2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前模拟强化练习题13（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The top managers are full of（ ）toward the sales volume of mobile phones next year.问题1选项A.curiosityB.optimismC.passionD.attitude【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项curiosity“好奇心，求知欲”，B选项optimism“乐观，乐观主义”，C选项passion“激情，热情”，D选项attitude“态度，看法”，句意：高级经理们对明年的手机销量非常乐观。因此，B选项符合句意。2. 单选题W

2、hen I（ ）my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me.问题1选项A.woke upB.took toC.picked upD.came to【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。come to ones sense 意为“清醒过来；恢复理性”。句意：当我回过神来，发现自己正裹在小房间的床上，奶奶正俯身看着我。选项D符合语境。3. 单选题Gregory Currie, a professor of philosophy eat the University

3、of Nottingham, recently argued in The New York Times that we ought not to claim that literature improves us as people, because there is no “compelling evidence that suggests that people are morally or socially better for reading Tolstoy” or other great books.Actually, there is such evidence. Raymond

4、 Mar, a psychologist at York University in Canada, and Keith Oatley, a professor of cognitive psychology at the University of Toronto, reported in studies published in 2006 and 2009 that individuals who often read fiction appear to be better able to understand other people, empathize (起共鸣)with them

5、and view the world from their perspective. This link persisted even after the researchers factored in the possibility that more empathetic individuals might choose to read more novels.Recent research in cognitive science, psychology and neuroscience has demonstrated that deep reading of books is a d

6、istinctive experience, very different from the information-driven reading we do on the Web. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely conducive to the deep reading experience. A books lack of hyperlinks allows

7、 the reader to remain fully immersed in the narrative, without having to make such decisions as whether to click on a link or not.That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity, by creating a mental representation that draw

8、s on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictional characters and even increasing our real-life c

9、apacity for empathy.This is not reading as many young people are coming to know it. Their reading, mostly done onscreen, is pragmatic and instrumental. If we allow our children to believe reading onscreen is all there is, we will have deprived them of an enjoyable and enlightening experience that wi

10、ll enlarge them as people. Instead molding our education around young peoples attachment to digital devices and onscreen habits, we need to show them some place theyve never been to, a place only deep reading can take them to.1. Prof, Gregory Currie argues that（ ）.2.The studies of Raymond Mar and Ke

11、ith Oatley show that（ ）.3.Deep reading of paper books compared with reading on the web（ ）.4.It can be learned from the passage that the author（ ）.问题1选项A.literature doesnt show peoples moral or social standardsB.only good literature shows peoples moral and social valuesC.reading fiction wont improve

12、people morally or sociallyD.only reading great books benefits people morally and socially问题2选项A.empathetic people are more likely to read novels oftenB.empathetic people have a better perspective on the worldC.reading fiction encourages people to be more persistentD.reading fiction helps people unde

13、rstand others better问题3选项A.requires readers to do more careful thinkingB.enables readers to stay absorbed in the storyC.gives readers many links to other materialsD.allows readers to choose their future reading问题4选项A.supports use of digital devices in classroomB.prefers reading onscreen to reading p

14、aper booksC.takes a positive approach to education reformsD.holds a negative attitude toward reading onscreen【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。 根据题干定位到文章首段，“recently argued in The New York Times that we ought not to claim that literature improves us as people, because there is no “compelling evide

15、nce that suggests that people are morally or socially better for reading Tolstoy or other great books.”最近在纽约时报上提出，我们不应该声称文学提高了我们作为人的水平，因为没有“令人信服的证据表明，阅读托尔斯泰或其他伟大著作的人在道德上或社会上更优秀”。A选项“文学不能体现出人们的道德和社会水平”，B选项“只有好的文学可以体现人们的道德和社会水平”，C选项“阅读小说不会提高人们的道德或社会地位”，D选项“只有读伟大的书籍，才能使人在道德和社会上受益”。因此，C选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据

16、题干定位到原文第二段的第二句话“individuals who often read fiction appear to be better able to understand other people, empathize (起共鸣)with them and view the world from their perspective.” 人经常读小说似乎能更好地理解他人,与他们起共鸣,从他们的角度看待这个世界。A选项“具有同理心的人更有可能经常阅读小说”，B选项“有同理心的人对世界有更好的看法”，C选项“读小说能使人更有毅力”, D选项“读小说可以帮助人们更好地理解别人”。因此，D选项符

17、合题意。3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文第三段，“A books lack of hyperlinks allows the reader to remain fully immersed in the narrative, without having to make such decisions as whether to click on a link or not.”一本书没有超链接，读者可以完全沉浸在叙述中，而不必决定是否点击链接。A选项“要求读者做更细致的思考”，B选项“使读者在故事中保持专注”，C选项“给读者提供许多其他材料的链接”，D选项“允许读者选择未来的读物”。因此，B选

