2022年考博英语-扬州大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第129期

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1、2022年考博英语-扬州大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)One of the most striking results of modern democracy has been the gradual but steady erosion of all classes of distinction and the subsequent leveling of

2、society to the point where everyone is expected to treat everyone else in exactly the same way. We must make no distinction between young and old, male or female, distinguished or dissolute. As a result, common courtesy is at an all time low and an unhealthy reservoir of resentment at an all time hi

3、gh. Every person suspects he is not receiving his due and is suspicious that deference (尊重) in the form of courtesy on his part will be mistaken as submission. Authority is suspected to be nothing but the unfair abuse of power and yet people seem to be seeking true sources of authority amid the ruli

4、ng relativism by following fads and the ever-changing gurus (领袖) of the self-help industry. The pressure to conform to pop-culture standards is also immense, so much so, that individuality itself is threatened.(Selected from The Myth Of Equality by Rebecca Bynum, 2008)【答案】现代民主最引人注目的结果之一就是逐渐的但是稳定地削弱阶

5、级差别，同时把社会平等推进到人人期待他人用完全相同的方式平等对待自己的地步。我们必须消除老与少、男与女、高贵与低俗之间的任何差别。结果，共同的礼貌处于历史最低点，不健康的怨愤情绪处于最高点。人人都怀疑自己没有得到足够重视，人人都担心自己以礼貌的方式表现出来的尊重被错误地当作顺从和屈服。权威被人质疑，除了不公正地滥用权力，什么也不是。但人们似乎从控制一切的相对主义中寻找真正的权威，听命于时尚潮流和自我帮助产业中不断更新的大师。与大众文化标准保持一致的压力非常巨大，以至于人们的个性本身遭受威胁。2. 写作题Directions: Write a composition of about 250 w

6、ords to express your own opinions on the following topic:How to Protect Intellectual Property Rights in Doing Academic ResearchNotes: In the first part of your writing, you should state clearly the thesis statement (i.e. your main argument), and in the second part you should support your argument wi

7、th appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.【答案】略3. 单选题Love is the most melod

8、ious of all harmonies and the sentiment of love is innate. Woman is a delightful instrument of pleasure, but it is necessary to know its trembling strings, to study the position of them, the timid keyboard, the fingering so changeful and（ ）which befits it.问题1选项A.viciousB.unrulyC.maliciousD.capriciou

9、s【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项vicious“恶毒的”；B选项unruly“任性的”；C选项malicious“蓄意的”；D选项capricious“反复无常的”。句意：爱是所有和声中最悦耳的，爱的情感是与生俱来的。女人是令人愉悦的乐器，但你必须知道它颤动的琴弦，研究它们的位置，了解羞怯的键盘，以及适合它的喜怒无常的指法。填空处所填的词应该和changeful意思相近，所以选项D正确。4. 单选题One child per family has become the（ ）of family in most cities in China.问题1选项A.standardsB.crit

10、eriaC.normD.I tried hard【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项standards“标准；规格”；B选项criteria“标准，条件”；C选项norm“标准，规范” D选项touchstone“试金石；检验标准”。句意：一个家庭一个孩子已经成为中国大多数城市的家庭标准。A, B, C选项都有 “标准”的意思，它们的区别是：standard指法定的或一般公认的标准，用途比较广泛，criteria指有特殊的确实性,令人信服而用以判断，norm是一种社会习惯(标准)，指规范、基准、定额、分配之工作量、准则。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题Investors are being en

11、couraged to continue ploughing their savings into the stock market after shares in London recovered all the losses incurred since September 11. The advice comes despite Americas Dow Jones industrial average tumbling on Friday after a case of anthrax was diagnosed in New York. Consumer spending in Am

12、erica also slumped by more than three times economists predictions in September, pushing share prices back below pre-attack levels.The FTSE 100 index of Britains largest companies closed on Friday at 5,145 up 112 points on its September 10 close. The Dow in New York rallied late on to close at 9,344

13、, down 66 points. Although most experts are predicting further volatility in the coming months, they remain cautiously optimistic that the FTSE 100 will begin a sustained, if rocky, rally towards 5,500 by the end of the year. The immediate economic outlook is still bleak. Some commentators predict t

14、hat America will endure a recession lasting six months. They also expect Britain to suffer a sharp slowdown. But analysts say the market is well placed to absorb any further bad news.Sharp economic downturns can, perversely, be good for the market because they force firms to be more cost-efficient.

