国际贸易实务英文版提要

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1、Chapter 1 International Trade TermsPre-text questions:1 .What is the definition of trade terms?2 .How many types in international trade practices ?what are they?3 .What are sellers and buyers responsibilityCFROBCIF and FCA、CPT、CIP?1.1 Trade Terms (price terms、delivery terms)1 .The definition of trad

2、e terms:Trade Terms are the short terms or abbreviations used to explain the price composition and the rights and obligations of the parties concerned.2 .funtctions of trade terms:a. naming the delivery pointb. Difining the responsibility and expense of both the seller and buyerc. Simplifying the co

3、ntract negotions3 .Price composition:A name of currencya unit priceThe measuring unitsTrade termsA name of desitination or shipping placeFor example: US$800 per M/T CIF London1.2 International Trade Usages1 .:It indicate the nature and characteristic of the CIF ,and stipulate the responsibility of t

4、he two parties under CIFterms.2 .:It defines 6 trade terms: Ex-point of origin,FOB,FAS,C&F,CIF,Ex-dock.It is adopted in the USA,Canada and some other countries in America3 .(INCOTERMS2000):It is a widely used usages in international trade.it contains 13 trade terms:Group EDepartureEXWEx-worksGroup F

5、MainCarriageUnpaidFCAFree CarrierFOBFree on BoardFASFree Alongside ShipGroup CMain Carriage PaidCFRCost and FreightCIFCost,Insurance and FreightCPTCarriage Paid toCIPCarriage and Insurance Paid toGroup DArrivalDAFDelivered at FrontierDESDelivered Ex-ShipDEQDelivered Ex-QuayDDUDelivered Duty UnpaidDD

6、PDelivered Duty PaidIncoterms 2000 has made a comparative edition of thedyer and seller s obligation.A1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contractB1 Payment of the priceA2 Licenses, authorizations and ormalitiesB2 Licenses, authorizations and formalitiesA3 Contract of Carriage and nsuranceB3

7、 Contract of Carriage and insuranceA4 DeliveryB4 Taking deliveryA5 Transfer of risksB5 Transfer of risksA6 Division of costsB6 Division of costsA7 Notice to the buyerB7 Notice to the sellerA8 Proof of delivery, transpor document or equivalent electronic messageB8 Proof of delivery, transport documen

8、t o equivalent electronic messageA9 Checking-packaging-makingB9 Inspection of goodsA10 Other obligationsB10 Other obligations1.3 most often used Trade Terms1.FOBFree On Board ( named port of shiprmenIt can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.(1)The seller s obligations:? Provision of g

9、oods in conformity with the contract;s rail at ths rail at? Licenses, authorizations and formalities;? Bear all risks of loss or damage to the goods until such time as they h ave passed the ship named port of shipment? Supply the buyer the proof of delivery,transport document or equivalent electroni

10、c message(2)The buyer s obligations:? pay the price as provided in the contract of sale and taking delivery;? Licenses, authorizations and formalities;? must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment;? bear all risks of loss or damage to the goods from

11、 they have passed the ship shipment.? Receive the proof of delivery,transport document or equivalent electronic message(3) The most important points:a.The ship s railb.Notice to the seller/buyerb.Divisions of costs? FOB Liner Terms? FOB Under Tackle? FOB Stowed; FOBTrimmed? FOB Stowed and Trimmed 2.

12、CFRCost and Freight (named port of destination)It can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.(1)The seller s obligations:? Provision of goods in conformity with the contract;? Licenses, authorizations and formalities;? Pay the costs and freight necessary to bing the goods to the named por

13、t of destination ;? Bear all risks of loss or damage to the goods until such time as they have passed the ship named port of shipment.? Supply the buyer the proof of delivery,transport document or equivalent electronic message2. ) The buyer s obligations:? pay the price as provided in the contract o

14、f sale and taking delivery;? Licenses, authorizations and formalities;? Cargo insurance is to be effected by the buyer;? bear all risks of loss or damage tothe goods from the time they have passed the ship s rail atport of shipment.? Receive the proof of delivery,transport document or equivalent ele

15、ctronic message(3)The most important points:a.Notice to the buyerb.Divisions of costsCFR Liner TermsCFR LandedCFR Ex-Ship s Hold3. CIFnamed port of destination)Cost, Insurance and Freight (It can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.(1)The seller s obligations:? Provision of goods in co