18、项符合题意。4.观点态度题。根据题干定位到原文最后一段,“If we allow our children to believe reading onscreen is all there is, we will have deprived them of an enjoyable and enlightening experience that will enlarge them as people.”如果我们允许我们的孩子相信在屏幕上阅读就是一切，我们就剥夺了他们一种愉快而有启发性的体验，而这种体验可以扩大他们的知识面。A选项“支持在课堂上使用数字设备”，B选项“比起纸质书，作者更喜欢看屏

19、幕”，C选项“对教育改革采取积极的态度”，D选项“对屏幕阅读持消极态度的人”。因此，D选项符合题意。4. 单选题He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won（ ）and a scholarship.问题1选项A.faithB.statusC.fameD.courage【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项faith“信念”；B选项status“地位”；C选项fame“名声”；D选项courage“勇气”。句意：他写了一篇批评希腊诗人的文章，从而赢得了名声和奖学金。本句表示获得了名气，因此C选项正确。5. 单选题Industri

20、alization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 per

21、cent per year 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790s, North American entrepreneurs even without technological improvements

22、 had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820s and 1830s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of th

23、e outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the “uppers” of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts town, whereas previously journeymen would have made the ensure shoe. This s

24、ystem of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss” and eroded workers control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even mor

25、e important new organization, the modern factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. Hi

26、s machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved sta

27、tionary stream engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nations largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.1. What is the passage mainly about?2.The author mentions t

28、he shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how（ ）.3.All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820s and 1830s EXCEPT（ ）.4.All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT（ ）5.The passage mentions which of the following a

29、s a result of improvements in factory machinery?问题1选项A.The difficulties of industrialization in North AmericaB.The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centersC.The rapid speed of industrialization in North AmericaD.Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods问题2选项A

30、.entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork systemB.entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase outputC.rural workers responded to “shoe bosses”D.changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes问题3选项A.an increase in the workers dependence on entrepreneursB.a

31、n increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakersC.a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of productionD.a decrease in the price of shoes问题4选项A.It involved stages of production.B.It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.C.It made many employers less powerful than th

32、ey had been before.D.It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.问题5选项A.It became easier for factory owners to find workers and customers.B.Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.C.The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.D.Factories could ope

33、rate more than one engine at a time.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第二段中had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.（扩大了外部工作系统的范围，通过将材料分

34、发给连续的工人，每个工人只执行生产过程中的一个步骤，从而提高了生产效率。）介绍了流水线的生产方式，第三段中entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modern factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods.（企业家们创造了一种更重要的新组织现代工厂，它使用动力驱动的机器和装配线技术生产出大量优质产品。）介绍了动力

35、驱动的现代化工厂，这些都是改进的生产组织方式。所以D选项“改进的商品生产组织方式”符合题意。A选项“北美工业化的困难”，文章说的是北美工业化的不断进步，而不是困难之处，所以A错误。B选项“制造业变化对城市中心增长的影响”和C选项“北美工业化的快速发展”，文中均没有提及，所以B，C错误。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段，第二段开头说The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods had broadened the scope of the outwork s

36、ystem that made manufacturing more efficient.（令人印象深刻的产量增长主要源于工人的生产方式北美企业家扩大了外部工作系统的范围。），后面又介绍了“shoe industry”，即第二段提到制鞋业是作为外部工作系统的例子。所以A选项“企业家通过使用扩展的外部工作系统来增加产量”正确。B选项“企业家利用技术改进提高产量”，文章第二段第一句even without technological improvements（即使没有技术进步），说明制鞋业产量的提高不是因为技术改进，所以B错误。C选项“农村工人对鞋老板的反应”，文中没有提到工人对鞋老板的态度，所以

37、C错误。D选项“外部工作系统的改变提高了鞋子的质量”，文中只说了产量的提高，没有说到质量的方面，所以D错误。3.推理判断题。由A选项可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe boss”.（这种生产体系使雇主成为一个强大的“鞋老板”。），也就是说雇主的权力加大，工人的工作越来越依赖于雇主，所以A选项“工人对企业家的依赖增加”符合题意。由C选项可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句and eroded workers control over the pace and conditions of

38、labor（剥夺了工人对劳动速度和条件的控制），说明工人对劳动速度的控制减弱，所以C选项“工人控制生产速度的能力下降”符合题意。由D选项可以定位到文章第二段最后一句it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.（它还大幅提高了鞋子的产量，同时降低了它们的价格。），说明鞋子的价格下降了，所以D选项“鞋价的下降”符合题意。而文章中没有提到工人工资的问题，所以B选项“付给熟练工的工资提高”不符合题意。4.推理判断题。由A选项可以定位到文章第二段第一句had broadened the scop

