2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷69（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 填空题The subject of food, like all topics in which the human race has a large and inescapable interest, is something but a simple piece of business. Cooking and eating give rise to a great many horror tales and strange behavior. A B C D【答案】B something but改为anyt

2、hing but【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】anything but意思为“根本不，绝不”，这里指的是食物不是一件简单的事情。【句意】食物这个话题，就像所有人类有宏大而不可回避的兴趣话题一样，绝不是一件简单的事情。做饭和吃饭引申出许多恐怖故事和怪异行为。2. 填空题We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the factthat children develop at different rates. It can have a bad

3、effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite A B Cdiscouraged to be at the bottom of the top Grade! D【答案】D discouraged改为discouraging【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】discouraged的意思为“沮丧的，气馁的”，指的是人自己的感受，discouraging的意思为“使人沮丧的，令人气馁的”，指的是某个事物令人沮丧，这里指的是倒数第一这件事令人沮丧，因此D部分应为“discouragi

4、ng”。【句意】我们认为把学生按成绩分班有很多弊端。这没有考虑到儿童发展的速度不同这一事实。这对聪明的孩子和不那么聪明的孩子都有消极的影响。毕竟，在高手如云的班级中倒数第一这件事，相当令人沮丧！3. 单选题To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to f

5、ollow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do.”Look at it from the childs point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain cert

6、ain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to att

7、ain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietl

8、y. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to mai

9、ntain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If

10、 the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some peopl

11、e as models over a wide range of situation, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.1. For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is _.2. Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also

12、learn to _.3. Children tend to imitate their models _.4. “An identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person _.问题1选项A.the need to find an authorityB.the need to find a way to achieve the desired resultC.the need for more affection from his parentsD.the desire to meet the standards of his social gro

13、up问题2选项A.behave properlyB.attain his goal as soon as possibleC.show his affection for his parentsD.talk quietly问题3选项A.who do not criticize themB.who bring them unexpected rewardsC.whom they want to be likeD.whose social status is high问题4选项A.who serves as a model for othersB.who is always successfulC

14、.who can be depended uponD.who has been rewarded for his success【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is _. 对孩子来说，模仿式学习的第一个因素是_。A. the need to find an authority A. 需要找到权威B. the need to find a way to achieve the desired result B. 需要找到达到预期结果的方

15、法C. the need for more affection from his parents C. 需要从父母那里得到更多的爱D. the desire to meet the standards of his social group D. 希望达到所在的社会群体的标准【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词first element定位到第三段第一句，该处讲到“还有第二个因素在起作用（second element）”，推测第一因素在第二段，结合第二段第三、四句，该处讲到“他在寻求（seeking）一种能达到特定目的的反应（gain certain ends）他观察到

16、（observes）一个似乎能够得到正确结果（right result）的模型。”，可知模仿式学习的第一个因素是需要达到自己想要的结果，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“需要找到权威”：对应第二段最后一句，该处讲到“孩子们会寻找一个权威人士（authority）或专家来告诉他们该做什么（what to do）”，可知寻求权威的建议是是方法，而不是原因，属于偷换概念；C选项“需要从父母那里得到更多的爱”：对应第三段倒数第三句，该处讲到“当父母喜欢他的反应时（when his parents like his response），他会得到更多的爱（affection）和认可。”，这是属于第二因

17、素的内容，而非第一因素，属于张冠李戴；D选项“希望达到所在的社会群体的标准”：对应第三段最后一句，该处讲到“如果一个人想得到他人的持续支持和维持自己的自尊（support of others and his own self-respect），他必须以社会群体认可的方式回应（responses his social group approves）。”，这是属于第二因素的内容，而非第一因素，属于张冠李戴。第2题:【选项释义】Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to _. 除了达到他想要的结果，一个

18、孩子还应该学会_。A. behave properly A. 行为恰当B. attain his goal as soon as possible B. 尽快实现目标C. show his affection for his parents C. 对父母表达爱D. talk quietly D. 小声说话【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第三段第四、五、六句，该处讲到“解决任何客观问题（solve any objective situation）的愿望就变成了正确解决问题（solve it properly）的愿望。孩子早期学到的一件事是，当父母喜欢他的反应时，他会得到更多

