2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷35（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the governments （ ）policies.问题1选项A.economicalB.economicC.economyD.economics【答案】B【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项economical“经济的，实惠的，节俭的”；B选项economic“经济上的，经济学的，有利可图的”；C选项economy“经济，经济情况”；D选项economics

2、“经济学”。空格处为形容词作定语修饰名词policies，B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：史密斯博士本人虽然不是经济学家，但长期以来一直严厉批评政府的经济政策。2. 翻译题Read the following paragraph carefully and then translate it into Chinese.Physics, as well as pure mathematics, has supplied material for the philosophy of logical analysis. This has occurred especially through the th

3、eory of relativity and quantum mechanics（量子力学）.What is important to the philosopher in the theory of relativity is the substitution of space-time for space and time. Common sense thinks of the physical world as composed of “things” which persist through a certain period of time and move in space. Ph

4、ilosophy and physics developed the notion of “thing” into that of “material substance,” and thought of material substance as consisting of particles, each very small, and each persisting throughout all time. Einstein substituted events（事素）for particles; each event had to each other a relation called

5、 “interval,” which could be analyzed in various ways into a time element and a space-element. The choice between these various ways was arbitrary（任意的）, and no one of them was theoretically preferable to any other.【答案】物理学和纯数学为逻辑分析哲学提供了材料。这一点尤其是通过相对论和量子力学体现出来。在相对论中，对哲学家来说，重要的是用时空代替时间和空间。常识认为物质世界是由“东西”

6、组成的，这些“东西”在一定时间内持续存在，并在空间中运动。哲学和物理学把“东西”的概念发展成“物质实体”的概念，并把物质实体看作是由粒子组成的，每个粒子都很小，而且每个粒子始终存在。爱因斯坦用事素代替粒子；每个事素与其他事素之间都有一种叫作“间隔”的关系，可以用不同的方式把这种关系分析成一个时间元素和一个空间元素。在这些不同的方法之间的选择是任意的，理论上没有哪一种方法比任何其他方法更可取。3. 单选题The children have a more（ ）view, only taking in consideration what will work.问题1选项A.pragmaticB.dr

7、earyC.maritalD.dominant【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项pragmatic“实用的，讲求实效的”；B选项 dreary“令人沮丧的，沉闷的”；C选项marital“婚姻的，夫妻关系的”；D选项dominant“首要的，占支配地位的，占优势的”。由后面的“only taking in consideration what will work（只有考虑到什么才能起作用）”可知A选项最符合逻辑搭配。句意：孩子们有一个更实用的观点，只考虑什么会起作用。4. 单选题You stare at waterfall for a minute or two, and then sh

8、ift your gaze to its surroundings. What you now see appears to drift upward. These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the bodys sensors and interpreting what must be happening that your brain must have moved, not the other; that down

9、ward motions is now normal, so a change from it must now be perceived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds. Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, t

10、hey can detect a candle burning ten miles away.Color vision in each eye comes from six to seven million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, a third to blu

11、e.Rods and cones send their messages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times, per second along the optic nerve. We see an image for a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of still photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seein

12、g a continuous moving picture.Like apparent motion, color vision is also subject to unusual effects. When day gives way to night, twilight brings what the poet T.S. Eliot called “the violet hour” A light levels fall, the rods become progressively less responsive. Rods are most sensitive to the short

13、er wavelengths of blue and green, and they impart a strange vividness to the gardens blue flowers.However, look at a white shirt during the reddish light of sunset, and youll still see it in its “true” color white, not red. Our eyes are constantly comparing an object against its surroundings. They t

14、herefore observe the effect of a shift in the color of illuminating on both, and adjust accordingly.The eyes can distinguish several million graduations of light and shade of color. Each waking second they flash tens of millions of pieces of information to the brain, which weaves them incessantly in

15、to a picture of the world around us.Yet all this is done at the back of each eye by a fabric of sensors, called the retina, about as wide and as thick as a postage stamp. As the Renaissance inventor and artist Leonardo da Vinci wrote in wonder, “Who would believe that so small a space could contain

16、the images of all the universe?”1.Visual illusions often take place when the image of reality is（ ）.2.The visual sensor that is capable of distinguishing shades of color is called（ ）.3.The retina send pulses to the brain（ ）.4.Twenty-four still photographs are made into a continuous moving picture ju

