2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第16期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating tragedy was the provocation. The obser

2、ver of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproduct

3、ive.Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise lo few, if any, purposeless physiological responses, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.Although some observers have suggested that crying is a wa

4、y to elicit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.Indeed, the n

5、ew studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in re

6、sponse to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance.Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.At Tulane Universitys Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl a

7、nd his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication, to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to enviro

8、nmental pollutants.At Columbia University Dr. Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues lo the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.56. It is known from t

9、he first paragraph that _.57. What does “both those responses to tears” (Lines 6-7, Para, 1) refer to?58. “Counterproductive” (Lines 7, Para, 1) very probably means “_”.59. What does the author say about crying?60. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?问题1选项A.shedding tears gives unplea

10、sant feelings to AmericanB.crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedyC.crying usually wins sympathy from other peopleD.one who sheds tears in public will be blamed问题2选项A.Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.B.The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers

11、.C.The tear shedders apology and the observers effort to stop the crying.D.Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tear.问题3选项A.having no effect at allB.leading to tensionC.producing disastrous impactD.harmful to health问题4选项A.It is a pointless physiological response to the

12、 environment.B.It must have a role to play in mans survival.C.It is meant to get attention and assistance.D.It usually produces the desired effect.问题5选项A.Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.B.Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.C.Emotional tears can give ri

13、se to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases.D.Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】56.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据第一段可知”。根据第一段第二句Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed（眼泪，不管是悲伤、愤怒还

14、是喜悦，通常都会使美国人感到不舒服和不好意思）可知A项“流泪会给美国人带来不愉快的感觉”正确；B项“哭泣往往会模仿人，甚至导致悲剧”，文章第一段没有提到哭泣会模仿人，而悲剧不是哭泣导致的，因此B项错误；C项“哭泣通常会赢得别人的同情”和D 项“当众流泪的人会受到责备”未提及，因此该题选A。57.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“第一段第7行讲到都对眼泪有反应指的是”。第一段第二行提到The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating tragedy was the provocation. T

15、he observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring.（流泪的人很可能会道歉，即使是在一场毁灭性的悲剧引发的情况下。哭泣的观察者可能会尽一切可能来结束情感的宣泄），由此可以推断从哭泣行为的研究来看，流泪者的对哭泣行为道歉和观察者对哭泣的阻止是不恰当的，因为疾病和哭泣以及眼泪的化学成分之间存在联系；由此可知C项“流泪者的道歉与观察者努力阻止哭泣”正确。A项“因悲伤而哭泣，因幸福而流泪”这不是both those responses to tears 所说

16、的；B项“观察者的尴尬和不悦的情绪”，文中是指美国人会感到不舒服和尴尬，B项错误；D项“将疾病与哭泣联系起来并发现眼泪的化学成分”也不是both those responses to tears 所指代的；故该题选C。58.【试题答案】D【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“第一段第7行的Counterproductive是什么意思？”。根据第一段最后句中的both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.可知counterproductive的意思是表示不好的事情，故排

17、除A项“根本没有作用”；B项“导致紧张”在一定程度上是包括在里面的；C项“产生灾难性的影响”程度太严重了，有点过度解读；D项“对健康有害的”最符合题意，故该题选D。59.【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“关于哭泣，作者是怎么说的？”。根据第二段第二句中that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival（哭泣有一种或多种功能可以提高生存能力）可以推断出哭泣对人类的生存有帮助，因此B项“对人类的生存起作用”符合题意。A项“对外界环境无意义的生理反应”文中没有提及；C项“意在引起注意和寻求帮助”，第三段第一句提到Al

18、though some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others（尽管一些观察人士认为，哭泣是一种从他人那里寻求帮助的方式）可知，这只是观察人士认为，不是作者的看法，因此C项错误；D项“通常产生需要的效果”，由第三段第一句的the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help（流泪并不是寻求帮助所必需的）可知D项也不符合。故该题B项正确。60.【试题答案】A【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“关于眼泪的新研究可以推断出什么？”

