2022年考博英语-湖南农业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷80（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南农业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Tom Macaulay, being a diligent young man, never refuses to _ more work that his boss assigned to him.问题1选项A.take upB.take inC.take offD.take on【答案】D【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项take up“占据”；B选项take in“吸收，领会”；C选项take off“脱下，起飞”；D选项take on“承担，承受”。句意：Tom Macaulay作为一名勤奋的年轻人，从

2、来不拒绝（）他老板派发给他的工作。派发的工作是要承担的，因而答案选D最为合适。2. 不定项选择题We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager at the University of Denver, gave mild e

3、lectric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudensl

4、ager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree

5、. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over,

6、 they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune respo

7、nse was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly lea

8、rned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amount of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only

9、 speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.1. Laudenslagers experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity _.2. According to the passage, the experience of h

10、elplessness causes rats to _.3. The reason why the mice in Aders experiment avoided saccharin was that _.4. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Aders was that _.问题1选项A.was alteredB.was strengthenedC.was weakenedD.was not affected问题2选项A.behave passively in

11、controllable situationsB.try to control unpleasant stimuliC.become abnormally suspiciousD.turn off the electricity问题3选项A.it led to stomach painsB.they disliked its tasteC.they associated it with stomachachesD.it affected their immune systems问题4选项A.their immune systems had been altered by the mindB.t

12、hey had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinC.they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioningD.the sweetener was poisonous to them experiment.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:事实细节题。题干：劳登斯拉格的实验表明，那些能够切断电源的老鼠的免疫系统。A选项“被改动”；B选项“被加强”；C选项“被削弱”；D选项“不受影响”.根据题干定位到第一段“劳登斯拉格发现，无助的大鼠的免疫反

13、应低于正常水平，而那些能够切断电源的大鼠则没有（but not in those that could turn off the electricity）。”由此可知答案选D。第2题:事实细节题。题干：根据文章，那些无助的经历会导致老鼠。A选项“在可控的情况下被动地表现”；B选项“努力控制不愉快的刺激”；C选项“变得异常多疑”；D选项“断电”。根据题干定位到第二段第三段话But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when fac

14、ed with experiences they can control.“但是，如果动物面对它们无法控制的情况，它们以后在面对它们可以控制的情况时就会表现得被动。”所以这里答案选A。第3题:事实细节题。题干：为什么在安德尔的实验里老师会躲避糖精。A选项“因为糖精会导致肚子痛”；B选项“他们不喜欢这个味道”；C选项“他们把糖精和肚子痛联系起来了”；D选项“糖精影响了他们的免疫系统”。根据题干定位到最后一段第二、三句In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditio

15、ned（使形成条件反射）mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener.（1975年心理学家罗伯特阿德在罗切斯特大学医学院通过同时喂食造成胃不舒服的系统使老鼠形成躲避糖精的条件反射。老鼠将糖精与胃痛联系起来，很快就学会了避开这种甜味剂。）由此可知并不是糖精让人不舒服

16、，是科学家有意让老鼠认为吃了糖精就会造成肚子不舒服，所以答案选C。第4题:事实细节题。题干：这段话告诉我们，在阿德实验里，老鼠死亡的最可能的原因是。A选项“他们的免疫系统被思维改变了”；B选项“他们的心理被糖精削弱了”；C选项“他们在之前的条件反射中摄入了太多的甜味剂”；D选项“甜味剂对他们有害”。根据题干定位到第三段第一句One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance.（关于大脑如何改变免疫反应的一个最令人吃惊的例子是偶然发现的）

17、和最后一段第四，五句In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amount of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he

18、had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them（为了消除这种对甜味剂的厌恶，阿德再次让这些老鼠接触糖精，但这次没有药物，他惊讶地发现，那些在早期条件作用中摄入了最高量甜味剂的老鼠死亡了。他只能推测，他已经成功地对老鼠进行了条件反射，现在单用糖精就可以削弱它们的免疫系统，足以杀死它们。）从这三句可以看出答案选A。3. 单选题The hospital is now discounting 10 sta

19、ndard operations, _ having a baby to undergoing a heart bypass.问题1选项A.ranging fromB.coveringC.consisting ofD.comprising【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项“从到”；B选项“覆盖，包含”；C选项“包括，组成”；D选项“包括”。句意：这家医院现在不考虑（做）10种标准手术，（）接生到心脏搭桥手术。从句子关键词“to”，选项中和to搭配的只有range from.to；所以答案选A。consist of和comprise后面列举的例子一般用and连接。4. 单选题The Timb

