2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷98（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题If you are always sitting up at night, Im afraid you may （ ）from overwork soon.问题1选项A.fallB.descendC.sickenD.collapse【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。fall “落下；降落”；descend “下降；下来”；sicken “生病”；collapse “倒塌；瓦解”。句意：如果你晚上总是熬夜，那么我担心你可能会因为过度劳累而倒下。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题The earnings of women

2、 are well below that of men （ ）educational differences that are diminishing between the two sexes.问题1选项A.althoughB.thoughC.despite ofD.in spite of【答案】D【解析】考查连词辨析。四个选项都是表示转折，其中 although 与 though只能引导让步状语从句。没有despite of 这种表达，所以只有选项D符合题意。3. 单选题Since you changed lanes without signaling, you are as much t

3、o（ ）for the accident as us.问题1选项A.blameB.accusationC.condemnationD.charge【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。blame“责任，过失”；accusation“指责，谴责”；condemnation “谴责，定罪”；charge “控告，控诉”。句意：由于你变道前没开转向灯，你就应该像我们一样对这次事故负责。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题The wealth of a country should be measured （ ）the health and happiness of its people as well as

4、the material goods it can produce.问题1选项A.in line withB.in terms ofC.regardless ofD.by means of【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。In line with “符合，与 一致”；in terms of “依据，根据，在 方面”；regardless of “不顾，不管”；by means of “借助于，凭借”。根据句意“一个国家的财富应该依据人民的健康和幸福以及它所生产的商品来衡量”，选项B符合题意。5. 单选题I wanted to buy a colour TV set this year, but

5、my brother rejected the idea （ ）a trip to the beach.问题1选项A.instead ofB.in view ofC.in favour ofD.in case of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。instead of “代替；而不是 ”；in view of “鉴于；考虑到”；in favour of “支持；赞成”;in case of “万一；如果发生；假设”。句意：虽然我今年想要购买一台彩电，但是我的弟弟想去海滩所以拒绝了我的这个想法。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题Commercial banks made most of their in

6、come from interest （ ）on loans andinvestments and bonds.问题1选项A.earningB.earnedC.to earnD.was earned【答案】B【解析】考查分词做定语。句意：商业银行主要从贷款、投资和债券中获得利息。这里 interest 是被赚，是一个被动含义，所以应该用过去分词来做后置定语。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题The town square really looks magnificent at night when it is（ ）问题1选项A.illuminatedB.decoratedC.furnishedD.i

7、nhabited【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。illuminated “被照明的”；decorated “装饰的，修饰的”；furnished “家具，有家具的”；inhabited “有人居住的”。句意：当灯光照亮时，夜晚的城市广场看上去真的很宏伟。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题The purpose of the lecture was to（ ）the masses of the United States with the elementary problems of Latin America.问题1选项A.informB.acquaintC.instructD.announc

8、e【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。inform “通知”；acquaint “了解”；instruct “通知，指导”；announce “宣布”。句意：讲座的目的是为了使美国大众了解拉丁美洲的基本问题。acquaint sb. with sth. “使某人了解某事”。选项B符合题意。9. 单选题Smell is the most direct of all the senses. It is thought to be the oldest sense in terms of human evolution, which may explain why smell is hard-wired

9、 into the brain. The olfactory nerve, which manages the perception of smells, is essentially an extension of the brain. The olfactory nerve provides a direct link from receptors at the top of the nose to the portion of the brain that controls memory, emotion, and behavior.The olfactory system detect

10、s certain airborne chemicals that enter the nose and then transmits this chemical information to the limbic system in the brain. The olfactory region at the upper end of each nostril is yellow, moist, and full of fatty substances. The shade of yellow indicates the strength of the sense of smell: the

11、 deeper the shade, the keener and more acute it is. Animals have a very strong sense of smell, so their olfactory regions are dark yellow to reddish brown, while those of humans are light yellow.When an odorous substance enters the nose, it binds to olfactory receptor cells, the neurons lining the y

12、ellow upper portion of the nasal cavity. Olfactory receptor cells contain microscopic hairs called cilia that extend into the layer of mucus coating the inside of the nose. Odor molecules diffuse into this region and are absorbed by the cilia of the olfactory receptor cells. What this means is that

13、when we hold a rose to our nose and inhale, odor molecules float up into the nasal cavity, where they are absorbed by five million olfactory receptor cells. The receptor cells alert the olfactory nerve, which sends impulses to the brains olfactory bulb, or smell center. Thus, olfactory information a

14、bout the rose enters the brains limbic system, where, in most of us, it stimulates a feeling of pleasure.The limbic system of the brain integrates memory, emotion, and behavior. The system is composed of a group of related nervous system structures that are the functional center of emotions such as

