage?2. What is the relationship between blues

28、and jazz in American culture?3. The tone of the authors discussion of the blues is _.4. The author implies that the kinds of music produced by Beiderbecke and Armstrong differ greatly because_.5. In which of the following were Beiderbecke and Armstrong similar?问题1选项A.Due to environmental influences,

29、 the music of black and white artists must be very different.B.Due to its result of thought, Mack artists music can be learned by white musicians.C.Because jazz is created on inspiration, it is difficult for musicians to copy each other.D.Because music has social significance, its influence on black

30、 white relations should not be underestimated.问题2选项A.Jazz places more emphasis on Afro-American culture than does the blues.B.Jazz changes the attitudes of white musicians toward Afro-American culture.C.Jazz is based on the blues attitude, but expressed in comprehensible manners to white musicians.D

31、.Jazz must be understood in order to be played, whereas the blues must be learned.问题3选项A.indifferentB.appreciativeC.curiousD.uncertain问题4选项A.the attitudes of blacks and whites as reflected in their music are differentB.Beiderbeckes intellectualism held back his development as a musicianC.rebellion a

32、cted as a destructive force on Beiderbeckes performanceD.Armstrong was well established as a performer but Beiderbecke was not问题5选项A.The attitudes they brought to their music.B.Their ability to reflect other cultures in their music.C.Their separation from mass music.D.The positions they came to hold

33、 in American society.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The black mans music changed as the changed, reflecting shifting attitudes or consistent attitudes within changing contexts. It is why the music changing seems most important to me.（黑人音乐的改变反映了在变化的环境中态度的改变或态度的一致。这就是为什么音乐的变化对我

34、来说是最重要的。）”，并且最后一段作者又对比了Bix Beiderbecke和Louis Armstrong不同的原因主要是成长环境不同，由此可知该文章主要讲的是黑人和白人艺术家的音乐由于环境的影响肯定是非常不同的，所以A选项“由于环境的影响，黑人和白人艺术家的音乐肯定是非常不同的”符合题意。B选项“由于思想的结果，Mack艺术家的音乐可以被白人音乐家学习”文章没有提到；C选项“因为爵士乐是灵感创造的，所以音乐家们很难相互模仿”两个分句之间不构成因果关系；D选项“因为音乐有社会意义，它对黑人和白人关系的影响是不可低估的”文章没有提及。因此A选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“

35、Blues is an extremely important part of jazz. However, the way in which jazz utilizes the blues attitude provided a musical analogy the white musician could understand, and thus he could arrive at a style of jazz music.”（布鲁斯是爵士乐非常重要的一个部分，然而，爵士乐所运用的布鲁斯“态度”是白人音乐家能理解的，这样他才创造了爵士乐），所以C选项“爵士乐是基于布鲁斯的态度，但以白

36、人音乐家可以理解的方式表达”符合题意。A选项“爵士乐比布鲁斯更强调美国黑人文化”；B选项“爵士乐改变了白人音乐家对美国黑人文化的态度”和D选项“爵士乐必须理解才能演奏，而布鲁斯必须学习”文章都没有提及。因此C选项正确。3.作者意图题。被问到作者意图题时，最好回到原文查看作者在提到该事物时所使用词的感情色彩。根据题干可定位到文章第三段，作者提到布鲁斯时的词有：independent，extremely important part of 等褒义词，所以可知他对布鲁斯持赞赏态度，所以B选项“赞赏的，欣赏的”更能体现作者的态度。A选项“漠不关心的”；C选项“好奇的”；D选项“不确定的，没有信心的”均

37、不符合题意，因此B选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段结尾“The white musician understood the blues first as music, but seldom as an attitude, since the attitude of the white musician was necessarily quite a different one. And in many cases, it was not consistent with the making of jazz.（白人音乐家将布鲁斯作为音乐来理解，而很少作为一种态度来理解，因为白

38、人的态度和黑人是不同的。在很多情况下，这与爵士乐的发展并不一致。）”，由此可知A选项“黑人和白人的态度反映在他们的音乐中是不同的”说法正确。B选项“贝德贝克的知性主义阻碍了他作为音乐家的发展”文中没有提到；C选项“叛乱对贝德贝克的表现起到了破坏性的作用”是指贝德贝克和阿姆斯特朗的不同之处，不是原因；根据文章最后一段“The incredible irony of the situation was that both stood in similar places in the superstructure of American society.（令人难以置信的讽刺之处在于他们都处在美国社会