16、nformity with the contract;? Licenses, authorizations and formalities;? Obligations to contract of carriage and contract of insurance;? Bear all risks of loss or damage to the goods until such time as they have passed the ship named port of shipment.? Supply the buyer the proof of delivery,transport

17、 document or equivalent electronic message(2) The buyer s obligations:? pay the price as provided in the contract of sale and taking delivery;? Licenses, authorizations and formalities;? No obligations to contract of carriage and contract of insurance;? bear all risks of loss or damage to the goods

18、from the time they have passed the ship port of shipment.? Receive the proof of delivery,transport document or equivalent electronic message(3)The most important points:a. Contract of insurance? the buyer has an insurable interest in the goods,so that the seller should provide the buyer with the ins

19、urance policy or other evidence of insurance cover.? The seller can arrange marine insurance only onminimum cover,that is, price+10%.? Should the buyer to wish to have the protection of greater cover,he would either need to agree as such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance a

20、rrangements.b.Symbolic Delivery (Constructive Delivery )c.Divisions of costsCIF Liner TermsCIF LandedCIF Ex-Ship s Hold4. FCAFree Carrier (named place)It suits to various transportion mode(1) The seller s obligations:? Provision of goods in conformity with the contract;? Licenses, authorizations and

21、 formalities;? bearing all risks of loss or damage to the goods before the time they have been delivered to the carrier.? Supply the buyer the proof of delivery,transport document or equivalent electronic message(2) The buyer s obligations:? pay the price as provided in the contract of sale and taki

22、ng delivery;? Licenses, authorizations and formalities;? Contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named place;? Bear all risks of loss or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered to the carrier? Receive the proof of delivery,transport document or equivalen

23、t electronic message(3)The most important points:a.it canbe used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multimodal transportb.the chosen place of delivery will have an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place.(Page 31)5.CPTCarriage Paid to (named place of

24、destination)It suits to various transportation mode( 1 )The seller s obligations:? Provision of goods in conformity with the contract;? Licenses, authorizations and formalities;? Pay the costs and freight necessary to bing the goods to the carrier ;? Bear all risks of loss or damage to the goods unt

25、il such time as they have been delivered to the carrier.? Supply the buyer the proof of delivery,transport document or equivalent electronic message( 2 ) The buyer s obligations:? pay the price as provided in the contract of sale and taking delivery;? Licenses, authorizations and formalities;? Cargo

26、 insurance is to be effected by the buyer;? bear all risks of loss or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered to the carrier.? Receive the proof of delivery,transport document or equivalent electronic message(3) the most important points:CPT is almost the same as CFR except that C

27、FR is only applied to sea and inland water transportation while CPT may be used for any mode of transport including multi-modal transport.6. CIPCost and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination)(1 )The seller s obligations:? Provision of goods in conformity with the contract;? Licenses, authori

28、zations and formalities;? Obligations to contract of carriage and contract of insurance;? Bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered to the carrier.? Supply the buyer the proof of delivery,transport document or equivalent electronic message(2) The bu

29、yer s obligations:? The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale and taking delivery;? Licenses, authorizations and formalities;? The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered to the carrier.? Receive the proof of delivery,

30、transport document or equivalent electronic message1.4 other trade terms? EXW: Ex-works (Actual Delivery)? FAS:Free Alongside Ship? DAF:Delivered at Frontier (Actual Delivery)? DES:Delivered Ex-Ship (Actual Delivery)? DEQ:Delivered Ex-Quay (Actual Delivery)? DDU:Delivered Duty Unpaid (Actual Deliver

31、y)? DDP:Delivered Duty Paid (Actual Delivery)How to select the trade terms in international trade?FOBfor importCFRCI Ffor exportChapter 2 Terms of CommodityPre-text questions:1 .How do you comprehend the quality of goods?2 .What is sample?3 .How to define the quantity of goods?4 .Why should the good

32、s have packing? How many types do packing include?It includes:1. the name of commodity2. quality of commodity3. quantity of commodity4. packing of commodity2.1 Name of commodityIt is the main component of the description of goodsThe name of commodity should be clearly stipulatedThe name of commodity