20、er rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once _.问题1选项A.thrivedB.swelledC.prosperedD.flourished【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“兴盛，繁荣”；B选项“肿胀”；C选项“繁荣，昌盛”；D选项“繁荣，茂盛”。句意：木材响尾蛇现在已被列入濒危物种名单，并且已经在东部两个州灭绝了，而这两个州曾经有（）这个物种。根据句意这里应该填繁盛。thrive指物（包括动物和植物）的繁殖兴盛；而p

21、rosper指的是经济或国力方面的繁荣；flourish指植物生长茂盛。根据词义辨析这里要选A。5. 单选题In the next few years major changes will be（ ）in Chinas industries.问题1选项A.brought forwardB.brought aboutC.brought onD.brought up【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项brought forward“提议”；B选项brought about“导致；使掉头；发生”；C选项brought on“导致，引起”；D选项brought up“提出，抚养”。句意：在接下来的几

22、年，主要的变化将（）在中国的工业。这里结合选项，空格处应该填发生，所以答案选B。6. 不定项选择题Although many companies offer tuition reimbursement (返还), most companies only reimburse employees for classes that are relevant to their position. This is a very limiting policy. A company that reimburses employees for all college credit courseswhethe

23、r job related or notoffers a service not only to the employees, but to the entire company.One good reason for giving employees unconditional tuition reimbursement is that it shows the companys dedication to its employees. In todays economy, where job security is a thing of the past and employees fee

24、l more and more expendable it is important for a company to demonstrate to its employees that it cares. The best way to do this is with concrete investments in them.In turn, this dedication to the betterment of company employees will create greater employee loyalty. A company that puts out funds to

25、pay for the education of its employees will get its money back by having employees stay with the company longer. It will reduce employee turnover (流动), because even employees who dont take advantage of the tuition reimbursement program will be more loyal to their company just knowing that their comp

26、any cares enough to pay for their education.Most importantly, the company that has an unrestricted tuition reimbursement program will have higher quality employees. Although these companies do indeed run the risk of losing money on employees who go on to another job in a different company as soon as

27、 they get their degree, more often than not, the employee will stay with the company. And even if employees do leave after graduation, it generally takes several years to complete any degree program. Thus, even if the employee leaves upon graduating, throughout those years, the employer will have a

28、more sophisticated; more intelligent, and therefore more valuable and productive employee. And if the employee stays, that education will doubly benefit the company: Not only is the employee more educated, but now that employee can be promoted so the company doesnt have to fill a high-level vacancy

29、from the outside. Open positions can be filled by people who already know the company well.Though unconditional tuition reimbursement requires a significant investment on the employers part, it is perhaps one of the wisest investments a company can make.1. As can be learned from the passage, tuition

30、 reimbursement means that _.2. According to the passage, unconditional tuition reimbursement is good for which of the following reasons?3. The passage suggests that, compared to employees of companies that offer unconditional tuition reimbursement, employees of companies that do not offer this benef

31、it are _.4. The main idea of the passage is that _.问题1选项A.companies provide free education programs for their employeesB.companies pay for the education of their employees offspringC.employees can get education financed by their employerD.employees can get education if they promise not to quit问题2选项A

32、.Employees get a cheaper education.B.Employees become more valuable.C.Employees can change their jobs.D.Employees become more dutiful.问题3选项A.less loyalB.more likely to be dismissedC.not as smartD.more difficult to manage问题4选项A.companies should reimburse employees for work-related coursesB.both compa

33、nies and employees would benefit from unconditional tuition reimbursementC.companies should require their employees to take college coursesD.both companies and employees should be committed to achieving the same goal【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。根据题干定位到第三段第二句A company that puts out funds to

34、pay for the education of its employees will get its money back by having employees stay with the company longer.（一个为员工提供教育资金的公司可以通过让员工在公司呆更长时间来收回资金。）答案选C“雇员得到教育可以从雇主那得到资金支持”。A选项“公司为雇员提供免费的教育计划”；B选项“公司为员工的后代教育付钱”；D选项“员工保证不辞职的话，雇员就能得到教育”不符合题意。第2题:推理判断题。根据题干定位到第三段第一句In turn, this dedication to the bett

35、erment of company employees will create greater employee loyalty.（反过来，这种对改善公司员工的奉献将创造更大的员工忠诚度。）由此可以推断答案选D“员工变得更加本分”。A选项“员工会获得便宜的教育”；B选项“员工变得更加有价值”；C选项“员工会换自己的工作”这些都不符合题意。第3题:推理判断题。根据题干定位第三段第二句话It will reduce employee turnover（流动），because even employees who dont take advantage of the tuition reimburs