17、st because（ ）.5.The authors purpose in writing the passage lies in（ ）.问题1选项A.matched to six to seven million structures called conesB.confused in the bodys sensors of both rods and conesC.interpreted in the brain as what must be the caseD.signaled by about 120 million rods in the eye问题2选项A.conesB.co

18、lor visionC.rodsD.spectrum问题3选项A.in short wavelengthsB.as color picturesC.by a ganglion cellD.along the optic nerve问题4选项A.the image we see usually stays longer than it actually appearsB.we see an object in comparison with its surroundingsC.the eyes catch million pieces of information continuouslyD.r

19、ods and cones send messages 20 to 25 times a second问题5选项A.showing that we sometimes are deceived by our own eyesB.informing us about the different functions of the eye organsC.regretting that we are too slow in the study of eyesD.marveling at the great work done by the retina【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A

20、第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the bodys sensors and interpreting what must be happening（这些视觉错觉之所以出现，是因为大脑不断地将身体的信号与现实情况相匹配，并解释即将发生的事情）可知C选项“在大脑中解释即将发生的事情”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Under ideal conditions

21、, every cone can “see” the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors（在理想条件下，每个视锥都能“看到”整个彩虹光谱的可见色）可知选A。3.细节事实题。由文章第四段中的Rods and cones send their messages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times, per second along the optic nerve.（视杆和视锥沿着视觉神经以平均20到25次的脉冲传递信息）可知D选项“沿视觉神经”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章第四段中的We see an image f

22、or a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of still photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seeing a continuous moving picture.（我们看到一个图像的时间比它实际出现的时间要长一秒。在电影中，静止的图像以每秒24帧的速度投射到屏幕上，使我们的眼睛误以为看到的是一幅连续不断运动的画面）可知A选项“我们看到的图像通常比

23、实际显示的要长”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了视网膜中的视杆和视锥细胞，视杆细胞主要负责夜视，视锥细胞主要负责颜色，因此B选项“告诉我们眼睛器官的不同功能”符合题意。5. 单选题There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the centur

24、y reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission

25、, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and Plexiglas were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the

26、grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm,cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the giant cor

27、poration or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is

28、 spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it ques

29、tionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perce

30、ived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation a risky and expensiv

31、e budget item might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operat

32、e more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence

33、 by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.The conglomerates are not, however, c

34、ompletely except from strong competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.2.According to the passage, important inventions

35、of the twentieth century（ ）.3.Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph of the passage?4.With which of the following statements would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?5.Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the authors main point?问题1

36、选项A.advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial researchB.point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industryC.describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important

37、matter of research and innovationD.show that Americas strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness问题2选项A.were produced largely as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and developmentB.came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopolistic industriesC.we

38、re produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teamsD.have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates问题3选项A.Expenditures for various aspects of research are listed.B.Reasons for supporting monopolistic power are given and then questioned.C.Arguments are present

39、ed for minimizing competitive bidding for research.D.Resources necessary for research are defined.问题4选项A.Monopolistic power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B.Governmental expenditure for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C.Industrial giants, with their

40、 managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change than smaller firms do.D.Firms with a small share of the market aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.问题5选项A.In the last decade, conglomerates have significantly increased their re

41、search budgets for defense technology.B.Tax restructuring permits smaller firms to write off a larger percentage of profits against research.C.A ten-year study of the extent of resources devoted to research by smaller enterprises reveals a steady decline.D.Military research is being directed more ex

42、tensively to space technology than to short-range missiles.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段首句提出There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research.（人们普遍认为，大型工业的出现伴随着等量工业研究发明的出现）这个观点，紧接着用一项调查结果进行反驳；第二段解释了人们

43、普遍这样认为的理由，然后又对解释进行否定；第三段指出小公司比大型企业在新技术、新产品和创新投资方面更有积极性；最后一段简短地概括大型企业所处的压力竞争。因此B选项“指出关于工业研究程度与工业垄断力量增长之间关系的一种常见误解”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone（最近一项对世纪之交