39、e of the outwork system each performed a single step of the production process（扩大了外部工作系统的范围每个工人只执行生产过程中的一个步骤），说明外部工作系统涉及到生产的各个阶段，所以A选项“涉及到生产的各个阶段”正确。由B选项可以定位到文章第一段第一句Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and

40、building factories.（1790年后工业化进入美国，北美企业家通过重组工作和建造工厂提高了生产力。），说明1790年后新的外部工作系统使得生产效率比以往提高了，所以B选项“比1790年以前使用的系统效率更高”正确。由D选项可以定位到文章第二段第一句even without technological improvements（即使没有技术进步），说明外部工作系统不一定需要技术进步，所以D选项“并不一定涉及技术进步”正确。由C选项可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoe

41、boss”.（这种生产体系使雇主成为一个强大的“鞋老板”。），说明这种外部工作系统让雇主权力更大了，选项与原文表述的意思相反，所以C选项“使得许多雇主的权力不如以前”错误。5.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nations largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager cu

42、stomers.（这项新技术使他们在美国最大的城市建立起工厂，并充分利用密集的廉价劳动力、良好的交通网络和需求急切的顾客。），廉价劳动力说明工厂主能招到更多工人，需求急切的顾客说明有更多的消费者，这些都是工厂机器改进的结果。所以A选项“工厂主更容易找到工人和顾客”正确。B选项“生产厂家不得不雇用更多的高技能工人”，工厂机器改进可以让厂家招到更多廉价的工人，并不需要雇用技术水平高的工人，所以B错误。C选项“工厂运行所需的用电量减少了”和D选项“工厂可以同时操作一台以上的发动机”，文中均没有提及，所以C，D错误。6. 单选题I hate people who（ ）the end of film t

43、hat you havent seen before.问题1选项A.revealB.rewriteC.reviseD.reverse【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项reveal“透露”；B选项rewrite“改写”；C选项revise“修正”；D选项reverse“反转”。句意：我讨厌那些透露没看过的电影结局的人。本句表示剧透电影结局。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题Recently, Congressional Democrats introduced legislation to make it easier for older workers to win age discrimi

44、nation lawsuits. Age discrimination remains a significant workplace issue.In recent ten years, 15.79 percent of cases brought to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, were described as successful claims. While this number is small given the number of workers covered by the Age Discrimination

45、in Employment Act, many, if not most, instances of age discrimination are never sued, and cases hiring discrimination often go undetected.Most of those who do sue are white, male middle-managers who are likely to have lost a sizeable salary and pension. For the most part, other groups do not sue bec

46、ause the costs of a lawsuit outweigh the potential benefits. Age discrimination remains a significant workplace issue.There is strong experimental evidence for age discrimination in hiring, at least for entry-level jobs. Recently, I performed a labor market experiment in Boston in which I sent out t

47、housands of resumes for fictitious (虚构的) entry-level female candidates and measured response rate based on date of high school graduation. Among this group, younger applicants, whose date of high school graduation indicated that they were less than 50 years old, were 40 percent more likely to be cal

48、led back for an interview than were older applicants.It is difficult to tell whether employment problems are worse for older workers than for other workers when times are bad. The number of discrimination lawsuits increases during times of high unemployment, but this finding by itself does not indic

49、ate an increased level of age discrimination. In times of higher unemployment, the opportunity cost to a lawsuit is lower than it is when times are good.From the employers perspective, mass layoffs may seem like a good chance to remove a higher proportion of generally more expensive older workers wi

50、thout the worry of being sued. On the other hand, employers may be less likely to remove protected older workers because they still fear lawsuits. One thing we do know is that once an older worker loses a job, he or she is much less likely to find a new job than a younger worker is.Unfortunately, th

51、e effect of legislation prohibiting age discrimination is not easy to see and may actually be part of the reason it is so difficult for older workers to find employment. If it is more difficult to fire an older worker than a younger worker, a firm will be less likely to want to hire older workers. I

52、ndeed, my research finds that in states where workers have longer time to bring a lawsuit claim, older men work fewer weeks per year, are less likely to be hired, and less likely to be fired than men in states where they do not have as much.Not many people would suggest that we go back to a world pr

53、ior to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, in which advertisements specify the specific ages of people they are willing to hire. However, legislation prohibiting discrimination is no panacea (万灵药). The recent proposed congressional legislation could have both positive and negative effects on p