19、的爱和认可。然后其他成年人奖励一些行为，批评其他行为。”，可知除了达到希望的结果，还需要行为恰当，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“尽快实现目标”：对应第三段第二句，该处讲到“孩子可能会达到他的即时目标（immediate goal），却发现他的方法受到了其观察者的批评。”，这里表达的是孩子在实现当下想要实现的目标时，如果方式不符合社会标准，会受到批评，并没有鼓励孩子尽快实现目标，属于偷换概念；C选项“对父母表达爱”：文中没有提到对父母表达爱意，属于无中生有；D选项“轻言细语”：对应第三段第三句，该处讲到“他应该走到隔壁房间，小声说话（say his say quietly）”，这是针对吵

20、闹的孩子说的，而不是所有的孩子，属于以偏概全。第3题:【选项释义】Children tend to imitate their models _. 孩子们倾向于模仿_的榜样。A. who do not criticize them A. 不批评他们B. who bring them unexpected rewards B. 给他们带来了意想不到的回报C. whom they want to be like C. 他们想要与之相像D. whose social status is high D. 社会地位高【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词imitate their

21、models定位到第四段第二、三句，该处讲到“他模仿那些看起来不错的人（seems a good person）如果一个学生想成为一名优秀的小提琴家（wants to be a good violinist），他会观察和模仿（observe and try to copy）优秀演奏者（capable players）的技巧。”，可知孩子们倾向于模仿有自己想要的品质的人，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“不批评他们”：文中没有提到模仿不批评他们的人，属于无中生有；B选项“给他们带来了意想不到的回报”：文中没有提到给他们带来意外回报的人，属于无中生有；D选项“社会地位高”：对应第四段第二句，该

22、处讲到“他模仿那些看起来不错的人，而不是那些他希望避免其社会身份的人（whose social status he wishes to avoid）。”，这里表达的是孩子会模仿自己想成为的、具有某个社会身份的人，而不是模仿社会地位高的人，属于偷换概念。第4题:【选项释义】“An identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person _. “标志性人物”（第5段）是指_的人。A. who serves as a model for others A. 为他人树立榜样B. who is always successful B. 总是成功C. who ca

23、n be depended upon C. 可以信赖D. who has been rewarded for his success D. 因他的成功而获益【答案】A【考查点】语义推断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词An identifying figure定位到第五段第一句，该处讲到“对某一品质的崇拜（Admiration of one quality）往往会使我们对一个人的整体产生崇拜（admire a person as a whole），而这个人也就成为了_。”，结合该段第二句“很大程度地模仿（imitating much）他们所做的”，可知横线处是指对某个人有崇拜之情，并且模仿他，因

24、此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“总是成功”：对应第五段第一句“对某一品质的崇拜（Admiration of one quality）往往会使我们对一个人的整体产生崇拜”和最后一句“因为模仿他们会通向成功的道路（leads to success）”，不是因为他们总是成功而模仿他们，而是因为模仿他们的优秀品质会带来成功，属于偷换概念；C选项“可以信赖”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；D选项“因他的成功而获益”：对应文章最后一句，该处讲到“因为模仿他们会通向成功的道路（leads to success）”，通过模仿他们，自己可能会成功，而不是因为他们的成功自己获得直接的好处，属于偷换概念。4. 填

25、空题Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer even the best players miss the goal and have their shots to be blocked much more frequently than they score. A B C D【答案】C to be blocked改为blocked【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】have sth. done表示某事已经被做完，have

26、 sth. to be done表示有些事情等着被做，这里射门被挡住的动作已经完成，此题正确用法为have their shots blocked。【句意】发明和创新几乎总是来自于艰苦的试验和错误。创新就像足球，即使是最优秀的球员也会失球，他们的射门被挡出的次数远远超过他们进球的次数。5. 翻译题Most people would agree that, although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom. But agreemen

27、t ceases as soon as we attempt to define “wisdom” and consider means of promoting it.There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of them I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach each its due weigh. This ha

