2022年考博英语-重庆大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第34期

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1、2022年考博英语-重庆大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题1.（ ）The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidize the exploita

2、tion and consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmenta

3、lism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to control the vested interest that subsidies create.2.（ ）No activity affects more of the earths surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planets land area, not counting Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food outp

4、ut per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a doubling in t

5、he use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the 1970s and 1980s.3.（ ）All these activities may have damaging environment impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more inte

6、nsive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests of diseases

7、 in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United State, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soils productivity. The count

8、ry subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 percent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than America.4.（ ）Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidie

9、s for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense; about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmers easiest option is to use more of the most readi

10、ly available inputs: fertilizers and pesticides. Fertilizer use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150 percent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 percent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 percent in the frequenc

11、y of application in the three years from 1981.In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of

12、 fertilizer subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertilizer use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-cleaning and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to

13、diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was subsidy to manage soil erosion.In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers

14、 to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries, they have become interested

15、in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute t

16、o the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidized and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.5.（ ）In poor countries, governments aggravate other sorts of damage. Subsidies for pesticides and artificial fertilizers encourage farmers to

17、 use greater quantities than are needed to get the highest economic crop yield. A study by the international Rice Research institute of pesticide use by farmers in South East Asia found that, with pest-resistant varieties of rice, even moderate applications of pesticide frequently cost farmers more

18、than they saved. Such waste puts farmers on a chemical treadmill: bugs and weeds become resistant to poisons, so next years poisons must be more lethal. One cost is to human health. Every year some 10,000 people die from pesticide poisoning, almost all of them in the developing countries, and anothe

19、r 400,000 become seriously ill. As for artificial fertilizers, their use world-wide increased by 40 percent per unit of farmed land between the mid 1970s and late 1980s, mostly in the developing countries. Overuse of fertilizers may cause farmers to stop rotating crops or leaving their land fallow.

20、That, in turn, may make soil erosion worse.6.（ ）A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36 percent in the average levels of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990. Some of the worlds food production will move from Western Europe to reg

21、ions where subsidies are lower of non-existent, such as the former communist countries and parts of the developing world. Some environmentalists worry about this outcome. It will undoubtedly mean more pressure to convert natural habitat into farmland. But it will also have many desirable environment

22、 effects. The intensity of farming in the rich world should decline, and the use of chemical inputs will diminish. Crops are more likely to be grown in the environments to which they are naturally suited. And more framers in poor countries will have the money and incentive to manage their land in wa

23、ys that are sustainable in the long run. That is important. To feed an increasingly hungry world, farmers need every incentive to use their soil and water effectively and efficiently.问题1选项A.The probable effects of the new international trade agreementB.The environmental impact of modern farmingC.Fan

24、ning and soil erosionD.The effects of government policy in rich countriesE.Governments and management of the environmentF.The effects of government policy in poor countriesG.Farming and food outputH.The effects of government policy on food outputI.The new prospects for world trade问题2选项A.The probable

25、 effects of the new international trade agreementB.The environmental impact of modern farmingC.Fanning and soil erosionD.The effects of government policy in rich countriesE.Governments and management of the environmentF.The effects of government policy in poor countriesG.Farming and food outputH.The

26、 effects of government policy on food outputI.The new prospects for world trade问题3选项A.The probable effects of the new international trade agreementB.The environmental impact of modern farmingC.Fanning and soil erosionD.The effects of government policy in rich countriesE.Governments and management of

27、 the environmentF.The effects of government policy in poor countriesG.Farming and food outputH.The effects of government policy on food outputI.The new prospects for world trade问题4选项A.The probable effects of the new international trade agreementB.The environmental impact of modern farmingC.Fanning a

28、nd soil erosionD.The effects of government policy in rich countriesE.Governments and management of the environmentF.The effects of government policy in poor countriesG.Farming and food outputH.The effects of government policy on food outputI.The new prospects for world trade问题5选项A.The probable effec

29、ts of the new international trade agreementB.The environmental impact of modern farmingC.Fanning and soil erosionD.The effects of government policy in rich countriesE.Governments and management of the environmentF.The effects of government policy in poor countriesG.Farming and food outputH.The effec

