UnitwatercyclePPT课件

《UnitwatercyclePPT课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《UnitwatercyclePPT课件（51页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、Book 2-Unit 4第1页/共51页You may express uncertainty like this:You may express certainty like this:Im not quite sure .Im sure Ill be very much interested in reading your article.More Expressions for Certainty & UncertaintyMore Expressions for Certainty & UncertaintyBook 2-Unit 12第2页/共51页 Im quite sure/

2、certain (that) Im absolutely sure/ certain (that) Im fairly sure/ certain (that) Im sure/ certain about Ive no doubt about Yes, Im one hundred percent sure. Yes, certainly/definitely/of course. Yes, without doubt. Yes, really! Yes, thats obvious.Book 2-Unit 12How to express certainty:第3页/共51页How to

3、express uncertainty: Well, its possible I suppose, but Im not really sure. Well, it might be, but I doubt it. Well, theres always a chance, but I have my doubts. Sorry, Im not sure. I cant make up my mind whether to do I cant decide Im not really/too sure about Im of two minds about I cant say for c

4、ertain. I wouldnt be too sure about Book 2-Unit 12第4页/共51页Extra expressions of the same functions:- I dont think there can be any doubt about/as to- There is no/very little doubt in my mind about/as to- Its/Thats my conviction- Im (quite) convinced- Its quite certain that- Im afraid I cant be certai

5、n about- Theres some doubt in my mind about- Im not at all convinced/certain- One cant say with any certainty that- Theres still an element of doubt aboutBook 2-Unit 12第5页/共51页Discussion The The unexpected unexpected always always happens.happens.The most unexpected moment in my lifeLearn to underst

6、and the cultural implications of this proverb and trying to find examples in real life in its support.Book 2-Unit 12第6页/共51页The most unexpected moment in my lifeStory TellingWhenWhereWhoWhatWhyHowResultBook 2-Unit 4第7页/共51页Book 2-Unit 4Wastewater treatmentPhysical, chemicaland biological processes f

7、or making wastewater suitable for human consumption andother purposes.wastewater99.9%water0.1%wasteWhy wastewatertreatment?第8页/共51页Listen to a lecture given by an expert about wastewater treatment technologies. While you listen, take notes and complete the tasks on page 51.Wastewater treatmentwater

8、moleculesWastewater treatment plant第9页/共51页An engineering marvelSewer systemIt connects millions of homes, businesses, industries, and institutions to a network of underground pipes which transports wastewater to the wastewater treatment plant before it is released to a river or lake.第10页/共51页Three

9、major stepsWastewater treatment plantPreliminary step: mechanical processes separate large solids (sand, grit沙砾) and debris(残渣，废物) from the liquidPrimary step: mechanical and biological processes further separate water from waste materialsSecondary step: chemical processes kill remaining harmful bac

10、teria 第11页/共51页Natures processes of wastewater treatment and how it is different from the engineering processesin the wastewater treatmentNature uses two steps only:1. mechanical process: large solids and debris are separated from wastewater 2. biological process: bacteria, fungi and algae will eat

11、away the remaining pollutants in the wastewaterNotes: fungi is the plural form of fungus真菌 algae海藻 Nature does not use chemical process to kill harmful bacteria, fungi or algae, which consume pollutants in wastewater. Book 2-Unit 4第12页/共51页Byproducts of wastewater treatment and their usesSludge: a k

12、ind of mud which can be applied to the farmland as fertilizer when it is dried. The expert calls it soil conditioner. 下水道的污泥 Feature of language for describing scientific andtechnological knowledgeSimple present tenseHigh degree of certainty第13页/共51页Reading and Language ActivitiesBook 2-Unit 4第14页/共

13、51页Pre-reading TaskComprehension WorkLanguage WorkOutlineBook 2-Unit 4Return to Menu第15页/共51页1. How much do you know about Singapore?(history, official languages, population, economy, etc.)2. What else are you interested to know about this little city-state?第16页/共51页 Sewage treatment, or domestic wa

14、stewater treatment, is the process of removing _ from wastewater and household _. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological pollutants. Its objective is to produce an _ fluid waste stream (or treated effluent 废水) and a solid waste (or treate

15、d _) suitable for disposal or _ (usually as farm fertilizer). Using _ technology it is now possible tore-use sewage effluent for drinking water, although Singapore is the only country to _ such technology on a production scale in its production of . advanced sewage reuse implement contaminants envir