19、。由第四段第一句the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress.（新的研究表明，情绪化的眼泪可能在缓解压力方面起着直接的作用）可推断情绪化的眼泪可以缓解压力，因此A项“情感性流泪有减轻压力的功效”符合题意。B项“过多的药物治疗会引发更多的情感性流泪”文中没有提及；C项“在某些案例中，有情感性流泪能导致干眼症的发生”和D项“环境污染物会诱发情感性流泪”，在第六段有提到，根据第六段第三行中的to study the causes of dry eye syndrome

20、 and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants（去研究“干眼综合征的原因及眼科手术的影响，或者甚至在暴露于环境污染物中去测量）以及第五段Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.（其他几个机构的研究人员正在研究眼

21、泪在诊断人类疾病和监测药物方面的用处）可知，C项和D项是用来研究眼泪在诊断人类疾病和监测药物方面的用处的研究内容，因此这两项不符合题意；故该题A项正确。2. 单选题The senators came to a deadlock in their effort to find a solution.问题1选项A.an impasseB.a raidC.a hamletD.a breakthrough【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。deadlock表示“僵局，停顿”；A项impasse“僵局，死路”，B项raid“袭击，突袭”，C项hamlet“小村庄”，D项breakthrough“突破，突破性

22、进展”。句意：参议员们在寻求解决办法的努力中陷入了僵局。因此A项正确。3. 单选题Invasive species arent speciesthey can also be pathogens. Such is the case with the West Nile virus. An inosquito-bome virus identified in the West Nile subregion in Uganda in 1937hence the name West Nile wasnt much of a concern to people elsewhere until it b

23、roke out of Africa in 1999. The first U.S cases were confirmed in New York City in 1999, and it has now spread throughout much of the world. Though 80% of infections are subclinical, those who do get sick can get very sick. The virus can led to encephalitisinflammation of the brain and nervous syste

24、mand even death, with 286 people dying from West Nile in the U.S in 2012. There were more than 5,500 cases reported that year, and the scary thing is that as the climate warms. West Nile will continue to spread.Thats the conclusion of a new study from a team of researchers in the U.S, Britain and Ge

25、rmany, including those at the Center for Tropical Research at UCLAs Institute of the Environment and Sustainability. In a study published in the journal Global Change Biology, the researchers took climate and species distribution data, and created models that try to project the spread of the virus a

26、s the globe warms. West Nile virus is carried by mosquitoes, and infected insects transmit the virus to human beings with a bite. But birds play a role tooif bitten by an infected mosquito, birds can generate high levels of the virus in their bloodstream, and can then transmit it to uninfected mosqu

27、itoes, which in turn can infect people. The biggest indicator of whether West Nile virus will occur is the maximum temperature of the wannest month of the year, which is why the virus has caused the most damage in hot southern states like Texas.The UCLA model looks only at climate data, and doesnt t

28、ake into account the kind of control methods that can be used to combat West Nile on the ground, including pesticide spraying and land-use changes that deny mosquitoes the pools of stagnant water they use as breeding sites. Thats important to remember while climate change can raise the risk of typic

29、ally tropical diseases like West Nile or malaria, smart control efforts can offset at least some of that danger. But the UCLA study underscores the fact that climate change operated as a threat multiplier for tropical diseases, one that will allow pathogens to invade new territoryand ultimately, us.

30、61. What is the meaning of the underlined part of the sentence in the first paragraph?62. The living conditions of bees will be improved with respect to the following aspects except _.63. According to the passage, the critical factor for the virus being spread is _.64. According to the passage, the

31、research of UCLA imposes emphasis on _.65. The title of the passage would probably be “_”.问题1选项A.They are not serious.B.They are unexpected.C.They are subject to clinics.D.They yield no symptoms.问题2选项A.the plantsB.the grasslandC.the quality of beesD.the disease treatment问题3选项A.the temperatureB.the i

32、nfected birdsC.the mosquitoesD.The hygiene问题4选项A.spraying pesticideB.mosquito controlC.climate changeD.change the land use问题5选项A.Danger of VirusB.Climate change and VirusC.Invaded SpeciesD.Introduction of Virus Control【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】61.【试题答案】A【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“第一段的划线部分是什么意思？”。从第一段T