30、ts of government policy on food outputI.The new prospects for world trade问题6选项A.The probable effects of the new international trade agreementB.The environmental impact of modern farmingC.Fanning and soil erosionD.The effects of government policy in rich countriesE.Governments and management of the e

31、nvironmentF.The effects of government policy in poor countriesG.Farming and food outputH.The effects of government policy on food outputI.The new prospects for world trade【答案】第1题:E第2题:G第3题:B第4题:D第5题:F第6题:A【解析】1.根据Section A第一句，“The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but ines

32、capable.”，政府在环境管理方面发挥的作用是困难的，但是不可避免的。本句为A段的中心句，可判断出主要提到的内容是政府和环境管理。选项符合题意。2.根据Section B第一句，“No activity affects more of the earths surface than farming.”，农业活动对地球表面的影响最大，可知本段的内容与农业相关。根据下文，“World food output per head has risen by 4 percent between”，可知对粮食产量进行了讨论。可判断出本段的主要内容为农业和粮食产量。选项符合题意。3.根据Section C

33、第一句，“All these activities may have damaging environment impacts.”，所有的这些农业活动都对环境带来有害影响。此句为段落中心句，可判断出本段内容为现代农业对环境的影响。选项符合题意。4.根据Section D第一句，“Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause.”，政府的政策经常加剧农业可能造成的环境破坏。此句为本段的中心句，可判断出本段的主要内容与政府的政策相关。紧接着下文in the

34、rich countries，主要提到在富裕的国家，政府的政策对环境的影响，与下一段的in poor countries形成对应关系。可判断出本段的主题为在富裕国家中，政府政策的影响。选项IV符合题意。5.根据Section E 第一句，“In poor countries, governments aggravate other sorts of damage.”，可知本段主要提到在贫穷国家，政府的政策带来的影响和伤害。与D段的rich countries构成了对应关系，分别对贫穷国家和富有国家中，政府政策对环境的影响进行了阐述。选项符合题意。6.根据Section F第一句，“A resu

35、lt of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36 percent in the average levels of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990.”，可指本段主要内容与乌拉圭回合世界贸易谈判相关，下文提到了相关决定给环境带来的影响。可推断出本段的主要内容为新国际贸易协定可能产生的影响。选项I符合题意。2. 填空题In the earthquake and tsunami, Japan faces

36、 its most serious crisis in a generation. The terrible human toll is still being（1）, even as relief efforts accelerate, the estimate of live lost have（2）from a few hundred in the hours after the flooding to projections surpassing 10, 000. And（3）the humanitarian scale of the disaster is coming into（4

37、）, the ultimate scope of the crises at the Fukushima Daiichi, Fukushima Daini and Onagawa nuclear power plant remains（5）, as does the extent of damage to critical infrastructure（6）the countrys North Pacific coast.In the midst of the disaster, economists and policy makers are（7）with the delicate task

38、 of assessing the implications of current events for Japans already-tenuous economic（8）. The analysis is far-reaching in its relevance, not least because of Japans position（9）the worlds third-largest economy, the challenges it already faces in moving toward fiscal sustainability and its role in supp

39、orting global financial markets, （10）currency markets and the market for U.S. treasuries.In（11）of the earthquake, the economic（12）for Japan was already fairy dim. The economy was projected to grow（13）just 1.7 percent in 2011, according to consensus estimates, roughly half the（14）of the United States

40、. Significant new fiscal（15）to support the economy was largely ruled out given the countrys already substantial budget deficit. At nearly 200 percent, the countrys gross debt-to-GDP ratio is second only to Zimbabwes, though its net debt is roughly half that level and serving costs remain low.【答案】1.a

41、ssessed2.climbed3.while4.focus5.unclear6.along7.faced8.recovery9.as10.including11.advance12.outlook13.at14.pace15.stimulus【解析】1.语法题。根据空格前being可判断本句为被动语态，应填入动词的过去分词形式，又因为上文提到human toll “人员伤亡人数”，可知这里应该是表达对人员伤亡人数的评估。句意：可怕的死亡人数仍在评估中。所以assessed符合题意。2.语法题。根据空格前的助动词have可知，空格中填入动词的过去分词形式，构成现在完成时态。又因为下文提到伤亡人