44、以来重要发明的研究表明，半数以上的发明是个人独立工作的产物）可知C选项“独立发明家产生的发明成果至少和研究团队产生的成果一样”符合题意。3.推理判断题。文章第二段解释了人们普遍误解的理由，然后又对其解释进行否定。因此B选项“给出了支持垄断权力的理由，并对其进行了质疑”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products

45、, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.（相比之下，小公司不被工厂和资本设备的大规模投资所吓倒，往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大市场份额）可知D选项“市场份额很小的公司积极地追求创新，因为它们没有被旧的固定设备所束缚”符合题意。5.推理判断题。作者的主要观点为：大企业的发展与企业的研究程度不是人们普遍认为等量发展关系，相反，小企业比大企业在新技术、新产品和创新投资方面更有积极性。因此 C选项“一项为期10年的对小型企业用于研究的投资程度显示，这一数字在稳步下降”符合题意。6. 单选题Havi

46、ng finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, （ ）themselves.问题1选项A.expandingB.prolongingC.stretchingD.extending【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项expand“扩大，增加”；B选项prolong“延长，拉长”；C选项stretch“伸展”；D选项extend“延伸”。此处表示“伸展身体”，因此选C。句意：早上的工作做完后，职员们站在桌子后面伸展身体。7. 单选题I wish（ ）to Stockholm when I was in

47、 Sweden. I hear its a beautiful city.问题1选项A.I wentB.I had goneC.to goD.to have gone【答案】B【解析】考查虚拟语气。wish后的宾语从句用一般过去时表示与现在相反的情况，用过去完成时表示与过去相反的情况，用would/could do表示与将来相反的情况。由“when I was in Sweden”可知此处是对过去的虚拟，故wish后的宾语从句用过去完成时，因此选B。8. 单选题We have done all we could and now our cherished project is（ ）our ne

48、w CEO.问题1选项A.on the agenda ofB.in the power ofC.under the guidance ofD.with the guidance of【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项on the agenda of“列入会议议程的”；B选项in the power of“受支配，在的控制下”；C选项under the guidance of“在的指导下”；D选项with the guidance of“在的指导下”，作伴随状语表原因。由project（项目）与CEO（执行总裁）之间的关系可知项目应处于CEO的控制下较符合逻辑搭配。句意：我们已经竭尽所能，现

49、在我们珍视的项目掌握在新任CEO的手中。9. 单选题If you work under a car when repairing it, you often get very（ ）.问题1选项A.waxyB.stickyC.slipperyD.greasy【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项waxy“蜡制的，似蜡的，质地光滑的”；B选项sticky“粘性的”；C选项slippery“滑的，狡猾的，棘手的”；D选项greasy“多油的，油污的，油腻的”。由“If you work under a car when repairing it，you often get very_（如果你在车底

50、下修理汽车，你通常会_）”可知D选项符合语境。句意：如果你在车底下修理汽车，你通常会弄得满身油污。10. 单选题In court, the accused man claimed that he was innocent, saying that he had been（ ）.问题1选项A.betrayedB.deceivedC.framedD.defrauded【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项betray“背叛，出卖，泄露”；B选项deceive“欺诈，欺骗”；C选项frame“诬陷，陷害，拟定”；D选项defraud“骗取，诈取（的钱财）”。由the accused man clai

51、med that he was innocent（被告声称他是无辜的）可知C选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：在法庭上，被告声称他是无辜的，说他是被陷害的。11. 单选题The gloves were really too small, and it was only by （ ）them that I can get them on.问题1选项A.stretchingB.spreadingC.extendingD.squeezing【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项stretch“拉长，撑大，伸展”，指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展，不是加长，侧重“形状的变化”.；B选项spread“伸开”，指建筑，道

52、路和时间等的延伸；C选项extend“延伸”，指在空间或时间上延伸，一般有一个大致的延伸方向；D选项squeeze“挤压”。根据gloves（手套）可知此处表示手套太小了，只有把它们撑大才能戴上，因此选A。句意：手套真的太小了，只有把它们伸展开来，我才能戴上。12. 单选题She was so（ ） in her work that she didnt notice me when I came in the room.问题1选项A.immersedB.obsessedC.submergedD.suffocated【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项通常用于be immersed in（沉浸