36、ement program will be more loyal to their company just knowing that their company cares enough to pay for their education.（这将减少员工流动率，因为即使是员工不利用学费报销计划也会更忠于自己的公司就因为他们知道公司关心他们的教育。）所以答案选A“更不忠诚”；B选项“更可能被解雇”；C选项“没那么聪明”；D选项“更难以掌控”不符合题意。第4题:主旨大意题。整篇文章都是在说公司为学员付学费的好处，而且从文章最后一段这里可以知道，作者在说服公司为员工提供免费的学习计划，选项B“公

37、司和员工都将受益于无条件的学费报销”正确。A选项“公司应该为员工报销与工作相关的课程”，没有明显的词语劝说公司这样做，所以排除；C选项“公司应该要求他们的员工参加大学课程”；D选项“公司和员工都应该致力于实现同一个目标”排除。7. 单选题In about one months time, students will soon feel truly and deeply _ of their college.问题1选项A.partsB.a partC.partD.one【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：在大约一个月的时间里，学生们很快就会真正深刻地感受到自己是学校的一部分。当强调某物是一个整

38、体的构成部分时，即强调所属关系时，多用 part of。D选项one of表示“其中之一”，不符合句意。因此答案选C。8. 单选题The chairman of the board _ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.问题1选项A.compelledB.posedC.pressedD.tempted【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项“迫使，强迫”；B选项“形成，摆姿势”；C选项“压迫”；D选项“引诱，吸引”。句意：董事会主席（）我干一件不愉

39、快的工作，就是解雇公司负担不起的优秀员工。根据关键词unpleasant job，这里选择“强迫”更加符合语境，可以排除B，D；compel一般和to搭配，而且后面接的宾语一般指人，指物的话需要用被动语态。press sth on sb“勉强某人接受”，这句话中press后面接的宾语过长，放在句子中间会造成头重脚轻，所以把宾语后置了。9. 单选题The Americans differ from the Chinese in their ability to _ conversations with strangers.问题1选项A.hold backB.enter intoC.pick up

40、D.turn down【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“隐瞒，退缩，抑制，阻止”；B选项“进入”；C选项“捡起，获得，收拾”；D选项“调小，拒绝”。句意：美国人和中国人在与（）陌生人交谈的能力上有所不同。根据关键词：conversations with strangers，搭配最准确的是enter into所以答案选B。10. 单选题I wish that I（ ）the concert last night.问题1选项A.could attendB.could have attendedC.to attendD.attended【答案】B【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：我希望我（）昨晚的音

41、乐会。这里wish后面的内容是一种假设所以我们可知that里面要用虚拟语气。时间是发生在“昨晚”，所以答案B。A选项不合逻辑；C选项会造成从句没有谓语，不符合语法；D选项会使句子产生歧义，昨天晚上到底有没有去参加音乐会，参加了为什么会在前面用wish，没参加为什么要用一般过去式表示该事已经发生过了。11. 单选题We must look beyond and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.问题1选项A.justificationsB.illusionsC.manifestationsD.specifications【答案】B【解

42、析】考查名词辨析。A选项justifications“理由，辩护”；B选项illusions“幻觉，错觉”；C选项manifestations“显示，证明”；D选项specifications“规格，说明书”。句意：“我们必须透过（）和假设，然后努力发觉什么东西不见了”。这里和关键词assumptions对应的只有选项B。12. 单选题_ are poor observers of their childs behavior, so deviant behavior reaches unmanageable proportions.问题1选项A.Parents thatB.ParentsC.W

43、hen parentsD.If parents【答案】B【解析】考查连词。句意：因为父母不善于观察孩子的行为，所以离谱的行为将会到达一个难以掌控的比例。这个句子关键词是连词so，我们要连接两个完整的句子，所以答案选B；其他选项与题干结合都是把前面一半句当成从句看待，从句不能算是真正意义上的句子只能在句子中充当某个成分，所以A，C，D选项不能选。13. 单选题John didnt want to risk（ ）wet as he had only one suit.问题1选项A.gettingB.to getC.being gotD.to be gotten【答案】A【解析】考查动词用法。约翰不

44、想冒险（）湿，因为他只有一件外套。关键risk后面接名词或者动词，不能接不定式，所以B、D选项排除。根据句意，语句中没有被动含义而且主句主语是人，所以不能选C，答案选A。14. 单选题In spite of the（ ）economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.问题1选项A.gloomyB.miserableC.shadowyD.obscure【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项gloomy“黑暗的，沮丧的”；B选项miserable“悲惨的，痛苦的”；C选项shadowy“幽暗的，多阴影的”；D选项obscur