39、上层建筑的相似位置）”可知他们都是公认的表演者，因此D选项“阿姆斯特朗是公认的表演者，但贝德贝克不是”说法错误。因此A选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“The incredible irony of the situation was that both stood in similar places in the superstructure of American society.（令人难以置信的讽刺之处在于他们都处在美国社会上层建筑的相似位置）”由此可知他们在美国社会的地位相同，所以D选项“他们在美国社会中的地位”符合题意。A选项“他们对音乐的态度”是他们的不同点；

40、B选项“他们在音乐中反映其他文化的能力”和C选项“他们与大众音乐的分离”文章没有提及。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题To everybodys surprise, the referee took a _ view of the foul and did not punish the player at all.问题1选项A.lenientB.divergentC.dimD.cautious【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lenient“宽大的；仁慈的”；B选项divergent“相异的，分歧的；求异的，发散的；散开的”；C选项dim“暗淡的，昏暗的；模糊的，看不清的；悲观的，怀疑的”；

41、D选项cautious“谨慎的；十分小心的”。句意：令大家吃惊的是，裁判对这次犯规很宽容，根本没有处罚球员。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have just published a study which concludes that Nobel science laureates live significantly longer than those of their colleagues who were nominated for a prize, but failed to receive one. They work with da

42、ta from 1901 to 1950, and the search is restricted to men (to avoid differences in life span between the sexes), and those killed prematurely are eliminated. That gave them 135 prize winners and 389 also-rans.The theory they were testing was that status itself, rather than the trappings of status, s

43、uch as wealth, act to prolong life. This idea was first declared by Sir Michael Marmot, of University College, London. Sir Michael studied the health of British civil servants and discovered, contrary to his and everyone elses expectations, that those at the top of the hierarchywhom the stress of th

44、e job was expected to have affected adverselywere actually far healthier than the supposedly unstressed functionaries at the bottom of the heap. Subsequent research has confirmed this result, and suggested it is nothing to do with the larger salaries of those at the top. But Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswal

45、d thought it would be interesting to refine the observation still further, by studying individuals who were all, in a sense, at the top. By comparing people good enough to be considered for a Nobel, they could measure what the status of having one was worth.Comparing winners and also-rans from withi

46、n the same countries, to avoid yet another source of bias, Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald found that the winners lived, on average, two years longer than those who had merely been nominated. Exactly what causes this increased longevity is unclear. It is not the cash, though. The inflation adjusted value

47、of the prize has fluctuated over the years, so the two researchers were able to see if the purchasing power of the money was correlated with longevity. It was not.With the hierarchically ordered individuals studied by Sir Michael and his successors, both medical records and experiments on animals su

48、ggest stress hormones are involved. It is, indeed, more stressful to be at the bottom than the top, even if being at the top involves making decisions on the fate of nations. The result Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have come up with, though, suggests a positive effect associated with high status, rathe

49、r than the absence of a negative effect, since unsuccessful nominees never know that they have been nominated.A similar effect has been noted once before, in a different field. Research published a few years ago by Donald Redelmeier and Sheldon Singh showed that Oscar winning actors and actresses li

50、ve 3.6 years longer than those who are nominated, but do not win. However, in that case the failed nominees do know that they have failed. And, curiously, Oscar winning scriptwriters live 3.6 years less than do nominees. Perhaps writers, unlike actors and scientists, live in a world of inverted snob

51、bery.1. What has been done to avoid sources of bias in Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswalds study?2. Whats the difference between the two doctors study and that of Sr. Michaels?3. What is the two doctors possible explanation for their findings?4. According to the passage, Redelmeier and Singhs study _.5. We c

52、an conclude from the passage that _.问题1选项A.Excluding the abnormal deaths.B.Selecting more prize nominees than winners.C.Having all subjects from the same country.D.Assuming inflation as an irrelevant factor.问题2选项A.They demonstrate opposite findings.B.They have different theoretical foundations.C.The

53、y use different methods of selecting subjects.D.They have different degrees of influence.问题3选项A.People at the top dont need to worry about money.B.People who suffer greater stress pay more attention to health.C.It is in fact less stressful to be at the top than the bottom.D.High status has a positiv

54、e effect on people.问题4选项A.has been refined further by the two doctorsB.has disproved the conclusions of the two doctorsC.considered both positive and negative factorsD.considered the positive effects of several factors问题5选项A.health is better than wealthB.great hopes make great manC.prizes affect peo

55、ples life expectancyD.success in career brings health benefit【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段提到“They work with data from 1901 to 1950, and the search is restricted to men (to avoid differences in life span between the sexes), and those killed prematurely are eliminated. 他们研究的数据从1901年到195