15、anger, fear, pleasure, and sadness. The components of the limbic system are linked to the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain involved in complex learning, reasoning, and personality. The cerebral cortex makes decisions about the emotional content of these unique human qualities after “consulting

16、” the limbic system and the other brain centers in processing and retrieving memories. It may, in turn, use memories to modify behavior.Scent may be the strongest trigger of memory and emotions. When we inhale a scent,receptors in the brains limbic center compare the odor entering our nose to odors

17、stored in our memory. Along the way, memories associated with those odors are stimulated. A smell can be overwhelmingly nostalgic because it triggers powerful images and emotions. The waxy fragrance of crayons can instantly transport us to our second-grade classroom, or the scent of freshly mown gra

18、ss can flood us with the joy of summer freedom. What we see and hear may fade quickly in short-term memory, but what we smell is sent directly to long-term memory.Smells can increase alertness and stimulate learning and retention. In one study, children memorized a word list, which was presented bot

19、h with and without accompanying scents. The children recalled words on the list more easily and with higher accuracy when the list was given with scents than without, showing the link between smell and the ability to retain information. In another study,researchers examined how various smells can in

20、crease alertness and decrease stress. They found that the scent of lavender could wake up the metabolism and make people more alert. They also found that the smell of spiced apples could reduce blood pressure and avert a panic attack in people under stress.1.Why does the author use the term “hard-wi

21、red” in describing the sense of smell and the brain?2.Of what significance is the color of the olfactory region at the upper end of each nostril?3.What happens when the cilia of the olfactory receptor cells absorb odor molecules?4. Why does the author mention “crayons” and “freshly mown grass” in Pa

22、ragraph5?5.What can be inferred from Paragraph 6 about learning?问题1选项A.To describe the texture and feel of the olfactory nerveB.To emphasize the close connection between smell and the brainC.To compare the power of smell with that of other sensesD.To explain how the sense of smell evolves in early h

23、umans问题2选项A.The color changes with different airborne chemicals.B.The significance of the color is little understood.C.The color becomes darker when an odor is present.D.The color shows the strength of the ability to smell.问题3选项A.The tiny hairs inside the nose become darker in color.B.The nervous sy

24、stem activates the digestive system.C.The olfactory nerve sends impulses to the brain.D.Some receptor cells die and are replaced by new cells.问题4选项A.To give examples of smells that can trigger memories and emotionsB.To compare typical responses to two common smellsC.To explain why smells are likely

25、to affect persons behaviorD.To identify smells that can increase alertness and work efficiency问题5选项A.Learning cannot take place unless all of the senses are stimulated.B.Scents can strengthen the ability to hold new information in the memory.C.It is easier to recall previous learning than it is to r

26、etain new information.D.Children will not learn much if they are distracted by offensive odors.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.文章第一段提到了嗅觉神经实际上就是大脑的延伸，嗅觉神经直接将鼻子的鼻受体与大脑中管理记忆、情感和行为的部分相连。可以推出嗅觉与大脑是紧密联系的。选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段第三句中提到the shade of yellow indicates the strength of the sense of smell (黄色阴影代表的是嗅觉的

27、强度)。选项D符合题意。3.文章第三段作者提到了嗅觉受体纤毛细胞吸入了气味分子后发生的情况。句子中提到了受体细胞会刺激嗅觉神经，然后嗅觉神经发送脉冲到大脑的嗅觉神经或者嗅球。选项C符合题意。4.文章第五段第一句作者提出气味可能是记忆和情绪的最强出发点。由此可知，作者提到的蜡笔和新割的草地是为了证实他的观点，并且说明气味是如何触发记忆和情绪的。选项A符合题意。5.文章第六段提出气味可以提高警觉，促进学习，增强记忆力。之后举了孩子记忆单词的例子，如果需要记忆的单词表上有香味，他们会记得又快又好。选项B符合题意。10. 单选题This ticket （ ）you to a free meal in

28、our new restaurant.问题1选项A.permitsB.entitlesC.grantsD.credits【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。permit “允许”；entitle “授权，给 称号”；grant “授予，同意”；credit “相信，信任”。句意：凭着这张票你可以在我们的新餐厅免费吃一顿。选项B符合句意。11. 单选题Chose wisely when considering a partner, whether to attend church and how you look after your body. These decisions could ha

29、ve a significant effect on your overall life satisfaction. Thats according to a study that challenges the theory that life happiness is largely predetermined by your genes.This widely accepted “set-point” theory of happiness says that an individuals long-term happiness tends to be stable because it