15、Therefore, any announcements about rising unemployment or corporate streamlining could have a positive effect on shares. Of more concern to private investors is the impact that another terrorist attack would have on shares. If this were to happen, the market would almost certainly slump again. But h

16、istory suggests that it would, once again, make up any lost ground within weeks.Experts are therefore urging private investors not to repeat their past mistakes, when they waited for a sustained rally before feeling confident enough to invest. Cross said, “Its peculiar that investors feel its safer

17、to invest after the market has risen by 25% than when it has fallen by 25%. Common sense suggests that the opposite would be more appropriate.” Mike Lenhoff of Gerrard, the stockbroker, said that if the market hit 5 500 and remained around that level for some weeks, it would be a sign that further,

18、sustained gains were imminent. He said, “Getting back to 5 500 would be important, because if the index stayed at that level, the psychology of the market would change substantially. Defensive shares would become too expensive and big investors would start moving into value stocks, which are the typ

19、e of firms that do well in an economic recovery.”But private investors could be forgiven for their pessimistic mood, as nearly all Isa buyers have suffered big losses. But investors can take some comfort from the fact that the next three months are traditionally the best-performing period of the yea

20、r for the stock market. David Schwartz, the stock-market historian, said the index almost always rose in the period between November and April. Since 1974, the market went up on 24 occasions between November and April, by an average of 15%, and dropped only three times. Schwartz said, “Its no guaran

21、tee for this year, but history is on our side.”1.We learn from the first paragraph that（ ）.2.The reason why some experts remain cautiously optimistic about the FTSE is that they believe that（ ）.3.In the present situation, corporate downsizing may（ ）.4.Experts advise private investors to avoid their

22、past mistakes by（ ）.5.From the last sentence of the passage, we may infer that Schwartz believes that（ ）.问题1选项A.FTSE 100 index fell immediately after September 11B.Dow Jones industrial index is now beginning to pick upC.Consumer spending is having a positive effect on the stock marketD.Share prices

23、in America have risen contrary to most predictions问题2选项A.the American economy will be able to resist further downturnB.the Dow Jones index in New York will stop tumbling soonC.the market will absorb any further shock from bad newsD.the economic situation in Britain and America will take an upturn in

24、 6 months问题3选项A.sharp economic downturnB.produce a positive effect on sharesC.cause the market to slump againD.enable the market to regain any lost ground问题4选项A.withholding any investment until the market has risen by 25%B.investing when the FTSE rallies back to 5 500C.investing only in those firms

25、which show signs of recoveryD.investing when the stock market shows signs of upturn问题5选项A.the market will be most likely to go up between November and AprilB.the market will drop by an average of 15% between November and AprilC.the market will not likely go up in the next three monthsD.it is quite r

26、ational to take a pessimistic altitude towards the stock market【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段的内容，在伦敦股市收复了9.11以来的全部损失后，投资者被鼓励继续将他们的储蓄投入股市。尽管美国道琼斯工业平均指数在纽约被诊断出炭疽病例后在周五暴跌，该建议还是出现了。九月份，美国的消费支出也下跌了超过经济学家预测的三倍，将股价推回到袭击前的水平之下。由此可知，“911”事件后，英国富时100指数立即下跌，选项A符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第二段最后两句“Some commen

27、tators predict that America will endure a recession lasting six months. They also expect Britain to suffer a sharp slowdown. But analysts say the market is well placed to absorb any further bad news. 一些评论家预测，美国将经历长达6个月的经济衰退。他们还预计英国经济将急剧放缓。但分析师表示，市场已经做好准备，可以消化任何进一步的坏消息。”A选项“美国经济将能够抵御进一步的衰退”和B选项“纽约的道琼

28、斯指数将很快停止下跌”在文中没有提及，选项D“英国和美国的经济形势将在6个月内好转”不符合原文。选项C“市场将消化任何进一步的坏消息”符合原文3.细节事实题。根据第三段第二句“any announcements about rising unemployment or corporate streamlining could have a positive effect on shares. 任何有关失业率上升或公司裁员的消息，都可能对股价产生积极影响。”所以选项B正确。4.判断推理题。题干意思是“专家建议私人投资者避免过去的错误，在”。根据倒数第二段第一句Experts are theref

29、ore urging private invertors not to repeat their past mistakes, when they waited for a sustained rally before feeling confident enough to invest.（因此，专家们敦促私人投资者不要重蹈覆辙，不要等到股市持续上涨时才有足够的信心进行投资）和第四段if the market hit 5500 and remained around that level for some weeks, it would be a sign that further, sust