56、0年，研究对象仅限于男性（以避免性别之间的寿命差异），英年早逝的人被排除在外。”，由此可知A选项“不包括非正常死亡”说法正确。由首段尾句“That gave them 135 prize winners and 389 also-rans.（结果有135名获奖者和389名落选者。）”可知，B选项“选择更多的奖项提名者而不是获奖者”是避免偏差来源之后得到的客观实验数据，不是避免偏差来源的手段，故排除。第三段首句提到了“Comparing winners and also-rans from within the same countries, to avoid yet another sourc

57、e of bias, Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald found that the winners lived, on average, two years longer than those who had merely been nominated.（为了避免另一种偏见，拉伯伦博士和奥斯瓦尔德博士比较了来自同一国家的获奖者和落选者，发现获奖者的平均寿命要比那些仅仅被提名的人长两年。）”，将对比双方限定在同一个国家内，但不是说所有实验对象都来自同一国家，故C选项“所有实验对象都来自同一国家”错误。第三段最后两句提到“The inflation adjusted value

58、 of the prize has fluctuated over the years, so the two researchers were able to see if the purchasing power of the money was correlated with longevity.（在过去数年里，通货膨胀不断改变奖金的价值，因此两位研究者可看出货币的购买力是否与长寿相关）”，这说明考虑“通货膨胀”这一因素是得到该研究结果的必要条件，而不是避免偏差来源的措施，因此D选项“假设通货膨胀是一个无关因素”错误。因此A选项正确。2.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Sir M

59、ichael studied the health of British civil servants and discovered, contrary to his and everyone elses expectations, that those at the top of the hierarchywhom the stress of the job was expected to have affected adverselywere actually far healthier than the supposedly unstressed functionaries at the

60、 bottom of the heap.（迈克尔爵士研究了英国公务员的健康状况，并发现，与他和其他人的预期相反，那些处于最高阶层的人，他们的工作压力预计会对他们产生不利影响，实际上，他们比那些所谓的底层无压力的公务员健康得多。）”，由此可知爵士的研究对象既有位居高层的公务员，又有低层的公务员；而由该段倒数第二句“But Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald thought it would be interesting to refine the observation still further, by studying individuals who were all, in

61、 a sense, at the top.（但拉伯伦博士和奥斯瓦尔德博士认为，通过研究在某种意义上都处于顶端的个体，进一步细化观察结果会很有趣。）”可知，两位博士的研究对象只涉及“同样位居高层的人”。由此得出，C选项“他们使用不同的选择研究对象的方法”为两个研究的不同之处，为本题答案。从第二段可以得出，两个实验都验证了较高的地位和长寿之间的关联，所以A选项“他们证明了相反的结果”错误；由第二段前两句“The theory they were testing was that status itself, rather than the trappings of status, such as

62、wealth, act to prolong life. This idea was first declared by Sir Michael Marmot, of University College, London.（他们测试的理论是，地位本身，而不是地位的外表，如财富，对延年益寿有作用。这个想法是由伦敦大学学院的Michael Marmot爵士首先提出的。）”可知，两位博士要验证的理论最初是由麦克爵士提出的，可见两者的理论基础相同，排除B选项“他们有不同的理论基础”；D选项“他们有不同程度的影响”文章没有提到，因此C选项正确。3.细节事实题。文中第四段对两位博士的研究结果作了分析。其中

63、，该段尾句谈到“The result Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have come up with, though, suggests a positive effect associated with high status, rather than the absence of a negative effect, since unsuccessful nominees never know that they have been nominated.（不过，拉伯伦博士和奥斯瓦尔德博士得出的结果表明，地位高会带来积极影响，而不是没有负面影响，因为失败的被提名者永远

64、不知道自己已经被提名。）”，两位博士的结论表明了高等地位会产生积极影响。因此，D选项“高地位对人有积极的影响”符合题意。第三段“Exactly what causes this increased longevity is unclear. It is not the cash, though.（导致寿命延长的确切原因尚不清楚。不过，这不是钱的问题。）”明确指出两位博士研究发现长寿与钱无关，所以A选项“在上层的人不需要担心钱的问题”错误；B选项“承受较大压力的人更注意健康”文章没有提到；从第四段第二句“It is, indeed, more stressful to be at the bottom than the top（事实上，处于社会底层比处于社会顶层压力更大）”可知，C选项“事实上，处于高层的压力要比处于底层的压力小”是对麦克爵士的研究结果的解释，故也应排除。因此D选项正确。4.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“R