33、hough 80% of infections are subclinical, those who do get sick can get very sick.（尽管80%的感染是亚临床的，但是那些确实症状明显的人就会病得很严重）可以看出划线部分的意思是“临床症状不明显的”，所以可以推断出是不严重的。B项“不被期望的”和C项“会变成临床”没有提到；D项“没有症状”错误，亚临床是症状不明显，不代表没有。因此A选项正确。62.【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“蜜蜂的生活条件将得到改善是关于以下原因，除了？”。文章第二段讲到蚊子携带病毒通过叮咬传染给鸟类及人类，蚊子会携带病毒与它的

34、生活条件息息相关。通过这些分析同样可以推理，只有和蜜蜂的生活条件相关的事物才能对其产生影响；A项“植物”，B项“草地”，C项“蜜蜂的质量”，D项“病害处治”；只有B项与蜜蜂生活条件无关，所以该题B项正确。63.【试题答案】A【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“病毒传播的关键因素是什么？”。第一段最后一句There were more than 5,500 cases reported that year, and the scary thing is that as the climate warms. West Nile will continue to spread.（那一年报告的病例超过

35、了5500例，可怕的是随着气候变暖，西尼罗河病毒将继续蔓延）和第二段第四行the researchers took climate and species distribution data, and created models that try to project the spread of the virus as the globe warms（研究人员获取了气候和物种分布数据，并创建了模型，试图预测随着全球变暖病毒的传播方向），可以推断病毒传播和温度有关；B选项“被感染的鸟类”和C选项“蚊子”只是传播的一个途径，D选项“卫生”文中没有提到。因此A选项正确。64.【试题答案】C【试题

36、解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“UCLA的研究重点是什么？”。最后一段提到The UCLA model looks only at climate data, and doesnt take into account the kind of control methods that can be used to combat West Nile on the ground, including pesticide spraying and land-use changes that deny mosquitoes the pools of stagnant water they use as b

37、reeding sites.（UCLA的模型只考虑了气候数据，并没有考虑到可以在地面上对抗西尼罗河病毒的控制方法，包括喷洒杀虫剂和改变土地使用，阻止蚊子进入它们作为繁殖地点的积水池），可以推断，UCLA的研究是把重点放在了气候变化。A选项“喷洒农药”、B选项“控制蚊子”和D选项“改变土地使用”都不是UCLA团队的研究重点，因此C选项正确。65.【试题答案】B【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章的标题可能是什么？”。这篇文章主要围绕病毒的产生扩散和气候温度的关系来展开叙述和讨论；A项“病毒的危险”，文章只是通过病毒的危害来引出后面研究人员对病毒的研究，不符合题意；C选项“入侵的物种”，文

38、章只是引用入侵的物种来引出话题；D选项“病毒控制的介绍”，文章的着重点是在病毒和气候变化的关系，因此B选项“病毒与气候”最符合题意。4. 单选题Habits can be consciously strengthened, as when a student of the violin practices and memorizes different fingerings.问题1选项A.convenientlyB.lastinglyC.intentionallyD.robustly【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。consciously表示“自觉地，有意识的”。A项conveniently“便

39、利地，合宜地”，B项lastingly“持续地”，C项intentionally“故意地，有意地”，D项robustly“粗鲁地，坚定地”。句意：习惯可以有意识地加强，就像一个学小提琴的学生练习和记忆不同的指法一样。根据题意该题选C。5. 单选题Scientists claim that air pollution causes a decline in the worlds average air temperature. In order to prove that theory, ecologists have turned to historical data in relation

40、to especially huge volcanic eruptions. They suspect that volcanoes affect weather changes that are similar to air pollution.One source of information is the effect of the eruption of Tambora, a volcano in Sumbawa, the Dutch East Indies, in April 1815. The largest recorded volcanic eruption, Tambora