30、depends mainly on genetic factors. The idea is based in part on studies thatshow identical twins have more similar level of life satisfaction than non-identical twins, and suggests that although your level of happiness may occasionally be thrown off by major life events, it will always return to a s

31、et level within two years.To find out whether people really are destined for a certain level of happiness, Bruce Headey at the University of Melbourne in Australia and his team questioned people in Germany about their jobs,lifestyles and social and religious activities. They found that certain chang

32、es in lifestyle led to significant long-term changes in reported life satisfaction, rather than causing the temporary deflections in happiness that set-point theory would suggest.One of the biggest influences on a persons happiness was their partners level of neuroticism.Those with partners who scor

33、ed highly on tests for neuroticism were more likely to unhappy一and to stay unhappy for as long as the relationship lasted.Altruism and family values also influenced long-term happiness. People whose annual survey responses changed to place a higher priority on altruistic behaviors and family goals w

34、ere rewarded with a long-term increase in life satisfaction. Those who prioritized career and material success, however, experienced a corresponding lasting decline.Having strong religious commitments also seemed to help in the pursuit of happiness. “People who attend church regularly seem to be hap

35、pier than people are not religious,” says Headey.A persons weight turned out to be another factor for long-term happiness, especially for women. Underweight men scored slightly lower than those with healthy weights, while women reported being significantly less happy when they were obese. Being over

36、weight appeared to have no effect on mens happiness.Robert Cummins at Deakin University in Burood, Australia, notes that changes in happiness reported by Headeys team could be influenced by individuals falling into or recovering from depression.The group suggests its findings may be applied to other

37、 populations, having found similar patterns,as yet unpublished, in the UK and Australia.1.What opinion does the “set-point” theory about happiness hold, according to the passage?2.What did the studies led by Bruce Headey find?3.What action is good for people getting long-term life happiness accordin

38、g to Headey9s study?4.What does Robert Cummins want to express?5.What does the passage mainly discuss?问题1选项A.What people choose in life has no effect on their happiness.B.The fewer changes one has in his lifestyle, the more satisfied he feels.C.Peoples happiness is mostly predetermined by genetic fa

39、ctors.D.Identical twins life satisfaction tends to stay in similar levels.问题2选项A.Peoples long-term life satisfaction seems to keep stable always.B.Some changes in lifestyle have impacts on long-term happiness.C.Changes in lifestyle cause occasional deflections of ones happiness level.D.People in Ger

40、many are happier than in the UK and Australia.问题3选项A.Putting career and material wealth in the first place.B.Going to church with family members once in a while.C.Living with a partner with highly-scored neuroticism.D.Prioritising altruism and family values in their life.问题4选项A.There is no scientifi

41、c evidence to support the finding of Headeys team.B.There is still another factor affecting the changes in life happiness.C.What Headeys team found is not suitable for other populations but Germans.D.The findings of Headeys team are of little use for peoples daily life.问题5选项A.Genetic factors tend to

42、 keep ones life satisfaction stable.B.People are destined to some level of life satisfaction.C.Daily choices can affect long-term life satisfaction.D.Being overweight influences ones life happiness little.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.文章第二段第一句话提到“set-point”，随后说“个人的长期幸福是趋于稳定的因为它主要取决于基因因素”。选项C符合题

43、意。2.文章第三段主要提及了墨尔本大学的Bruce Headey为了找出是否人们的幸福是既定的而做了专门研究，他们指出生活方式的某些改变会影响幸福感（They found that certain changes in lifestyle led to significant long-term changes in reported life satisfaction）。选项B符合题意。3.文章第五段第一句话提到利他主义和家庭价值观对长期幸福感有影响（Altruism and family values also influenced long-term happiness）。选项D的描述与

44、此观点一致，所以符合题意。4.文章倒数第二段提到Robert Cummins认为Headey团队关于影响幸福的因素的研究还受陷入或者摆脱抑郁的影响。说明在Robert Cummins看来幸福除了受利他主义、家庭价值观、宗教这些因素影响外还有其他因素。选项B符合题意。5.这道题主要考查文章主旨大意。整篇文章都是在讲影响长期幸福的因素，第一段主要提及到伴侣的选择对幸福的影响，接下来的段落提及到了伴侣情绪的多样性、利他主义、家庭价值观、宗教这些因素对长期幸福的影响，作者认为生活方式的改变对幸福的影响很大。选项C“日常的选择会影响长期生活的满足感”与作者观点一致，符合题意。12. 单选题Accordi

45、ng to psychologists, an emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good. When person feels like running away from something he thinks will hurt him, we call this emotion fear. If the person wants to remove the danger by attacking it, we call the emotion anger. The emoti