30、ained gains were imminent.（如果股市达到5500点，并在这一水平附近保持数周，这将表明，进一步持续的上涨即将到来）可推断，私人投资者可以在股市好转的时候进行投资，故D项“当股票市场显示好转迹象时进行投资”正确；B项“当富时指数回升至5500点时投资”与原文不符；由Its peculiar that investors feel its safer to invest after the market has risen by 25% than when it has fallen by 25%. Common sense suggests that the oppos

31、ite would be more appropriate.（奇怪的是，投资者觉得在股市上涨25%后投资比下跌25%时更安全；常识告诉我们，相反的措辞会更合适）可知，市场下跌25%比股市上涨25%后投资更安全，A项“在市场上涨25%之前不做任何投资”错误；C项“只投资那些有复苏迹象的公司”原文没有提到。因此，该题选择D项正确。5.判断推理题。根据最后一段的最后一句“Schwartz said, Its no guarantee for this year, but history is on our side. Schwartz说，今年不敢保证，但历史总是站在我们这一边。”上文提到，股票市场历

32、史学家Schwartz 表示，股票指数在11月4月期间几乎总是上涨的。所以选项A符合原文。6. 单选题There（ ） no further questions, the Chair will entertain a motion to approve the Presidents report.问题1选项A.had beenB.would beC.wasD.being【答案】D【解析】考查独立主格结构。句意：没有问题的话，主席要提议请大家核准董事会的报告。句子的前半部分在句中做状语成分，为独立主格机构，所以填空处应填入非谓语动词，只有选项D符合要求。7. 单选题Advertisers ten

33、d to think big and perhaps this is why theyre always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. Its iniquitous, they say, that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that

34、) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why dont they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, its the consumer who pays.The poor old consumer! Hed have to pay a great deal more if advertising didnt crea

35、te mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about househ

36、old goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from

37、an advertisement.Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements.

38、Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway byelaws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities,W

39、e must not forget, cither, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entir

40、ely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!Another thing we mustnt forget is the small ads. which arc in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything c

41、an be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the hatch, match and dispatch column but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or agony column. No other item in a newspaper pr

42、ovides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. Its the best advertisement for advertising there is!1.What is main idea of this passage?2.The attitude of the author toward advertisers is（ ）.3.Why do the critics criticize advertisers?4.Which of the following is Not T

43、rue?5.The passage is（ ）.问题1选项A.Advertisement.B.The benefits of advertisement.C.Advertisers perform a useful service to communities.D.The costs of advertisement.问题2选项A.appreciative.B.trustworthy.C.critical.D.dissatisfactory.问题3选项A.Because advertisers often brag.B.Because critics think advertisement i

44、s a “waste of money”.C.Because customers are encouraged to buy more than necessary.D.Because customers pay more.问题4选项A.Advertisement makes contribution to our pockets and we may know everything.B.We can buy what we want.C.Good quality products dont need to be advertised.D.Advertisement makes our lif

45、e colorful.问题5选项A.Narration.B.Description.C.Criticism.D.Argumentation.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，作者在第一段引出广告这个话题，接着在接下来的段落从不同的角度讲述了广告给人们带来的便利，表面上看似乎是在讲广告的优点，但实际上是在讲述广告服务于社会的功能，而且第一段实际上也有提到广告的缺点，不全是在讲述广告的优点，所以选项C更为恰当。2.观点态度题。A选项appreciative“赞赏的”；B选项trustworthy“信任的”；C选项critical“批

46、评的”；D选项dissatisfactory“不满意的”。根据原文可知，作者所提到的大多是广告积极的一面，说明作者对其的态度是赞赏的，所以选项A正确。选项B“信任的”有点言过其实，毕竟作者在第一段也提及了广告的缺点，所以谈不上信任依赖，选B不正确。3.细节事实题。根据第一段的一、二句“Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why theyre always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for

47、self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. 广告商往往好高骛远，也许这就是他们总是招致批评的原因。批评者似乎对他们（广告商）很气愤，因为他们擅于自我推销，而且有很多钱可以用来挥霍。”由此可知，批评者批评广告商是因为广告商喜欢吹嘘，所以选项A符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据第四段的第一句“advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. 广告为我们的口袋做出了积极的贡献。”可知，选项A正确；第二段提及“广告可以提供信息，我们对家庭用品的了解很