16、onmentally-safe sludge contaminantssewageenvironmentally-safesludgeadvancedreuseimplement第17页/共51页 NEWater is the brand name given to _ water produced by Singapores Public Utilities Board. More _, it is treated wastewater (sewage) that has been _ using advanced membrane technology (膜化学技术膜化学技术) in ad

17、dition to _ water treatment processes. The water is potable (可饮用的可饮用的) and is consumed by humans, but is mostly used for industry requiring high _ water. The Singapore Water Reclamation Study (NEWater Study) was initiated in 1998, withan aim to determine if NEWater was a viable (可行的可行的) source of ra

18、w water for Singapores needs and to _ reliance on water imported from MalaysiaBy 2060, NEWater is projected to meet 50% of Singapores future water demand. reduce conventional specifically reclaimed purified purity reclaimedpurifiedconventionalpurityreducespecificallyBook 2-Unit 4第18页/共51页1.When Sing

19、apore became independent, what problems did it face in terms of resources, and how did it address these problems?Comprehension QuestionsBook 2-Unit 4lSingapore is characterized by (a) small size; and (b) lack of natural resources;lSince its independence, Singapore has been struggling with its bigges

20、t enemy of lack of natural resources.lThey made treaties with Malaysia for fresh water supplies as the two countries are very close. 第19页/共51页2. How did Singapore gain water independence?Book 2-Unit 4l Instead of flushing waste into the sea, Singapores water utility collects the countrys wastewater,

21、 purifies it, and returns it to the public supply. In this way, Singapore has reduced the water cycle to an island-ringing loop.第20页/共51页3. What were the reactions of manufacturers and ordinary Singaporeans to the treated water when it was introduced? How did the water utility make them accept the r

22、ecycled water? l In the beginning, manufacturers were concerned about whether the purity of the treated water reached the industrial requirements or standards. But the confusion was cleared out when the water utility confirmed that the ultra-pure water was even cleaner than most drinking water. l Si

23、ngaporeans, at first, felt nauseous(讨厌的) about the idea of drinking the wastewater. However, most of them finally accepted the recycled water after some national publicity of the water (for instance, “patriotic Singaporeans drink wastewater”). 第21页/共51页4. How to understand “it can be said that the c

24、ountry has merely substituted one form of dependence for another” (para. 9)?Book 2-Unit 4l Singapore needs a lot of energy for wastewater treatment. The electricity bill will be very large for the country because it depends on the natural gas imported from other countries. l Thus, it can be said tha

25、t it is one form of dependence (dependence on imported gas from other countries) and substitute another (dependence on the water imported from Malaysia).第22页/共51页5. What is the trade-off of the wastewater treatment project? How did Singapore solve this problem? Do you think it is successful?Book 2-U

26、nit 4l The trade-off is the heavy burden of power supply for wastewater treatment. Singapore must pay a large electricity bill since it is dependent on the natural gas imported from other countries, so to some degree, it did not solve the problem of water shortage. l Singapore charges all its custom

27、ers the additional cost for purifying extra water. 第23页/共51页6. Read the scientific report (Task C Cloze) on the situation of water supply in the world. What lessons can we draw from the Singaporean practice?Book 2-Unit 4l Many lessons can be drawn from the Singaporean experience: better management o

28、f water/energy use, technologies to purify water which China needs to improve its rank in the WPI (Water Poverty Index). 第24页/共51页Difficult Sentences and language points 1. To address the problem, the government negotiated treaties with his neighbor country Malaysia to build a supply pipe at a cost

29、to provide fresh water to this port city. suffering a loss (in order to have something) Here it means it is not cheap for Singapore to have the fresh water and it may have cost them some loss. In order to solve the problem, the government imported fresh water from his neighbor country Malaysia under

30、 a costly treaty. Book 2-Unit 4第25页/共51页Book 2-Unit 41. Addressvt: to make a formal speech to; speak to; to deal with e.g. He addressed the audience in an eloquent speech. How shall we address a prince? Our Chinese teacher addressed me in low tones.Chinese government has tried many methods to addres

31、s the issue of income gap.第26页/共51页 treaty: a written agreement between two states or sovereigns 条约；协议, 协商 multilateral/bilateral/unilateral treaty be in treaty with sb. for 为某事与某人谈判 make treaty 立约, 订合同 withdraw from treaty 退出条约第27页/共51页 at a cost:以的价格 at all costs: Eg: The bridge must be repaired w

32、ithin three days at all costs. 要不惜一切代价在三天内把桥修好。 at cost: 按成本价格出售的货物 at the cost of sth. 以牺牲某事物为代价 Eg: 年轻女士牺牲健康来减肥是不可取的。 It is not good for young ladies to keep slim at the cost of their health. 第28页/共51页2. Six years later, the city-state has both gained territorial independence, and managed to boots

