2022年考博英语-外交学院考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷15（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-外交学院考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题A court later reduced the cordon to 200 meters from the（ ）fence.问题1选项A.perimeterB.parameterC.diameterD.circumference【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项perimeter“周长（可以指任何形状的周长）；周界；视野计”；B选项parameter“参数；系数；参量”；C选项diameter“直径；径；通径；外径”；D选项circumference“圆周；周长（主要指圆或椭圆的周长）；胸围”。句意：后来法

2、庭决定将警戒线范围缩小至距离围栏200米处。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题The pomp and ceremony with which President Barack Obama will host Indias Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at a White House-state dinner on Tuesday wont alter a perception in India that it has lost ground to China in the new Administrations Asia policy. Many in New De

3、lhi saw Obamas performance last week in Beijing as acquiescent toward an emboldened Beijing, New Delhis longtime regional rival. And they see India having a diminished role in the economic and geopolitical calculations of Obamas White Houseat least in comparison to the centrality it enjoyed in the B

4、ush Administrations Asia policy.They may have winced at his blunders in Iraq and elsewhere, but many Indians welcomed President Bushs embrace, which strengthened ties between the worlds largest democracies to an unprecedented degree after decades of Cold War estrangement. Singh faced opposition at h

5、ome from parties skeptical of close ties with the U.S., but staked his political reputation on the growing relationshiphis government was almost deposed by parties of the left protesting a nucleartechnology deal he concluded with the Bush Administration.“Under Bush, India was being encouraged to be

6、an Asian power,” says Brahma Chellaney, professor of strategic studies at the Centre for Policy Research, a New Delhi-based think tank. Implicit in the Bush agenda was the idea of helping a rising India become a democratic bulwark against authoritarian China. “Now” says Chellaney, “Obama sees things

7、 through a different prism.”One example of the change has been the Obama Administrations scrapping of what had been known as the quadrilateral initiative, a loose alliance between Washington and three other prominent democracies in the regionIndia, Japan and Australiathat staged joint naval exercise

8、s in 2008. China saw the initiative as designed to create a security bloc to contain it, and in the interests of improving relations with Beijing, Obama has declined to pursue it.Indian analysts believe Obamas foreign policy team mostly thinks of India in the context of other regional challenges, pa

9、rticularly the deteriorating situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan. China, with its booming economy and position as Americas primary creditor, now carries far more weight in U.S. calculations. “The ground reality is India at the moment does not count for the U.S. in the same way that China and Pakis

10、tan do,” says Bahukutumbi Raman, a former top Indian intelligence official and head of the Centre for Topical Studies in Chennai.Part of the price for that new reality, many in India believe, is a downgrading of their own concerns. Singh will be in the U.S. on the anniversary of last years Mumbai te

11、rror attacks, traditional ties to Pakistans military intelligence organization, the ISI. But while Obama and his Afghanistan envoy, Richard Holbrooke, have urged India to make concessions on the decades-old Kashmir dispute in order to help Washingtons efforts to persuade the Pakistanis to focus more

12、 resources on fighting the Taliban, little has been done to coerce Pakistan to crack down on extremist groups using its territory as a base for targeting India. The agenda for Singhs visit includes talks on boosting intelligence and counterterrorism efforts, but India remains unwilling to broach Kas

13、hmir with Pakistan until Islamabad demonstrates a commitment to crack down on jihadist groups in its midst.More troubling for the Indians than the Obama Administrations prioritizing of Afghanistan was a paragraph in the joint statement released during the Presidents Beijing visit: it welcomed Chines

14、e involvement in South Asia and spoke of Beijings ability to “promote peace, stability and development in that region.” In New Delhi, this was read as a sign of U.S. acceptance of China viewing South AsiaIndias neighborhoodas part of its own sphere of influence. Chellaney saw the statement as a “ret

15、urn to a kind of Cold War thinking where two great powers can dictate terms to a lesser one.” Chinas long-standing border disputes with India, and its building up of the Pakistani military, makes many in New Delhi reluctant to welcome Beijing as a benign presence. Indeed, some fear India is being en

16、circled by Chinese listening posts and bases around the Indian Ocean. And when tensions spiked last month over China pressing its claim to territory inside India, the U.S. remained silent. Indias government insists theres room enough for both India and China to peacefully emerge as world powers, and

17、 Singh has made no complaints about the change in atmosphere in Washington. His visit, he insists, is simply an opportunity “to renew the partnership.” Itll look to formalize elements of the nuclear deal penned last year, which grants India access to a range of technologies that it had previously be

18、en blocked from acquiring. Measures will also be taken to expand trade, promote educational links and boost cooperation on research into vaccines. The two sides are also expected to sound the right notes on climate change without making any substantial commitments.Despite their concerns about recent