45、e“昏暗的，晦涩的”。句意：尽管经济预期（），制造业产量有所上升。这里关键词in spite of可知，经济预期不是很好，这里能够用来形容经济这个抽象概念的只有A选项。B选项一般指人的品质或者命运。C选项一般指天气。D选项是指模棱两可的，代入句中不符合逻辑。15. 单选题（ ）my losses in trade this year, yours are nothing.问题1选项A.Comparing withB.Compared withC.To compare withD.Compare with【答案】B【解析】考查非谓语用法。句意：和我今年的损失比起来你，你的不算什么。这里因为没有连

46、词不能连接两套主谓结构，所以选项D排除。主句的主语是yours（你的损失），这个主语不是人不能够主动去做compare“比较”这个动作，所以要用被动语态，因此排除A、C，答案选B。16. 单选题After long negotiations, the firm _ to build a double-purpose bridge across the river.问题1选项A.contractedB.contactedC.consultedD.convinced【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contracted“协定”；B选项contacted“联系”；C选项consulted“咨询”

47、；D选项convinced“使相信，使确信”。句意：经历了长久的协商后，公司（）在河上建一座两用桥。从negotiation可知，修桥这件事经过商讨的，协商后得出了要建两用桥，因而答案选A最为合适。17. 单选题（ ）the first to use nuclear weapons.问题1选项A.At no time China will beB.Never China will beC.Will China never beD.At no time will China be【答案】D【解析】考查倒装。句意：中国在任何时候都不会率先使用核武器。当具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首时，句子要用部分

48、倒装。因此答案选D。18. 单选题The dinner _ prepared, I took a nap before the guests arrived.问题1选项A.beB.beingC.having beenD.to be【答案】C【解析】考查独立主格结构。句意：晚餐做好了我在客人来之前打了个盹。主句的谓语动词“took”是过去时，而根据句意晚餐是在“我”睡觉之前就已经做好了，是一种完成的状态，所以答案要选C：现在分词的完成式。A选项会造成主句有两套主谓结构，而句子中间没有连词，所以不能选A；B选项表示现在而D选项表示将来，不符合题意。19. 不定项选择题The Moon, which

49、 has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the maria (dark lowlands) and the terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggest

50、ed to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the maria in contrast to the roughness of the high

51、lands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters; the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50km in diameter), while the craters of the maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moons craters were formed by the impact

52、of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of crater

53、s, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, which overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues

54、 to their origin, the large circular maria were mapped. Wispy marks on the surface (known as rays) emanating from certain craters were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers attention was fixed on craters a

55、nd their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interi

56、ors, and depths that are about one-fifth to one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. The underlined word “undergone” in Line 1 is closest in meaning to（ ）.3. According to the passage, the maria differ from the terrace

57、mainly in terms of（ ）.4. According to the passage lunar researchers have focused mostly on（ ）.5. The passage probably continues with a discussion of（ ）.问题1选项A.What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.B.Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.C.The origin of the

58、Moons craters.D.Techniques used to catalogue the Moons land forms.问题2选项A.alteredB.substitutedC.experiencedD.preserved问题3选项A.ageB.manner of creationC.sizeD.composition问题4选项A.the possibility of finding water on the MoonB.the lunar regolithC.cataloging various land formationsD.craters and their origins

59、问题5选项A.the reasons craters are difficult to studyB.the different shapesC.some features of large cratersD.some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。A选项“天文学家从勘测者号和阿波罗号太空任务中学到了什么”；B选项“月球主要地形的特征”；C选项“月球陨石坑的起源”：D选项“用来记录月球地貌的技术”。根据题干定位到第一段第一句

60、话The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance.（月球经历了独特而复杂的地质历史，呈现出惊人的外观。）第二段倒数第一二句话Strange, sinuous features were observed in the maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers attention was fixed on craters

61、and their origins.（在月海中观察到奇怪的、弯曲的特征。虽然有各种各样的地貌，但天文学家的注意力主要集中在陨石坑和它们的起源上。）从这里可以看出文章都是围绕着月球的地形地貌展开的，所以答案选B；C选项只是提及没有具体展开讲，而且文章不止讲了月球上的陨石坑还有相当一部分内容是讲的月海（maria），所以不能选，A、D选项不符合题意。第2题:词义推测题。A选项“改变”；B选项“取代”；C选项“经历”；D选项“保存”。第一段第一句话The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, pres

62、ents a striking appearance.（月球经历了独特而复杂的地质历史，呈现出惊人的外观）。从这句undergone的意思是经历，这个和选项C相近，所以答案选C。第3题:词义推测题。A选项“年龄”；B选项“创造的方式”；C选项“尺寸”；D选项“成分”。第一段第三四五句话observers that the two terrains might have different compositionsOne of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the maria in contrast