28、s become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of techniques. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is likely to absorb the whole of your mind. You have no time to cons

29、ider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed in enormously lowering the infant death-rate in the world. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the parts of the world

30、 that have the greatest populations. To take an even more dramatic example, you study the makeup of the atom from a disinterested (无利害关系的) desire for knowledge, and by chance place in the hands of a powerful mad man the means of destroying the human race.Therefore, with every increase of knowledge a

31、nd skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments our capacity for realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise.【答案】【参考译文】大多数人会认同，虽然我们现在的时代在知识方面超过了以前的任何一个时代，但在智慧方面并没有相应的增长。但是，一旦我们试图给智慧下定义并想办法提升智慧，达成一致的意见就不复存在。有几个因素有助于增长智慧。其中

32、，我首先要讲的是一种比例感，即在一个问题中考虑到所有重要因素，并给予每个因素应有的份量的能力。这比过去更加困难，因为各种技术需要更加广泛和复杂的专业知识。例如，假设你正在参与医学科学的研究，这工作很可能需要你全身心投入，你没有时间考虑你的发现或发明在医学领域之外可能产生的影响。你大幅度地降低了世界上婴儿的死亡率，这也造成了完全意想不到的结果：世界上人口最多的地区粮食供应不足，生活水平降低。再举一个更生动的例子，你研究原子的组成是出于对知识的渴望，无关利害，却无意中让势力强大、又丧心病狂的人掌握了毁灭人类的方法。因此，随着知识和技能的每一次增长，智慧就变得越发必要，因为知识和技能的每一次增长都会

33、提高我们实现目标的能力。因此，如果我们动机不纯，也会提高我们作恶的能力。6. 填空题Animal behavior was studied as a discipline on its own, and human behavior was studied similarly inrelatively isolation. However, behavioral traits in animals and in humans may under certaincircumstances have profound effects on A B Cbreeding patterns and ma

34、te selection. D【答案】B relatively改为relative【解析】【考查点】定语。【解题思路】在B部分中，isolation“孤立状态”是名词，应该用形容词作为定语修饰名词，所以此处应为relative“相比较而言的”。【句意】动物行为是作为一门独立的学科来研究的，人类行为也是在相对孤立的环境中研究的。然而，在某些情况下，动物和人类的行为特征可能会对繁殖模式和配偶选择产生深远的影响。7. 填空题The family is a cooperative enterprise which it is difficult to lay down rules, because e

35、ach family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. A B C D【答案】A which改为where或for which【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】it is difficult to lay down rules是修饰enterprise的定语从句，enterprise表示地点，所以可以用where引导。结合固定句型It is difficult for sb. to do sth.，此题为for enterprise，在这里for which相当于where。【句意】家庭是合作式企业，很难

36、制定规则，因为每个家庭都需要找到适合自己的办法来解决属于自己的问题。8. 填空题In the 8th century gigaku fell into disfavor because its frivolous (愚蠢的) character _ the Japanese rulers of the period. (please)【答案】displeased【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】because引导原因状语从句，横线处为谓语动词。根据时间8th century，可知句子时态为一般过去时。这里指的是伎乐愚蠢可笑的特点让统治者_，因此伎乐不受欢迎，displease的意思为“使恼怒

37、，使生气，使不悦”，符合语境，其过去式为displeased。【句意】在8世纪，伎乐因其愚蠢可笑的特点，当时的日本统治者听了不悦，因此不受欢迎。9. 填空题For most people the sea was remote, and for the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to askwhat lay ben

38、eath the surface. A B C D【答案】A for the exception of改为with the exception of【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】with the exception of为固定搭配，意思为“除了以外”，for the exception of用法错误，因此A部分应为with the exception of。【句意】除了一些洲际旅行者和以大海为生的人，对于大多数人来说，大海远在天边，没有什么必要问太多关于大海的问题，更别说思考海底的东西了。10. 单选题When a consumer finds that an item she or

39、 he bought is faulty or in some other way does not （1）the manufacturers claim for it, the first step is to（2）the warranty (保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will（3）results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer ma