46、ons of joy and love are aroused when we think something can help us. An emotion does not have to be created by something in the outside world; it can be created by a persons thoughts.Everyone has emotions. Many psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions. They believe children learn

47、 emotions just as they learn to read and write. A growing child not only leams his emotions, but also learns how to act in certain situations because of an emotion.Psychologists think that there are two types of emotion: positive and negative. Positive emotions include love, liking, joy, delight, an

48、d hope. They are aroused by something that appeals to a person. Negative emotions make a person unhappy or dissatisfied. They include anger, fear, despair, sadness, and disgust. In growing up, a person learns to cope with the negative emotions in order to be happy.Emotions may be weak or strong. Som

49、e strong emotions are so unpleasant that a person will try any means to escape from them. In order to feel happy, the person may choose unusual ways to avoid the emotion.Strong emotions can make it hard to think and to solve problems. They may prevent a person from learning or paying attention to wh

50、at he is doing. For example, a student taking an examination may be so worried about failing that he cannot think properly. The worry drains valuable mental energy he needs for the examination.1.We learn from the passage that an emotion is created by something that（ ）.2.Which of the following is NOT

51、 true according to the passage? （ ）3.The authors purpose of writing this passage is to（ ）.4.We can safely conclude that a student may fail in an exam if（ ）.5.As used in the last sentence, the word“drains”means（ ）.问题1选项A.one thinks bad or goodB.one feels in dangerC.one faces in the outside worldD.one

52、 tries to escape from in real life问题2选项A.Children learn emotions as they grow up.B.Babies are born with emotions.C.Emotions fall into two types in general.D.People can cope with the negative emotions in life.问题3选项A.explain why people have emotionsB.show how people avoid the negative emotionsC.explai

53、n what people should do before emotionsD.define and classify peoples emotions问题4选项A.he cannot think properlyB.he cannot pay attention to itC.he cannot adjust himself to itD.he is not full of energy问题5选项A.stopsB.tiesC.weakensD.flows gradually【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.文章第一句according to psycho

54、logists, an emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good提到人的情感是由于人或者动物将某物视作好或坏的时候。选项A符合题意。2.文章第二段第二句many psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions提到婴儿被认为生下来没有情感。所以选项B符合题意。3.文章主要介绍了什么是人类的情感，有哪些种类，所以选项D符合题意。4.文章最后一段倒数第二句for example, a student taking

55、an examination may be so worried about failing that he cannot think properly提到参加考试的学生害怕考试失败而难以正常思考。如果不能正常思考，考试就可能失败。所以选项A符合题意。5.题干中的 drain的意思是“流干”。在文中指的是担忧将人们所需的经历削弱，选项C符合题意。13. 单选题The recent news of the successful cloning of an adult sheep in which the sheeps DNA was inserted into an unfertilized s

56、heep egg to produce a lamb with identical DNA has generated an outpouring of ethical concerns. These concerns are not about Dolly, the now famous sheep, nor even about the considerable impact cloning may have on the animal breeding industry, but rather about the possibility of cloning humans. For th

57、e most part, however, the ethical concerns being raised are exaggerated and misplaced, because they are based on erroneous views about what genes are and what they can do. The danger, therefore, lies not in the power of the technology, but in the misunderstanding of its significance.Producing a clon

58、e of a human being would not amount to creating a “ carbon copy ” an automaton of the sort familiar from science fiction. It would be more like producing a delayed identical twin. And just as identical twins are two separate people biologically, psychologically, morally and legally, though not genet

59、ically so to embrace a belief in genetic determinism the view that genes determine everything about us, and that environmental factors or the random events in human development are utterly insignificant. The overwhelming consensus among geneticists is that genetic determinism is false.As geneticists

60、 have come to understand the ways in which genes operate, they have also become aware of the myriad ways in which the environment affects their “expression”. The genetic contribution to the simplest physical traits, such as height and hair color, is significantly mediated by environmental factors. A

61、nd the genetic contribution to the traits we value most deeply, from intelligence to compassion, is conceded by even the most enthusiastic genetic researchers to be limited and indirect. Indeed, we need only appeal to our ordinary experience with identical twinsthat they are different people despite

62、 their similaritiesto appreciate that genetic determinism is false.Furthermore, because of the extra steps involved, cloning will probably always be riskierthat is, less likely to result in a live birth that in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer. For example, it took more than 275 attempt

63、s before the researchers were able to obtain a successful sheep clone. While cloning methods may improve, we should note that even standard IVF techniques typically have success rate of less than 20 percent. So why would anyone go to the trouble of cloning?1.What process resulted in the successful cloning of an adult sheep?2.According to the essay, in what respect the relationship between a cloned