2022年考博英语-清华大学考前模拟强化练习题50（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-清华大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 写作题You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China. You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。作为一名未来的博士研究生，

2、你如何看待这些现象，你认为应该如何制止，以及你应该如何从自身做起。【答案】Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China2. 单选题The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among priv

3、ate industries.The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.Representative

4、s of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the U. S. Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “T

5、his isnt about preventing increased unionization its about protecting rights, said the National Association of Manufacturers Jason Straczewski, of his organizations opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion （强迫， 胁迫）from unions.Samuel

6、of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers arent,” Samuel said. He cites the 31, 358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005.Samuel also points out th

7、at counter to claims from the business lobby, the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. “ On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between nig

8、ht and day,” said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions （条款，规定）as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration （仲裁）when a company and a newly formed union cannot

9、 agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional. ” “I dont see how it will benefit employees if theyre locked into a contract,” said Straczewski.The bills pro

10、ponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill wo

11、uld also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasnt changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired empl

12、oyees or recovering lost wages.1.Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?2.According to its opponents, the bill（ ）.3.The word it （Line 5, Para. 5） refers to（ ）.4.People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT（ ）.5.the bill will strengthen the p

13、unishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees问题1选项A.House bill aims to spur labor union growth.B.House bill aims to counter labor union growth.C.Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment.D.Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees income.问题2选项A.will protect emplo

14、yees rightsB.will benefit workers by binding contractsC.will empower unions too muchD.makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions问题3选项A.the changeB.the legislationC.the AFL-CIOD.the difference问题4选项A.the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industries

15、B.the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC.binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract cant be agreed on betweena recently established union and a companyD.the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which i

16、llegally coerce or threaten employees问题5选项A.fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB.workers coercion often comes from unionsC.the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD.punishment authorized by the bill will be lighter【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。原文首段表明众议

17、院将出台新立法， seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers,是为了维护工会的权利，激发工会的发展。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词opponents定位到原文第三段第三句，opponents指的是Jason Straczewski。后面他说道wouldopenupemployeestocoercion(强迫：胁迫）fromunions, 与选项D 对应。3.语义题。根据题干信息定位到原文第五段第五行，who指代的是前句中Richard Shaw，it指代前句中的legislation。4

18、.细节判断题。题干说下列哪项不是人们支持该法案的原因，文章首段could reversedecadesofdecliningmembershipamongprivateindustries(立法有助于改善劳工与雇主之间的关系)。5.细节推理题。最后一段提到in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers(2004年，45%的新成立工会被雇主拒绝签订第一份合同)，因此答案为A。 3. 单选题They admitted that they shared the same（ ）on

19、the matter.问题1选项A.PotentialityB.sentimentC.postscriptD.subscription【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。potentiality 潜能，潜力；sentiment 情操，情感；postscript 附言，后记；subscription 订金；捐献。shared the same后接选项D, 表示在这件事上出相同的订金。4. 单选题The energy（ ）by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.问题1选项A.transferredB.releasedC.conveyedD.deli

20、vered【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。Transfer 转让, 转移; release 释放; convey 传达,运输; deliver 递送, 释放。句意: 链式反应 的能量被转化为热量。故B项符合句意。5. 单选题In a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admiss

21、ions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this falls entering classes the first since Katrina 一 will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in

22、 their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require studentswho increasingly are applying to multiple institutions to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fe

23、wer applications about 2, 900 to date, compared with 3, 500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as

24、 did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillard wont release numbers, but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says

25、its applicant pool fell by about half of last years record 1, 014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a rec

26、ord 20, 715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class 1, 400, compared with a more typical 1, 600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, ot

27、her schools are taking extra steps this year to woo admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mails, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger

28、 scholarships and freezing tuition at last years level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. Its also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September “to avert the majority of the hurricane season, Larkins says. Xavier ex

29、tended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the

30、admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants. “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city (are) saying, I want to be a part of (the action), says Stieffel, noting that Loyolas transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are d