40、y use to gain satisfaction.A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the “higher up” the consumer takes his or her（4）, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumers（5）, assumi

41、ng he or she has a just claim.Consumers should complain（6）whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is（7）to phone or write the complaint in a letter.Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can（8）what is

42、wrong with the item（9）. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information（10）what is wrong, rather than by making（11） statements. For example, “The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear” is better than “This ste

43、reo does not work”.The store manager may（12）the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the（13）result, the consumer can go a step（14）. She or he can（15）to take t

44、he seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers rights.问题1选项A.make up forB.live up toC.look forward toD.take account of问题2选项A.claimB.furnishC.presentD.reserve问题3选项A.obtainB.revealC.achieveD.produce问题4选项A.complaintB.measureC.reactionD.o

45、bjection问题5选项A.requestB.approvalC.pleasureD.favor问题6选项A.in personB.in advanceC.in detailD.in action问题7选项A.attainableB.accurateC.acceptableD.apparent问题8选项A.illustrateB.demonstrateC.exhibitD.challenge问题9选项A.in inquiryB.in debateC.in questionD.in conflict问题10选项A.as toB.likeC.forD.against问题11选项A.directB

46、.multipleC.complexD.general问题12选项A.enableB.introduceC.adviseD.permit问题13选项A.supposedB.desiredC.proposedD.assumed问题14选项A.aheadB.forwardC.alongD.further问题15选项A.accuseB.complainC.threatenD.condemn【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D第6题:A第7题:C第8题:B第9题:C第10题:A第11题:D第12题:C第13题:B第14题:D第15题:C【解析】第1题:【选项释义】A. make

47、up for 补偿，弥补 B. live up to 达到C. look forward to 期待；盼望 D. take account of 考虑到，顾及【答案】B【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】横线处和the manufacturers claim构成动宾搭配关系，结合关键词or，可知faulty和这里并列，指的是商品质量有问题，也就是说，商品没有达到制造商要求的标准，live up to符合逻辑关系，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均不符合相应的逻辑关系。【句意】当消费者发现购买的商品有缺陷，或在某些方面不符合制造商的要求时。第2题:【选项释义】A. claim 要求（拥有

48、），索取，认领 B. furnish 向（某人/某事物）供应，提供C. present 提出，提交（展示或提供某物给别人看或考虑） D. reserve 保留，贮备【答案】C【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】根据关键词or，可知warranty和records表示并列，并且和横线处构成动宾搭配关系，指的是发现商品有质量问题时，就把保单或在店的消费记录给相关的工作人员看，从而维护权益，present符合逻辑关系，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项指的是索要保单，这是在购买商品而非在投诉的时候做的事，不符合语境；B选项指的是供应某物，没有给别人看的意思，不是最佳答案；D选项指的是保留，在投诉的时候

49、应该把保单拿出来，而不是放在自己这里，不符合语境。【句意】当消费者发现购买的商品有缺陷，或在某些方面不符合制造商的要求时，第一步是提交保单保修，或其他任何可能有用的在店的消费记录。第3题:【选项释义】A. obtain （尤指经努力）获得，赢得 B. reveal 揭示，显示，透露C. achieve （凭长期努力）达到（某目标、地位、标准） D. produce 引起，导致，使产生【答案】D【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】横线处和results构成动宾搭配关系，指的是行动了就会有相应的效果，这个商品的质量问题会得到处理，produce符合语境，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项和C选项强调经过

50、努力，这里只是打出保修单和消费记录，算不上努力，不符合语境；B选项指的是揭示，这里不是揭示结果，而是得到某个结果，不符合语境。【句意】在大多数情况下，这个行动会产生成效。第4题:【选项释义】A. complaint 埋怨，投诉，控告 B. measure 措施，方法C. reaction 反应，回应 D. objection 反对的理由，反对【答案】A【考查点】主题词复现。【解题思路】这篇文章讲的是如果购买的产品遇到问题，在按照常规方法维权无果的情况下，可以进行投诉，这也对应上一句说的直接向商店经理投诉，也就是complaint，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合文章内容。【