33、trap its way to wealth in spite of a lack of water and energy. Six years later, Singapore gained territorial independence and became wealthy all by its own efforts despite its shortages of water and energy.Book 2-Unit 4become wealthy independentlypull (oneself) up by ones own bootstraps=help oneself

34、 with unaided effort靠自己的努力出人头地bootstrap (v): help (oneself) without the aid of others e.g. She spent years bootstrapping herself through college.第29页/共51页Book 2-Unit 4bootstrap: Noun. 拔靴带 by ones bootstraps: help oneself all by ones own efforts, or independentlypull (oneself) up by ones own bootstra

35、ps = to help oneself with unaided effort 口靠自己的努力出人头地, 靠自己的努力成功e.g. I admire him for pulling himself up by his own bootstraps.Adj ？Conservatives would defy our efforts at bootstrap improvements. 保守派会蔑视我们从根本上变革的努力。第30页/共51页3. And now, against all odds complete water independencefrom both Malaysia and

36、even the weatheris within easy reach. although there are great difficulties Although there are great difficulties, now Singapore is very close to water independence both from Malaysia and the weather.be close enough to touchBook 2-Unit 4What is the function of the dash here?Note that Singapore relie

37、s on four sources of water supply: rain watercollection, freshwater import, NEWater, and seawater desalination.第31页/共51页 against all odds: although there are great difficultiese.g. Against all odds, he finished the work. We applaud this kind of person when they climb mountains, cross deserts, sail o

38、ceans and survive against incredible odds.第32页/共51页 rather than: 1.(要)而不, 与其倒不如 我们与其在礼堂里开会, 不如在教室开会。 Well have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the auditorium. 2.instead of sb/sth 而不是 他们这样增加了而不是减少了粮食年产量。 They thus increased their annual grain production rather than diminished it.第33页/共51页

39、Book 2-Unit 4utility (n):countable usually plural: a service such as gas or electricity provided for people to use(水电煤气等基本设施):e.g. Does your rent include utilities?public utility: a private company that is allowed by the government to provide important services such as gas, electricity, water etc.un

40、countable: the quality of being useful, or the degree to which something is useful(功用, 效用)e.g. Their research project has limited practical utility.utilize (v): (formal) to use something for a particular purposee.g. We must consider how best to utilize what resources we have.第34页/共51页Book 2-Unit 4 p

41、ristine prsti:n adj. fresh and clean; primitive（新鲜，清洁的；原始的）（新鲜，清洁的；原始的）e.g. Expedition Finds Remote, Pristine Rainforest. He wiped his fingers on his pristine handkerchief.short-circuit (v.): a, Youve short circuited the washing machine. 你把洗衣机弄短路了。你把洗衣机弄短路了。 b, to get something done without going th

42、rough the usual long methodse.g. I short-circuited the whole process by a simple telephone call. c, to bypass (a procedure, regulation, etc), impede, hinder, or frustrate (plans, etc.): e.g. Bad weather short-circuited my vacation plans.第35页/共51页 reduce something to something: to change something in

43、to a shorter simpler form e.g. Many jobs can be reduced to a few simple points. reduce somebody to doing something: to make someone do something they would rather not do, especially when it involves behaving or living in a way that is not as good as before:e.g. Eventually Charlotte was reduced to be

44、gging on the streets.第36页/共51页relish: verb transitive to enjoy an experience or the thought of something that is going to happen 近义表达：take pleasure in, receive/derive pleasure from, get enjoyment from relish the prospect/thought/ideae.g. I dont relish the thought of you walking home alone. He didnt

45、relish the prospect of having to explain his behavior.他不喜欢对他自己的所作所为作出解释。第37页/共51页4. Rejuvenating the waste stream requires electricity to power an intensive cleaning process, and that investment makes the recycled water more expensive than what is used by cities blessed with nearby freshwater lakes,

46、 rivers, and aquifers. give new life or energy; make younger or more youthful Here “rejuvenate” means “recycle” or “reclaim”Electricity is needed to supply power for purifying the wastewater. That investment makes the recycled water more expensive than the water used by cities which benefit from nea

47、rby freshwater lakes, rivers, and large reservoirs.be blessed with: having good fortune, bestowed or conferred upon e.g. Were both blessed with good health.sentencestructure?第38页/共51页 rejuvenate rdu:vnet : make younger or more youthful 使变得年轻, return to life; get or give new life or energy使恢复活力e.g. I