19、 developments in the relationship, many in India are confident in their countrys long-term ties with the U.S. More than 3-million people of Indian origin now live in the U.S., while Indians comprise the biggest pool of foreign students in American universities, and wealthy Indian professionals are c

20、reating an increasingly effective India lobby in Washington. “India may not be the top priority now” says Raman, “but theres no reason why it wont be in the future.”1. How did the Indians perceive Obamas Asian Policy?2. Why does Obama choose not to pursue the quadrilateral initiative?3. For the Indi

21、a government, what would be the downside of Obamas Asian policy?4. How does the Indian government interpret the joint statement released during Obamas visit in Beijing?5 .Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the passage?问题1选项A.They believed the Obama Administration appreciated the f

22、act that Beijing was becoming bolder.B.They believed India lost its central place in the Bush Administration and Obama further diminished its role.C.They thought Obama was trying to further strain the relations between China and India, the two long time regional rivals.D.They were worrying that Indi

23、a was slighted by the Obama Administration.问题2选项A.Because the Obama Administration believes China should be included in the alliance.B.Because the Obama Administration believes the joint naval exercises in 2008 posed a threat and thus irritated China.C.Because in Obamas Asian policy, Beijing outweig

24、hs India.D.Because the Obama Administration does not take India as a regional power but rather an element in the pursuit of regional peace.问题3选项A.India will lose support from the U.S. in many issues of its major concern.B.The long-standing border disputes between India and China would not be solved

25、in the near future.C.India would face more problems cracking down terrorism supported by Pakistan.D.India would feel powerless in containing China.问题4选项A.A Cold War would break out between India and China.B.China would exert her influence to South Asian countries, including India.C.The U.S. and Chin

26、a would jointly contain India which is an emerging power.D.Pakistan would get more support from China and the U.S.问题5选项A.Some Indian analysts are optimistic about the Indian-US relations.B.Like the Bush Administration, the Obama Administration takes both China and India as rising powers.C.The Obama

27、Administration prioritizes Afghanistan and Pakistan in its Asian policy.D.Singhs visit is to, among others, expand trade, boost intelligence and counter terrorism efforts and negotiate with the Obama Administration about the future role of India in American Asian policy.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A

28、【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段的最后一句话“And they see India having a diminished role in the economic and geopolitical calculations of Obamas White Houseat least in comparison to the centrality it enjoyed in the Bush Administrations Asia policy.（他们还认为，印度在奥巴马白宫的经济和地缘政治计算中的作用正在减弱，至少与它在布什政府的亚洲政策中所享有的中心地位相比是如此。）”

29、，由此可推断出印度人担心被美国轻视。A选项“他们认为奥巴马政府意识到北京正在变得更加大胆”；B选项“他们认为印度在布什政府中失去了中心地位，奥巴马进一步削弱了它的作用”；C选项“他们认为奥巴马是在试图进一步加剧中国和印度这两个长期的地区竞争对手之间的关系”；D选项“他们担心印度被奥巴马政府轻视”。因此D选项正确。2.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“the Obama Administrations scrapping of what had been known as the quadrilateral initiative（奥巴马政府取消了所谓的四方倡议）”和“China saw t

30、he initiative as designed to create a security bloc to contain it, and in the interests of improving relations with Beijing, Obama has declined to pursue it.（中国认为这一举措旨在建立一个安全集团来遏制中国，为了改善与北京的关系，奥巴马拒绝推行这一举措。）”，由此可推断出奥巴马放弃四方倡议是因为激怒了中国。A选项“因为奥巴马政府认为，中国应该加入该联盟”；B选项“因为奥巴马政府认为2008年的联合海军演习对中国构成了威胁，因此激怒了中国”；

31、C选项“因为在奥巴马的亚洲政策中，北京比印度重要”；D选项“因为奥巴马政府不把印度当作一个地区大国，而是在追求地区和平的一个因素”。因此B选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第六段“But while Obama and his Afghanistan envoy, Richard Holbrooke, have urged India to make concessions on the decades-old Kashmir dispute in order to help Washingtons efforts to persuade the Pakistanis to foc

32、us more resources on fighting the Taliban, little has been done to coerce Pakistan to crack down on extremist groups using its territory as a base for targeting India.（但是，尽管奥巴马和他的阿富汗特使理查德霍尔布鲁克敦促印度在克什米尔争端问题上做出让步，以帮助华盛顿说服巴基斯坦将更多资源集中在打击塔利班上，在迫使巴基斯坦打击以其领土为基地以印度为目标的极端组织方面，几乎没有采取什么行动。）”，由此可推断出印度和巴基斯坦之间将面临