33、 should be specific ,sellers and buyers should adopt the widely accepted name agreed by both parties.2.2 Quality of commodityI .What is the meaning of quality?Different commodities have different qualities;The same commodity has different qualities;A term for defining one particular degree of qualit

34、y in one country may have quite a different meaning in anotherII . How to describe the quality of commodity?1. Sale by seller s/buyer s sample(1)a sample is a small quantity of a product, often taken out from a whole lot or specially designed and processed that is to encourage prospective customers

35、to buy the product.(2)The method is often used in saling arts and crafts,garments,light industry products and agricultural native produce.(3)There are two types in sales by sample:a.Sale by seller s sample: the seller sends samples to the buyer,at the same time,he keeps a duplicate samples for later

36、 reference.b.Sale by buyer s sample: the buyer sends a sample to the sellerReturn sample、 counter sample(4) What do we pay more attention to in sale by sample dealings?A.The quality of commodity actually delivered must be in compliance with that of sample.B.The quality of sample should be similar to

37、 your average quality.C.Keep flexibility: add an elastic clauseFor example:Quality to be about equal to the SampleQuality to be similar to the SampleD.Pay attention to intellectual property.2. Sale by Specification, Grade, Standard(1)SpecificationsIt are detailed descriptions of the goods to be sold

38、They include composition,content ,purity, strength,size,etc.For example:China Sesame SeedMoisture(max.)8%Admixture(max.)2%Oil Content (wet basis ethyl ether extract)52% Basis(2)gradeFor example :Chinese tungstenContetsGradeTungsten Trioxide(Min.)Tin (Max.)Arsenic (Max.)Sulphur (Max.)Superior70%0.2%0

39、.2%0.8%165%0.2%0.2%0.8%265%0.1%0.2%0.8%(3) standard:Commodities standards are laid down and proclaimed in a unified way by governmental departsmentsor commercial organizations of a country.What do we pay more attention to in sale by standard?a. the standard of a commodity is subject to change or ame

40、ndmentb. When saling by standard,it should be mentioned in the terms the name of the publication.3. Sale by brand name and trade markGoods of the same brand or trademark are of the same quality4. sale by description,drawing or diagramIt is used in saling machines,apparatuses instrument,complete sets

41、 of equipment5. Sale by name of originFor example:a. Qimen Black Teab. Longjing Green Tea111. What are the quality clauses in sales contract?a. Name of commodityb. Article numberc. Specification, Grade ord. Standard IV.Quality toleranceThe quality tolerance refer to the allowed deviation from a give

42、n stand of size,content,performance,purity, or some other measurable charateristics in the specifications of a commodityIn trading agricultural products,industrial raw materials or some products of light industry, a tolerance clause is usually stipulated in the sales contract.Such tolerance can be c

43、ompensated by the increase or decrease of the price in proportion to the degree of the tolerance.Case DiscussingA import & export corp.in P.R.C.sold some “apple wine “ to B company in U.S.A. In theeter of Credit , the name of goods is “apple wine” .But at the Custom of U.S.A.,the buyer was fined bec

44、ause the name of goods was “cider on the outer packing.2.3 Quantity of CommodityI.Why is the quantity clause in the contract important?The buyer has the right to reject the goods if their quantity delivered is less than agreed upon.He is also entitled to reject the whole lot or that portion of the g

45、oods excessive in quantity.II.The system of weights and measurementa.The metric systemb.The British systemc.The U.S. systemd.The international system of unitsFor example: in weight1 metric ton=2204.62 pounds=1.0160L/T1 long ton=2240 pounds1 short ton=2000 poundsNumbers :piece, pair,dozen,gross,ream-

46、Weight: gram,kilogram,metric ton,ounce, pound,long ton,short ton- -.Length: centimeter,meter,inch,foot,yardArea: square meter,meter,inch,square foot,square ya rdVolume:cubic centimeter,cubic meterCapacity: liter,pint,gallon,bushel- - III. About weight1 .Gross Weight (G.W.)GW.=weight of the commodity

47、+ tare2 .Net Weight (N.W.)Net Weight=Gross Weight-TareFour ways to calculate tare:(1)Actual Tare(2)Average Tare :standard tare3 3) Customary Tare : certain standard package has a generally recognized weight4 4) Computed Tare: the tare previously agreed upon by the seller and the buyer3.Conditioned W