31、own, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come,” he says.1. It can be inferred from the passage that（ ） .2.The following statements are false other than （ ）.3.In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard Uni

32、versity are（ ） .4.The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of（ ） .问题1选项A.many of the students require smaller classes than usual in the institutionsB.most college admissions officials cannot predict how many students will commit to enrolling in their institutions by May 1 this yearC.many of th

33、e students are increasingly applying to multiple institutions to make their choices by May 1 this yearD.in typical years, most colleges require students to apply and commit to their institutions问题2选项A.Tulane University also saw drops in application this yearB.Xavier University, as a historically bla

34、ck Catholic institution, fell behind the recruitment schedule of Dillard UniversityC.Xavier University dean Winston Brown says the total number that he hopes to enroll is about 1,500 freshmenD.Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions due to receiving fewer application

35、s of students问题3选项A.reducing the tuition respectivelyB.hosting meetingsC.increasing the scholarships respectivelyD.extending the application deadline问题4选项A.the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB.the dilemma of the admission officialsC.the usual rules of college admissionsD.the effects of t

36、he hurricanes【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A【解析】1.推断题。原文第一段指出: 今年秋天的班级容量将会变小, 故选A。2.细节题。题干问的是下列哪个选项正确。第二段指出: Loyola University, .will vote. whether to. eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications, D项与此对应。3.细节对比。根据题干关键词attract applicants定位至第四段: freezing tuition at last years level. Dillard,

37、too, is freezing tuition, 据此判断两所大学都采取了freezing tuition(降低学费)的措施。4.主旨题。文章讲述了 4所大学今年的招生情况，学生申请人数较以往都有所下降。6. 单选题Bad traveling conditions had seriously （ ） their progress to their destination in thatregion.问题1选项A.tuggedB.demolishedC.hamperedD.destroyed【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。句意: 恶劣的旅行条件严重 （ ） 了他们到达该地区目的地的进程。tug

38、 用力拖，拖拉；demolish 毁坏，破坏；hamper 妨碍，牵制；destroy 毁灭，消灭。C符合句意。7. 单选题The doctors（ ）was that she should go and see the specialist in this field.问题1选项A.constraintB.counselC.coherenceD.consciousness【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。constraint 约束，强制；counsel 劝告，忠告；coherence 一致；consciousness 意识，知觉。句意: 医生的（ ）就是她应该去看这个领域的专家。选项B符合句意。

39、8. 单选题All the products made in China are sold and distributed in（ ）with the U. S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.问题1选项A.complianceB.prosperityC.merchandiseD.intersection【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。in compliance with为固定搭配，意为“依从 ，按照”。9. 单选题Several（ ）for global warming have been sugge

40、sted by climate researchers.问题1选项A.systemsB.sentencesC.fallaciesD.hypotheses【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。空格处的词应与suggested 相近, 因此D 项hypotheses(假定的)正确。10. 单选题The collapse of the Earths magnetic field which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the N

41、ew York Times reported last week.The fields strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planets lines of magnetic force.During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity （

42、极）.The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigati

43、on would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic s

44、trength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the worlds largest effort at tracking the fields shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “ We want to get some idea of how this would evolve

45、 in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，” said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “Im personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission. No matter what the new findings, the public ha

46、s no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2, 000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromag

47、netism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a cars generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted

48、iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.1.According to the passage, the Earths magnetic field has（ ） .2.During the transition of the Earths magnetic field （ ）.3.The author says the public has no reason to panic” because（ ） .4.The cause of the transition of the

49、 Earths magnetic field comes from（ ） .问题1选项A.misguided many a man and animalB.begun to change in the opposite directionC.caused the changes on the polaritiesD.been weakening in strength for a long time问题2选项A.the compass will become uselessB.man and animals will be confused in directionsC.the magneti

50、c strength of the Earth will disappearD.the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger问题3选项A.the transition is still thousands of years from nowB.the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsC.the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishD.the new transition will