33、更多问题。A选项“印度将在其主要关注的许多问题上失去美国的支持”；B选项“印度和中国之间长期存在的边界争端不会在近期得到解决”；C选项“印度打击巴基斯坦支持的恐怖主义将面临更多问题”；D选项“印度将感到无力遏制中国”，因此C选项正确。4.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第七段“this was read as a sign of U.S. acceptance of China viewing South AsiaIndias neighborhoodas part of its own sphere of influence.（这被解读为美国接受中国将南亚和印度的邻国视为自己势力范围的一部分

34、。）”，由此可推断出中国将会对南亚国家施加影响。A选项“印度和中国之间将爆发冷战”；B选项“中国将对南亚国家施加影响，包括印度”；C选项“美国和中国将联合遏制印度这个新兴大国”；D选项“巴基斯坦将从中国和美国获得更多支持”。因此B选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“India may not be the top priority nowbut theres no reason why it wont be in the future.（印度现在可能不是最优先考虑的国家但没有理由未来不会。）”，由此可知印度人对印美未来的关系仍持乐观态度。因此A选项“一些印度分析人士对印美关

35、系持乐观态度”正确。B选项“和布什政府一样，奥巴马政府把中国和印度都视为正在崛起的大国”；C选项“奥巴马政府在其亚洲政策中优先考虑阿富汗和巴基斯坦”；D选项“辛格此行的目的包括扩大贸易、加强情报工作和反恐努力，以及与奥巴马政府就印度未来在美国亚洲政策中所扮演的角色进行谈判”说法都有误，因此A选项正确。3. 单选题A rapid means of long distance transportation became a necessity for the United States settlement spread ever farther westward. The early train

36、s were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safer, effective stopping system.Once these were solved, the railroad was establis

37、hed as the best means of land transportation. By 1860s there were thousands of miles or railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the f

38、irst transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with Pacific. The Government helped the railroad

39、s generously with money and land. Actual work on this project from California used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1896 they met at place called Promontory i

40、n what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parade and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up

41、industry and fanning by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.1. The major problems with Americas railroad system in the mid-19th century lay in（ ）.2. The building of the first transc

42、ontinental system（ ）.3. The best title for this passage would be（ ）.4. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took（ ）.5. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?问题1选项A.poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systemsB.lack of financial support for developmen

43、tC.limited railroad linesD.lack of transcontinental railroad问题2选项A.brought about a rapid growth of industry and fanning in the westB.attracted many visitors to the construction sitesC.attracted labors form EuropeD.encouraged people to travel all over the country问题3选项A.settlements spread westwardB.th

44、e coast-to-coast railroad: a vital linkC.American railroad historyD.the importance of railroads in the American economy问题4选项A.9 yearsB.7 yearsC.4 yearsD.3 years问题5选项A.The possibility of government support for such a task.B.The need to explore Utah.C.The need to connect the east coast with the west.D

45、.The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干定位到文中第一段最后两句话“The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails ab

46、le to bear the load, and the development of a safer, effective stopping system.（早期的火车都是些不切实际的玩意，在很长一段时间里，铁路公司都遇到了一些机械问题。最严重的问题是建造能承受荷载的轨道，以及开发更安全、更有效的刹车系统。）”，由此可知是火车铁轨质量不好，刹车系统还有待完善。A选项“铁路质量差，刹车系统不可靠”正确；B选项“缺乏对发展的财政支持”；C选项“有限铁路线路”和D选项“缺乏横贯大陆的铁路”文中都没有提到，因此A选项正确。2.细节事实题。由题干可定位到文中第三段倒数第二、三句话“In 1896 th

47、ey met at place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion.（1896年，两组人在现在的犹他州的海角相遇。许多游客为了这一盛事来到那里。）”由此可知人们为了看两组工队的相遇来到了施工现场。A选项“导致了西方工业和农业的迅速发展”文中没有提到；B选项“吸引了许多游客到建筑工地”正确；C选项“吸引欧洲的劳动力”和D选项“鼓励人们到全国各地旅游”文中都没有提到，因此B选项正确。3.主旨大意题。本文第一段讲述了早期美国铁路遇到的问题

48、，第二段主要讲述了解决这些问题后美国铁路路线变多，第三段主要讲述了美国第一条贯穿大陆的铁路建设，第四段主要讲述该铁路的作用，由此可知本文主要讲述了美国铁路交通的发展。A选项“西方世界殖民扩张”；B选项“海岸到海岸的铁路重要的连接”和D选项“铁路在美国经济中的重要性”都没有C选项“美国的铁路历史”更符合文章大意，因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第三段第二句话“In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from Califo

49、rnia eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with Pacific.（1862年国会授权两家西部铁路公司修建从内布拉斯加州往西和加州往东汇合的铁路，以便建成横穿大陆连接大西洋海岸和太平洋的十字路口。）”和第三段的倒数第三句话“In 1896 they met at place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah.（1896年，他们在现在的犹他州的海角相遇