41、threw 150 million tons of fine ash into the stratosphere. The ash from a volcano spreads worldwide in a few days and remains in the air for years. Its effect is to turn incoming solar radiation into space and thus cool the earth. For example, records of weather in England show that between April and

42、 November 1815, the average temperature had fallen 4,5 F. During the next twenty four months, England suffered one of the coldest periods of its history. Farmers records from April 1815 to December 1818 indicate frost throughout the spring and summer and sharp decreases in crop and livestock markets

43、. Since there was a time lag of several years between cause and effect, by the time the world agricultural commodity community had deteriorated, no one realized the cause.Ecologists today warn that we face a two-fold menace. The ever-present possibility of volcanic eruptions, such as that of Mr. St.

44、 Helens in Washington, added to mans pollution of the atmosphere with oil, gas, coal, and other polluting substances, may bring us increasingly colder weather.41. It is believed that the earth gets colder when _.42. The effects of Tamboras eruption were _.43. The cause of cold weather in England fro

45、m 1815 to 1818 was _.44. No one realized the cause of the deterioration of the world agricultural commodity market because _.45. If, as some scientists predict, the world ends in ice, what might be the cause?问题1选项A.volcanoes eruptB.the air is polluted by modern manC.the rays of the sun are turned in

46、to spaceD.all of the above问题2选项A.felt mainly in the Dutch East IndiesB.of several days duration worldwideC.evidence of pollutions cooling the earthD.immediately evident to the worlds scientists问题3选项A.decreased crop and livestock productionB.volcanic ash in the atmosphereC.pollution caused by the Ind

47、ustrial RevolutionD.its proximity to the North Sea问题4选项A.there was a long delay between cause and effectB.the weather is beyond our comprehensionC.weather forecasts were inaccurateD.ecologists didnt exist until modern times问题5选项A.Modern mans pollution of the air.B.Volcanic eruptions.C.Obliteration o

48、f solar radiation.D.All of the above.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】41.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“人们相信在地球会变得更冷”。根据文章第一段首句Scientists claim that air pollution causes a decline in the worlds average air temperature（科学家声称，空气污染导致世界平均气温下降）和最后一句They suspect that volcanoes affect weather changes that are si

49、milar to air pollution.（科学家们怀疑火山对天气变化的影响类似于空气污染）可知，volcanoes erupt是改变天气的一个原因；第二段第四行提到Its effect is to turn incoming solar radiation into space and thus cool the earth.（其作用是将入射的太阳辐射送入太空，从而使地球降温）可知，太阳辐射送入太空可以降低地球温度；第三段最后一句提到mans pollution of the atmosphere with oil, gas, coal, and other polluting subs

50、tances, may bring us increasingly colder weather.（人们使用石油、天然气、煤炭和其他污染物质对大气的污染，可能会给我们带来越来越寒冷的天气）可知，空气污染也是天气变冷的一个原因；因此A项“火山爆发”，B项“现代人造成的空气污染”，C项“把太阳辐射送入太空”均正确，故该题选D项“以上都是”。42.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“坦博拉火山爆发的影响是”。根据第二段的第三句The ash from a volcano spreads worldwide in a few days and remains in the air for

51、 years.（坦博拉火山爆发喷出的火山灰在数天里扩散到了全球且这些火山灰长达数年地保留在空气中）和第二段最后一句Since there was a time lag of several years between cause and effect, by the time the world agricultural commodity community had deteriorated, no one realized the cause.（由于原因与后果之间的长达数年的时差，所以当人们遭遇后果时候，往往不能认识到导致其的真正原因）可知A项“荷属东印度群岛才会感觉到这一影响”，B项“在

52、世界范围内持续数天”，D项“立刻成为全世界科学家所关注的证据”都不符合。故该题C项“污染正在冷却地球的证据”正确。43.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“1815到1818年英国冷天气的原因是由于”。根据第二段的第三句The ash from a volcano spreads worldwide in a few days and remains in the air for years. Its effect is to turn incoming solar radiation into space and thus cool the earth.（坦博拉火山爆发喷出的火