51、come 780, 000 years from now问题4选项A.the movement deep inside the EarthB.the periodical reverses of the EarthC.the force coining from outer spaceD.the mechanical movement of the Earth【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.细节题。文章前两段指出地球磁场开始发生变化，后来指出正在向相反的方向发生变化。故选B。2.细节题。根据题干关键词transition 定位至第三段。由此推测B项 “人和动物在方向

52、上会混淆”正确。3.细节题。根据题干关键词public has no reason to panic定位至第五段。由此推测B项 “人和动物在方向上会混淆”正确。关键词public has no reason to panic后面就讲了原因: it might take 2, 000 years to mature(可能要2000年才能成熟)。 故选C。4.细节题。根据题干关键词cause of the transition of the Earths magnetic field 定位至最后一段:changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, 即

53、原因是地球内部深处流动着液体铁，这种机械能会产生电磁。11. 单选题These samples have to be（ ）in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.问题1选项A.immersedB.crispedC.armoredD.arrayed【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。Immerse浸没, 陷入； crisp 变脆,卷曲；armor 为穿盔甲；为提供防御；array 部署，排列。句意:这些样品必须 在某种化学水中。选项A符合句意。12. 单选题The industry has pumped（ ）amounts

54、 of money into political campaigns，making it less and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.问题1选项A.potentialB.substantialC.massiveD.traditional【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。potential 潜在的，有潜力的；substantial 大量的；客观的；massive 大而重的，大块的；traditional 传统的。此处substantial形容amounts of money （很大一笔钱）。13. 单

55、选题When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite（ ）qualified sources of information and examples.问题1选项A.unbiasedB.manipulatedC.distortedD.conveyed【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。Unbiased 公正的, 无偏见的; manipulated 熟练控制的；distorted 扭歪的，受到曲解的；conveyed 传达的，传输的。句中 “qualified sources of information”应该指合格的信息, 故A项unbiased “公

56、正不偏不倚的”符合逻辑。14. 单选题The speaker was very much（ ）by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.问题1选项A.jerkedB.incensedC.lacedD.limped【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。根据句意，演讲者被rude words and behavior激怒。jerked 急推，猛推；incensed 激怒；laced 系牢，系紧；limped 跛行，句意:演讲者被粗鲁的言行 （ ）。选项B符合句意。15. 单选题An archaeologist has to pay mu

57、ch attention to（ ）details of an unearthed object.问题1选项A.miserableB.minusC.minuteD.moist【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。C项minute （极小的，微小的）与句中details(细节)搭配合理。16. 翻译题Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being

58、 by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts detract from

59、 well-being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant ins

60、ufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970s，then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status energy was seen to be getting

61、 costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.【答案】参考译文：要理解这种转变，需要考察一下能源和人类幸福之间的双重关系。从积极的方面来看，能源促进了人类幸福，不但服

62、务了经济生产，而且为人类提供了消费服务，如供热和照明等。但另一方面，能源的成本却破坏了人类的幸福，它不但包括投入开采和应用能源的资金和其他资源，而且包括能源对环境和社会政治所造成的影响。在人类历史的大部分时间里，其主要关注的是能源和幸福关系的积极方面，能源短缺或者是更为常见的是在开采、转化和分配能源的技术和组织上的不足减少了能源的积极作用，从而产生能源使用的不便，能源使用权利被剥夺，其发展也受到限制。20世纪70年代是一个转折点。此前的几十年中能源的资金成本一直保持稳定甚至有所下降，环境和社会政治成本在屈居几十年的次要地位之后，能源在各个方面的成本都在增加。能源使用代价过高的危害可以同能源短缺的危害相提并论。也有可能出现提供某些能源供应所付出的代价要大于获得的利益这种情况。17. 单选题（ ）and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.问题1选项A.MutilationB.InnovationC.EmpireD.Strength【答案】B【解析】语义题。句中and 连接空格跟hard work , 因此B 项innovation (创新，革新)正确。18. 单选题T