48、大程度上来自我们读到的广告”，也就是说我们可以买到自己想买的东西，所以选项B正确；选项C“高品质的产品不需要广告”在文中没有提及；选项D“广告使我们的生活多姿多彩”，在原文第三段的时候提及，符合原文。所以本题选C。5.判断推理题。A选项Narration“叙事”；B选项Description“描写”；C选项Criticism“批判”；D选项Argumentation“议论”。文章首段就是对广告的批评，后面再通过对比的手法说明广告的功能，所以选项C正确。8. 写作题Directions: Write a composition on the topic The Social Function o

49、f Health. You should write at least 250 words and you should base your composition on the outline below:1.健康在个人行使社会功能中的作用。2.健康对于整个社会的作用。3.健康不仅是医学问题，更是社会问题。【答案】略9. 单选题In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence

50、 .Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologist, geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing, wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer provided by science, yet our lives would be altered

51、interminably without them.Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the vaccines created by doctors, disease such as polio measles, hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to

52、our citizens, for although some of these disease may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease.In addition, science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring, vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence

53、 of this machine, our world could exist, but the convenience brought into life by the computer are unparalleled.Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations, it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For inst

54、ance, the light bulb, electricity, the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society; however, they were not present until scientists discovered them.Because of the contribution of scientist, our world is ever metamorphosing, and this metamorphosis economically

55、and personally comprise our society, whether our society is cognizant of this or not.1.In the first paragraph the author implies that we（ ）.2.The author uses health care and vaccines to illustrate（ ）.3.Nothing，according to the author ,can match the invention of the computer in term of （ ）.4.The auth

56、or seems to be unhappy about（ ）.5.The authors tone in the passage is （ ）.问题1选项A.would not survive without scienceB.take the amenities of science for grantedC.could have raised the standards of living with scienceD.would be free of disease because of scientific advances问题2选项A.how science has been dev

57、elopedB.what science means to societyC.what the nature of science isD.how disease affects society问题3选项A.powerB.noveltyC.benefitsD.complexity问题4选项A.peoples ignorance of their cultureB.peoples ignoring the amenities of scienceC.peoples making no contributions to societyD.peoples misunderstanding of sc

58、ientific advances问题5选项A.criticalB.cognizantC.appreciativeD.paradoxical【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】第1题:1.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。第一段指出：Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologist, geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline (没有化学家、物理学家、生物学家、地质

59、学家和其他勤奋的科学家所取得的巨大进步，我们的生活水平就会下降)，由此推断C项“有了科学，我们的生活水平才得以提高”正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推理题。第二段开头指出：Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances(医疗保健是社会的一个方面，它将我们与古老的祖先区分开来，它完全建立在科学发现和进步的基础上)，后面又以疫苗为例

60、，其实是为了论证本文主题：科学对社会的重要性。故选B项。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。第三段指出：此外，科学已经发明出也许是世界历史上最令人敬畏、最重要的发明计算机。没有这台机器，世界的确可以存着，但是计算机给生活带来的便利是无与伦比的。因此C项“益处，用处”正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。倒数第二段开头指出：尽管如今的创新者和科学家奉献了他们的伟大成就和成果，但我们有必要审查（重视）科学带来的便利，这在我们的文化中往往是被公然漠视的。后面作者又举例说明是科学家们发明了灯泡、电、电话等必需品。因此，B项“人们忽视了科学带来的便利”正确。5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】

61、观点态度题。作者通篇都在强调科学对我们的意义和重要性，通过“science is the essence of our existence”以及“ Because of the contribution of scientist, our world is ever metamorphosing”等字眼可以看出，作者的语气是感激的，欣赏的。故选C。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:10. 单选题She is（ ）to the cost until tragedy alters her life and the lives of those around her.问题1选项A.ignorantB.

62、obliviousC.unawareD.unmindful【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项ignorant“无知的，愚昧的”；B选项oblivious“健忘的，不注意的”；C选项unaware“未察觉的”；D选项unmindful“漫不经心的”。句意：直到悲剧改变了她和周围人的生活，她才意识到代价的存在。能和介词to搭配的只有B选项，be oblivious to 是固定搭配，意为“不在意的；不以为意的”，所以选项B正确。11. 单选题When they marry, husbands and wives have well-developed health histories and

63、 well-established congenital and developmental propensities toward good and ill health. Substantial research suggests that, given the existing health propensity and health condition of an individual at a particular time, his or her probability of better or worse future health is affected by a variety of socially mediated factors that are subject to influence or manipulation by his or her spouse.Spouses can promote each others health by ameliorating psychological stress. A substantial literature develops strong evidence that psychological stress causes illness, increase m