53、山灰在数天里扩散到了全球且这些火山灰长达数年地保留在空气中; 火山灰让太阳辐射转入太空，进而让地球温度下降）可知B项“大气中的火山灰”正确，A项“农作物和牲畜产量下降”是后果，不是原因；C项“工业革命造成的污染”和D项“靠近北海”在文中没有提及，因此B正确。44.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“没有人认识到世界农产品市场恶化的原因是因为”。根据第二段最后一句Since there was a time lag of several years between cause and effect（由于因果之间有几年的时间差）可知A项“因果之间有一段长时间间隔”正确，B项“天气变化

54、超出了人类理解力范围”，C项“天气预报不准确”，D项“到现代才出现生态学家”在文中没有提及，因此该题选A。45.【试题答案】D【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“如果像一些科学家预测的那样，世界将在冰中终结，原因可能是什么?”。根据文中第二段中的第四句Its effect is to turn incoming solar radiation into space and thus cool the earth.（火山灰让太阳福射转入太空，进而让地球温度下降）及最后一段的第二句The ever-present possibility of volcanic eruptions, such as

55、 that of Mr. St. Helens in Washington, added to mans pollution of the atmosphere with oil, gas, coal, and other polluting substances, may bring us increasingly colder weather.（如华盛顿的St. Helens先生说的那样，火山爆发的可能性的始终存在和人类消耗石油、天然气、煤和其它污染物而带来的大气污染有可能为人类带来不断变冷的气候）可知A项“现代人类对空气的污染”，B项“火山爆发”，C项“太阳辐射的消失”均符合，因此该题选

56、D项“以上都是”。6. 单选题The venerable media format has become one of the most ubiquitous ways to package content on the Web.问题1选项A.uniqueB.omnipresentC.effectiveD.predictive【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。ubiquitous在句中是“普遍存在的，无处不在的”，A选项unique“独特的”；B选项omnipresent“无处不在的”；C选项effective“有效的”；D选项predictive“预言性的”。句意：庄严的媒体格式已经成为网上

57、承载内容最普遍的方式。根据句意B项正确。7. 单选题The debate over the environmental crisis is not new: anxiety about industrys impact on the environment has existed for over a century. What is new is the extreme polarization of views. Mounting evidence of humanitys capacity to damage the environment irreversibly coupled wi

58、th suspicions that government, industry, and even science might be impotent to prevent environmental destruction have provoked accusatory polemics on the part of environmentalists. In turn, these polemics have elicited a corresponding backlash from industry. The sad effect of this polarization is th

59、at it is now even more difficult for industry than it was a hundred years ago to respond appropriately to impact analyses that demand action.Unlike todays adversaries, earlier ecological reformers shared with advocates of industrial growth a confidence in timely corrective action. George P. Marshs p

60、ioneering conservation tract Man and Nature (1864) elicited wide acclaim without embittered denials. Man and Nature castigated Earths despoilers for heedless greed, declaring that humanity “has brought the face of the Earth to desolation almost as complete as that of the Moon.” But no entrepreneur o

61、r industrialist sought to refute Marshs accusations to defend the gutting of forests or the slaughter of wildlife as economically essential or to dismiss his ecological warnings as hysterical. To the contrary, they generally agreed with him.Why? Marsh and his followers took environmental improvement

62、 and economic progress as givens; they disputed not the desirability of conquering nature but the bungling way in which the conquest was carried out. Blame was not personalized. Marsh denounced general greed rather than particular entrepreneurs, and the media did not hound malefactors. Further, corr

63、ective measures seemed to entail no sacrifice to demand no draconian remedies. Self-interest underwrote most prescribed reforms. Marshs emphasis on future stewardship was then a widely accepted ideal (if not practice). His ecological admonitions were in keeping with the Enlightenment premise that humanitys mission was to subdue and transform nature.Not until the 1960s did a gloomier perspective gain popular ground. Frederic Clements equilibrium model of ecology developed in the 1930s seemed consistent with mounting environmental disasters. In this view, nature was most fruitful when least a