51、句意】一般来说，消费者的投诉越强烈，就能期待问题越快地得到解决。第5题:【选项释义】A. request （正式或礼貌的）要求，请求 （at ones request 按照某人的要求） B. approval 赞成，同意（in approval 表示赞同）C. pleasure （at ones pleasure 根据某人的意愿） D. favor （in ones favor 有利于某人，有助于某人）【答案】D【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】in the consumers _是固定搭配，根据各个选项单词的用法，结合这里讲的是正当的投诉会得到妥善的处理，favor放进来符合语境，因此D选项正确。

52、【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均不符合搭配。【句意】如果消费者提出的要求是正当的，在这种情况下，通常就会对消费者有利。第6题:【选项释义】A. in person 亲自 B. in advance 预先，提前C. in detail 详细地 D. in action 起作用，在活动【答案】A【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】根据关键词but，可知complain _和cannot get to the place of purchase是转折关系，所以前面应该讲的是get to the place of purchase，也就是本人到店投诉，in person符合逻辑关系，因此A选项正确。【干扰项

53、排除】B、C、D选项均不符合相应的逻辑关系。【句意】消费者应尽可能亲自投诉，但如果他们不能到购物地点第7题:【选项释义】A. attainable 可达到的，可获得的 B. accurate 正确无误的C. acceptable 可接受的 D. apparent 显而易见的，明白易懂的【答案】C【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】根据关键词but，可知句子前后表示转折，whenever possible对应横线处，也就是说尽可能采取第一种方式投诉，要是不行，第二种方式也可以，acceptable符合逻辑关系，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均不符合相应的逻辑关系。【句意】消费者应尽可能

54、亲自投诉，但如果他们不能到购物地点，也可以打电话或写信投诉。第8题:【选项释义】A. illustrate （用示例、图画等）说明，解释 B. demonstrate 证明，证实C. exhibit 展览 D. challenge 对怀疑（或质疑），拒绝接受【答案】B【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】横线所在内容和what is wrong with the item构成动宾搭配关系，其中what is wrong with the item是宾语从句，这里指的是_这件商品有什么问题，结合选项，demonstrate符合语境，指的是证实商品存在某种问题，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不

55、符合语境。【句意】礼貌而坚决的投诉通常最有效，尤其当消费者能够证明商品的问题所在时。第9题:【选项释义】A. in inquiry 在调查中 B. in debate 在辩论中C. in question 在讨论中 D. in conflict 有矛盾【答案】C【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】item和横线所在内容是修饰和被修饰的关系，这里指的是证明_的商品存在什么问题，结合各个选项，in question符合语境，指的是双方讨论的这个商品存在问题，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项指的是调查，这里最多只能说是检查，说不上调查，不符合语境；B选项指的是辩论，这里不是在辩论对错或者谁更有道理，而是

56、讨论出来有问题的商品怎么处理，不符合语境；D选项指的是矛盾，这里的表达的是商品存在质量问题，而不是存在矛盾，不符合语境。【句意】礼貌而坚决的投诉通常最有效，尤其当消费者能够证明讨论的商品问题之所在时。第10题:【选项释义】A. as to 关于 B. like 例如C. for 为了 D. against 反对，与相反【答案】A【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】这一句的what is wrong和上一句的what is wrong相对应，可知点出商品在哪里存在问题是必要的，需要说出关于商品质量问题的信息，as to符合语境，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项指的是打比方，表示说出商品存在什么

57、质量问题是其中一个部分，而这里表达的是说出商品哪里存在质量问题是必要的事情，不符合语境；C选项和D选项不符合上下文语义。【句意】如果不能做到这一点，消费者最好的做法是提供具体的信息，说明哪里出了问题。第11题:【选项释义】A. direct 直接的 B. multiple 多种多样的C. complex 复杂的 D. general 笼统的【答案】D【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】根据关键词rather than，可知这句的前后属于对立关系，_ statements对应specific information，前面说的是具体信息，后面应该说的是笼统陈述，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均不符合相应的逻辑关系。【句意