54、otential older workers.1. A lot of cases of age discrimination are not found because（ ）2.The labor market experiment in Boston shows that（ ）3.What may lead to the increase of discrimination lawsuits during times of high unemployment?4.From the last paragraph, we learn that（ ）5.The author is（ ）when h

55、e analyzes the age discrimination issue.问题1选项A.age discrimination law was just introduced recently.B.other discriminated groups dont sue except the whites.C.age discrimination cases are in large quantity and it is difficult to detect all of them.D.many discriminated people dont sue and costs of a la

56、wsuit outweigh potential benefits.问题2选项A.younger male applicants are more likely to be hired than their female counterparts.B.age discrimination is quite common in hiring process.C.the author collected information by interviewing female applicants.D.female applicants who are 50 years old will never

57、have a chance to get a job.问题3选项A.The increase of age discrimination.B.The decrease of age discrimination.C.The decrease of opportunity cost to lawsuits.D.The increase of opportunity cost to lawsuits.问题4选项A.employers could specify the ages of people they want to hire in the past.B.all employers recr

58、uited workers through advertisement in the past.C.legislation prohibiting discrimination cant free old workers from age discrimination.D.the recent proposed congressional legislation is ineffective.问题5选项A.pessimisticB.partialC.objectiveD.doubtful【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段

59、最后一句cases hiring discrimination often go undetected（雇佣歧视的案例往往没有被发现。），接下来第三段说明了没有被发现的原因，由第三段第二句For the most part, other groups do not sue because the costs of a lawsuit outweigh the potential benefits.（在大多数情况下，其他团体不会起诉，因为诉讼的成本超过了潜在的利益。）可知，很多年龄歧视的案例没有被发现是因为人们没有起诉，而且起诉的成本高于利益。因此D选项“许多受歧视的人不起诉，而且诉讼的成本超过

60、了潜在的利益。”正确。A选项“年龄歧视法最近刚刚出台”，文中没有具体说年龄歧视法出台的时间，所以A错误。B选项“除了白人，其他受歧视的群体不起诉”，文章说的是大多数提起诉讼的都是白人，而不是其他群体不起诉，所以B错误。C选项“年龄歧视案件数量庞大，很难全部发现”，根据文章第二段第二句While this number is small given the number of workers covered by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act（考虑到就业年龄歧视法所涵盖的工人人数，这个数字很小）可知年龄歧视案件的数量并不多，所以C错误。2.客观

61、细节题。由题干关键词“labor market experiment in Boston”可以定位到文章第四段，由第四段第一句There is strong experimental evidence for age discrimination in hiring, at least for entry-level jobs.（有强有力的实验证据表明，在招聘中存在年龄歧视，至少在入门级工作中是如此。）可知，年龄歧视在招聘过程中很普遍。因此B选项“年龄歧视在招聘过程中很常见。”正确。A选项“年轻的男性求职者比女性求职者更有可能被录用”，文章说的是年龄歧视，而不是性别歧视，所以A错误。C选项“作

62、者通过面试女性申请者收集信息”，作者是通过投递女性求职者的简历来做调查，而不是面试女性，所以C错误。D选项“50岁的女性应聘者将永远没有机会得到工作”，文章说的是年轻的求职者比50岁以上的求职者接到面试通知的可能性高，而不是50岁的女性永远找不到工作，所以D错误。3.推理判断题。由题干关键词“high unemployment”可以定位到文章第五段最后一句In times of higher unemployment, the opportunity cost to a lawsuit is lower than it is when times are good.（在高失业率时期，诉讼的机会

63、成本比经济景气时要低。），说明高失业率时期诉讼成本降低会导致诉讼案件增加。因此C选项“诉讼的机会成本降低。”正确。A选项“年龄歧视的增加”，B选项“年龄歧视的减少”，根据第五段第二句but this finding by itself does not indicate an increased level of age discrimination.（但这一发现本身并不表明年龄歧视水平的增加）可知诉讼案件的增加和年龄歧视的多少无关，所以A，B错误。D选项“诉讼的机会成本增加”和C选项是相反的，所以D错误。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段，由最后一段第一句Not many peop

64、le would suggest that we go back to a world prior to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, in which advertisements specify the specific ages of people they are willing to hire.（没有多少人会建议我们回到就业年龄歧视法出台之前的时代，在那个时代，招聘广告会明确指出他们愿意雇佣的人的具体年龄。）可知，在过去雇主可以指定他们想雇佣的人的年龄。因此A选项“过去的雇主可以指定他们想雇佣的人的年龄。”正确。B选项“过去所有的雇主都是通过广告招聘工人的”，在文中没有提及，所以B错误。C选项“禁止歧视的立法不能使老年工人免受年龄歧视”，根据最后一段最后一句The recent proposed congressional legislation coul