48、rans leaders think a nuclear weapon could rejuvenate their tired revolution. I came back from holiday feeling rejuvenated.第39页/共51页5. But presented with a set of tough choices, Singapore chose water recyclingand so far it has worked admirably. Book 2-Unit 4present somebody with something: 提出;呈现;赠予 e

49、.g. Falling interest rates present the firm with a new problem.He was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award this year, by the Academy Award. The full sentence should be like what?When Singapore faced several difficult choices, it chose water recycling. Till now, it has worked very well and h

50、elped Singapore gain a reputation for it. 第40页/共51页 radical: a radical change or difference is very big and importante.g. Radical differences within the group began to appear. Radical ideas are very new and different, and are against what most people think or believe.第41页/共51页 pilot: the person who

51、control an airplane; a trial or a prototype serving as a tentative model for future experiment or developmente.g. pilot film; a pilot project我们正在为这种新产品做试销调查，看它的销路好不好。We are doing a pilot study to see if the new product will sell well. unveil: to show or tell people about a new product or plan for th

52、e first timee.g. The club has unveiled plans to build a new stadium. microbe: microorganism impurity: contamination or pollution, uncleanness e.g. Driven by moral impurity, Steven stole a pornography in a supermarket. 第42页/共51页6. With great emphasis on its sparkling purity, treated wastewater make i

53、ts public debut in 2003. debut: the first public appearance (of an entertainer, sports player etc or of sth new and important)e.g. Charlie Chaplin made his film debut in 1913.Treated wastewater is featured by great/exceeding purity, and was first introduced to the public in 2003.Book 2-Unit 4第43页/共5

54、1页 cajole: kdul to gradually persuade someone to do something by being nice to them, or making promises to them cajole somebody into (sth) doing somethinge.g. We do our best to cajole rich countries into investing in that underdeveloped area. Cajole sth out of sb 我能设法向父亲再要到一点钱。 I can cajole some mon

55、ey out of my father.第44页/共51页 fabricate: to invent a story, piece of information etc in order to deceive someone e.g. The police were accused of fabricating evidence. (technical) to make or produce goods or equipment = manufacturee.g. The discs are expensive to fabricate. champion (v): to publicly f

56、ight for and defend an aim or principlee.g. She championed the cause of religious freedom.第45页/共51页 prime (v): to prepare someone for a situation so that they know what to do prime somebody with somethinge.g. Did you prime her with what to say? prime somebody to do somethinge.g. He had been primed t

57、o say nothing about it.Prime Minister: in constitutional monarchy(君主立宪制) countries like Japan and UK, and independent nation within the Commonwealth such as Canada and Australia, the chef of the government is call Prime Minister (or PM), equivalent to Chinese Premier. 第46页/共51页7. The queasy reaction

58、s of some Singaporeans didnt deter the water utility. discourage or inhibit deter sb from doing sthe.g. Repulse after repulse failed to deter Alec, who persisted day by day, at first with a marriage license and holy words. 苔丝一次又一次的严辞拒绝未能制止亚历克，他整天缠住苔丝，先是用结婚证书和神圣的誓言来说服她。Some Singaporeans felt sick abo

59、ut drinking the treated wastewater. However, this did not discourage the water utility (from trying to make the public accept the water).Book 2-Unit 4queasy kwi:zi nauseated(作呕的)e.g. I felt a little queasy on the ship.第47页/共51页 optimize: to improve the way that something is done or used so that it i

60、s as effective as possiblee.g. They need to optimize the use of available resources. substitute something (A) for something (B): to use something (A) new or different instead of something else (B)e.g. The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream. 用酸奶换下/代替酸奶油第48页/共51页8. The solution

61、to making the trade-off work, according to experts, is purely economic: Singapore charges all its customers the additional cost for purifying extra water. The experts say that the solution lies in money: to ease the heavy burden of power supply for wastewater treatment, Singapore asks all customers

62、to pay for the additional cost for purifying extra water.Book 2-Unit 4preposition a balance between two opposing thingse.g. There has to be a trade-off between quality and quantity if we want to keep prices low.第49页/共51页 exploit: v; to use something fully and effectivelye.g.你必须利用一切空闲时间来学习英语。 You must exploit all your spare time to learn English.资本家剥削工人是为了使利润最大化。The capitalists exploit the workers in order to maximize profits.n, a notable achievement Eg: 伟人们因其丰功伟绩而被世人铭记。Great men are remembered for their notable exploits.第50页/共51页感谢您的观看！第51页/共51页