48、eight : moisture content fo the commodity is removed and standardized moisture added both by scientific methods.it is applicable to raw silk,wool Conditione dweightactualweig ht (1 standardregain ingrateofw ater)1 actualrega iningrateo fwater4.Theoretical Weight :Commodities such as galvanized iron

49、and steel plates have regular specifications and regular size.They are often subject to the use of theoretical weight.IV. The clause of quantity in contract1. About, ApproximateIt is not advisable.2. “ More or Less ” clauseIt is often used,particularly,in the trading of agricultural or mineral produ

50、cts.eg. 400 cartons more or less 5% at the sellers option400 cartons more or less 5% at the buye r s option400 cartons more or less 5% at the shipping companys optionUnder the more or less clause, the payment for the over-delivered or under-delivered will be effected according to the contract price

51、or at the market price at time of shipment.2.4 Packing of CommodityI.the function of packinga. a form of protectionb. facilitating loading,unloading and stowagec. preventing pilferaged. promoting salesII.Categories of commodity(1) Bulk commodityThe commodity directly shipped and even sold without pa

52、ckages.(2) Nude packed commoditiesThe commodities to be shipped without any packages or in simple bundles. Some commodities such as steel,ruber and automobiles ,etc.,can be packed in nude.(3) Packed commoditiesPacking can be classified into shipping packing and sales packing.Shipping packaging is al

53、so referred to as outer packaging and is used for protecting the commodities against dangers to or shortages during the stocking and transportation.Sales Packing is also called inner packing or small packing. In addition to the protective role for the commodities, the sales packing also help to impr

54、ove the image of commodities, it enables the consumers to easily identify, select, carry and use the commodities, so sales packing has become an important factor directly affecting the sales volume and the price.III.Shipping marksShipping marks on the shipping packages can be classified into Shippin

55、g mark, Indicative Mark and Warning Mark.1. Shipping MarkIt consists of a simple design,some letters, numbers and simple words.It contains:a. name or code of destination;b. code of consignee or consignor;c.piece number,serial number,contract number or license number.For example ： I.I.E.CHamburg No-1

56、4/502. Indicative Mark:Indicative Mark consists of simple, noticeable design and words marked on the packages indicating points of attention to be paid during the process of handling, shipment and storing.3. Warning MarkWarning Mark is also called Shipping Mark for Dangers Commodities, dangerousmark

57、s are printed on the shipping packages of the dangerous commodities to give warnings for the handling, shipping and storing personnel to take protective measures according to the characters of the commodities.IV.Neutral Packing:Neutral Packing is the packing without the name and address of the manuf

58、acture, the origin of country, the trade mark and brand.Neutral Packing is adopted to break the tariff and non-tariff barriers of some importing countries or regions, to meetthe special demand of the transaction, and help the manufacturers in exporting countries to increase the competitiveness of th

59、eir products and expand the exports.Chapter 3 International Cargo TransportPre-text Questions:1 .What are the modes of transport in international trade ?2 .Why the sea transport is the most important transport mode?3 .How to interpret the multi-modal transport?4 .What is the Bill of Lading?5 .Why th

60、e B/L is different from others shipping documents?3.1 Modes of Transport(a)Road Transport(b)Rail Transport(c)Sea Transport(d)Inland Water Transport(e)Air TransportContainer(g) Multimodal transportI.Ocean Carriage1 .the advantage and disadvantage of ocean carriage(1)the advantage of ocean carriageIt

61、is the most widely used mode of transportationIt is a cheap mode of transport for delivering large quantities of goods over long distances.(2)the disadvantage of ocean carriageIt is slow,vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual if compared with road and air transport.2 .Major Ocean Carriage Modes

62、(1)Liner TransportFixed schedules,fixed routes, fixed port, fixed freight ratesCarriage freight includes loading and unloading costsIt is quite like a marine busLiner vessels operated by shipping companies are often belong to Coference Line Vessels, which is an association formed by a number of shipping companies of various nationalities.(2)Tramp transportNo firm shedule,no regular routes or times, no fixed freight ratesTramp ships can sail off to where the goods are availableThe rates are determined by bargainingBulk cargo including coal,grain,timber,ores, fertilizers