50、。）”，由此可知，该贯穿大陆的铁路从修建到完成共花了7年时间。因此B选项正确。5.判断推理题。由题干定位到文章最后一段“The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and fanning by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it he

51、lped unify the United States.（这条铁路在鼓励西进运动方面起了非常重要的作用。它还通过运输原材料和将产品迅速分销到遥远的市场，帮助建立了工业和农业。它把城镇和人们联系在一起，帮助统一了美国。）”，由此可推断出该公路是为了在全国各地建立四通八达的铁路网，发展各地经济。A选项“政府支持这样一项任务的可能性”与文章关系不大；B选项“探索犹他州的需要”弱化了该公路的作用；C选项“连接东海岸和西海岸的需要。”正确；D选项“在西部发展铁路工业的需要”文章没有提到，因此C选项正确。4. 单选题His trial is fixed for next week, but he has

52、 been allowed out on（ ）.问题1选项A.paroleB.leaveC.bailD.perjury【答案】C【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项on parole“被假释；假释”；B选项on leave“休假；在休假中；放假”；C选项on bail“保释；保释中”；D选项perjury“伪证；伪证罪；背信弃义”，没有on perjury这个说法。bail与parole的区别：在欧美，被告如果没有逃亡或串供之虞，法官常常裁定保释，类似于我国的取保候审；假释是指已经在服刑的犯人，如果服完了最低刑期标准，同时在狱中表现良好，经假释审查委员会评估通过，就可以提早出狱。句意：他的审判定在下周

53、，但他已获准保释。5. 单选题The Republican landslide in the 2010 mid-terms swept a new breed of conservative zealot into office, destroying the middle ground and making legislating next to impossible.问题1选项A.sensationB.teeteringC.fanaticD.prod【答案】C【解析】考查同义名词辨析。A选项sensation“感觉，轰动，感动”；B选项teeter“跷跷板，摇摆不定”；C选项fanatic

54、“狂热入迷者，狂热分子，盲信者”；D选项prod“戳，捅，刺戳的工具，刺激，提醒”。句意：共和党在2010年中期选举中取得压倒性胜利，将一批新一代的保守狂热分子推上了白宫，摧毁了中间立场，使得立法几乎不可能。Zealot“狂热者，犹太教狂热信徒”，C选项与该词意思最相近，因此C选项正确。6. 单选题What is most important to the monkeys in the sanctuary is that they are a group; this is so because primates are inveterately（ ）and build their lives

55、around each other.问题1选项A.independentB.proprietaryC.socialD.stable【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项independent“独立的；单独的；无党派的；不受约束的”；B选项proprietary“专卖的，专营的；所有的，所有权的”；C选项social“社会的，社交的；群居的”；D选项stable“稳定的，牢固的；稳重的，沉稳的；持久的”。句意：对于禁猎区的猴子而言，最重要的一点是它们是一个群体；这之所以如此，是因为灵长目动物具有一种根深蒂固的群居习性，均围绕着对方而营造其生活。7. 单选题The biggest problem

56、 facing Chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it is at the end of the earth. It is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a relatively cheap half-days flight away from the big tourist markets, unlike Mexi

57、co, for example.Chile, therefore, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince travelers that it is worth coining halfway round the world to visit. But it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the USA and Western. Europe but in new territories, in particular the Far East. Mark

58、ets closer to home, however, are not being forgotten. More than 50% of visitors to Chile still come from its nearest neighbor, Argentina, where the cost of living is much higher.Like all South American countries, Chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency, although it has been far m

59、ore serious than most in promoting its image abroad. Relatively stable politic ally within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. In Peru, guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in Brazil has reduced

60、the attraction of Rio de Janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners.More than 150,000 people are directly involved in Chiles tourist sector, an industry which earns the country more than US$950 million each year The state-run National Tourism Service, in partnership with a number of private compa

61、nies, is currently running a world-wide campaign, taking part in trade fairs, and international events to attract visitors to Chile.Chiles great strength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. From the parched Atacama Desert in the north to the Antarctic snowfields of the south, it

62、is more than 5,000km long. With the Pacific on one side and the Andean mountains on the other, Chile boasts natural attractions. Its beaches are not up to Caribbean standards but resorts such as Vina del Mar are generally clean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services.But the trump card is

63、the Andes mountain range. There are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hours drive of the capital, Santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. The parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the technical

64、ly difficult peaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in the regions rivers.However, infrastructural development in these areas is limited. The ski resorts do not have as many lifts as their European counterparts and the poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most determined travelers see the best of the national parks.Air links between Chile and the rest of the world are, at present, relatively poor. While Chiles two largest airlines have extensive networks w