53、于，埋头于，陷入）；B选项通常用于be obsessed with（痴迷于，着迷于）；C选项submerge“浸没，淹没”；D选项suffocate“（使）窒息而死，（把）闷死”。句中的so.that表示“如此以至于”，根据固定搭配和后面的she didnt notice me when I came in the room（我走进房间时她没注意到我）可知她沉浸于工作中，以至于没注意到我进来，因此选A。句意：她如此沉浸于工作中，以至于我进屋时她都没有注意到我。13. 单选题Your advice would be（ ）valuable to him, who is now at a loss

54、as to what to do first.问题1选项A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD.exclusively【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项exceedingly“非常，极其”；B选项excessively“过度地”；C选项extensively“广大地，广泛地”；D选项exclusively“唯一地”。根据valuable（很重要的，宝贵的）可知A选项最为恰当，表示“非常有价值”。句意：你的建议对他非常有价值，因为他现在不知道该先做什么。14. 单选题People who like to wear red clothes are m

55、ore likely to be talkative and（ ）.问题1选项A.vivaciousB.perilousC.introvertedD.lucrative【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项vivacious“可爱的，活泼的”；B选项perilous“冒险的，危险的”；C选项introverted“内向的，不喜欢交往的”；D选项lucrative“获利多的，赚钱的”。由and可知空格处与talkative（健谈的）表示的意思相同，因此选A。句意：喜欢穿红衣服的人更有可能健谈、活泼。15. 单选题Walter offered us a lift when he was leav

56、ing the office, but our work（ ）, we declined the offer.问题1选项A.was not finishedB.has not been finishedC.did not finishD.not having been finished【答案】D【解析】考查独立主格。offer sb. a lift表示“让某人搭便车”。but 做原因状语，当状语的逻辑主语（our work）和句子的主语不一致时，需要用独立主格结构。独立主格结构是由名词或者代词+非谓语动词构成，故空格处应为非谓语动词，因此选D。句意：沃尔特在离开办公室时让我们搭便车，但我们的工

57、作还没有完成，我们拒绝了他的提议。16. 单选题Dr. Smith failed many times but he finally（ ）to find a successful way to solve the problem.问题1选项A.broke offB.broke downC.broke outD.broke through【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项break off“（使）分离”；B选项break down“失败”；C选项break out“突然发生，爆发”；D选项break through“突围，突破”。根据转折连词but可知句子前面表示转折关系，由failed m

58、any times（多次失败）与finally（最终）可知D选项符合语境。句意：史密斯医生失败了很多次，但他最终突破了，找到了解决问题的成功方法。17. 单选题As a lawyer （ ）for his good judgment and eloquence, he is often invited to those grand banquets and meets those distinguished people from all circles.问题1选项A.noticeableB.notoriousC.nastyD.notable【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项notice

59、able“显而易见的，明显的”；B选项notorious“臭名昭著的”；C选项nasty“令人厌恶的，肮脏的”；D选项notable“著名的，显著的，值得注意的”。由good judgment and eloquence（良好的判断力和口才）可知空格处为一个褒义词，再根据句意可知选D。句意：作为一名以良好的判断力和口才著称的律师，他经常被邀请参加那些盛大的宴会，并结识来自各界的杰出人士。18. 单选题The prefix Mach is used to describe supersonic speed. It was named for Ernst Mach (1838-1916), a C

60、zech-born Austrian physicist, who contributed to the study of sound. When twice the speed of sound, it is Mach 2. When it is near but below the speed of sound, its speed can be designated at less than Mach 1, for example, Mach 0.9. Mach is defined as “the ratio of the velocity of a rocket or a jet t

61、o the velocity of sound in the medium being considered.”When a plane passes the sound barrierflying faster than sound travelslisteners in the area hear thunderclaps, but the pilot of the plane does not hear them.Sound is produced by vibrations of an object and is transmitted by alternate increase an

62、d decrease in pressure that radiate outward through a material media of moleculessomewhat like waves spreading out on a pond after a rock has been tossed into it.The frequency of sound is determined by the number of times the vibrating waves undulate（波动）per second and is measured in cycles per secon

63、d. The slower the cycle of waves, the lower the frequency. As frequencies increase, the sound is higher in pitch.Sound is audible to human beings only if the frequency falls within a certain range. The human ear is usually not sensitive to frequencies of fewer than 20 vibrations per second, or more than about 2