42、数从洪水发生后几小时预测的几百人到一万多人，可判断出数量在增加。句意：据估计，在洪水过后的几个小时内，死亡人数已经从几百人上升到超过10000人。所以climbed符合题意。3.逻辑关系题。根据下文的remains “仍然”，可知上下文存在让步关系，连词while “尽管”，可表达让步关系。句意：尽管这场灾难的救援力度渐渐加大。所以while符合题意。4.固定搭配。根据固定搭配come into focus “明白易懂，轮廓清晰”，句意：尽管这场灾难的救援力度渐渐加大。所以focus符合题意。5.上下文语义。根据前后两句的让步关系，可知尽管加大救援力度，但是核电站危及的最终范围还是不清晰。Un

43、clear和上文的focus形成对比，所以unclear符合题意。6.固定搭配。根据空格后的the countrys North Pacific coast “这个国家的北太平洋海岸”，可知填入介词along“沿着”，可构成搭配关系along the coast “沿岸”。句意：该国北太平洋沿岸关键基础设施的破坏程度也是如此。所以along符合题意。7.固定搭配。根据固定搭配 be faced with “面对，面临”，可知空格中填入faced构成搭配关系。句意：在这场灾难中，经济学家和政策制定者面临着一项微妙的任务。所以faced符合题意。8.上下文语义。根据空格前的economic，可知空

44、格中填入的单词与经济相关，economic recovery “经济复苏”，economic outlook“经济前景”。又根据文章第三段 “The economy was projected to grow”，可知经济预计会增长，经济出现了复苏。句意：在这场灾难中，经济学家和政策制定者面临着一项微妙的任务，即评估当前事件对日本已脆弱的经济复苏的影响。所以recovery符合题意。9.上下文语义。根据空格后的the worlds third-largest economy “世界三大经济体”，可判断出空格填入介词as “作为”。句意：这一分析意义深远，不仅是因为日本为全球第三大经济体。所以as

45、符合题意。10.上下文语义。根据空格前的global financial markets “全球金融市场”，和空格后的currency markets and the market for U.S. treasuries “货币市场和美国国债市场”，可知空格前后为包含关系，前者包含后两者。所以including符合题意。11.固定搭配。根据固定搭配In advance of “在前面，超越”，又因为下文用的一般过去时态，可知提到的是地震之前的情况，空格中应填入advance构成搭配关系。句意：在地震发生前。所以advance符合题意。12.上下文语义。根据下文Japan was already

46、 fairy dim，日本地震前的经济前景十分昏暗，可知空格中填入economic outlook “经济前景”。所以outlook符合题意。13.固定搭配。根据固定搭配increase/grow/decreaseat “增长、下降达”，可知grow与介词at构成搭配关系。句意：2011年经济预计仅增长1.7%。所以at符合题意。14.上下文语义。根据上文The economy was projected to grow at just 1.7 percent in 2011，可知日本经济预计在2011年增长1.7%，与下文的美国经济增长速度进行对比。所以可填入pace “速度”。句意：根据一

47、致估计，速度大约是美国的一半。15.上下文语义。根据下文given the countrys already substantial budget deficit，鉴于国家已经存在巨大的预算赤字，可判断出新的财政政策刺激已被排除。所以stimulus符合题意。3. 单选题Choose the correct letter from A-D for each answer.1.Scott Miller（ ）2.Joanne McCarthy（ ）3.Louise Tate（ ）4.George Mercer（ ）5.The writer of this article（ ）问题1选项A.had

48、always wanted to work from home.B.no longer has the original reason for working from home.C.had difficulty persuading his employer to let him do it.D.only visits the office for staff meetings.问题2选项A.sometimes has regrets about working from home.B.enjoys talking about her work with her husband.C.is s

49、till learning her business.D.is determined to ensure that working from home satisfies her.问题3选项A.got angry with her husband about the office door.B.had to have a total change of mindset to be work from home.C.often gets distracted by her domestic duties.D.recommends working from home.问题4选项A.does all

50、 his business using modern telecommunications.B.usually only sees his managers at scheduled meetings.C.lives less than 7 miles from any of this cafes.D.None of the above.问题5选项A.is envious of these people being able to work from home.B.works from home herself.C.doesnt give her opinion on the subject.

51、D.plans to work from home in the future.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。根据文章第三段，“Interestingly, I feel that I work even better from home, so much so that even though our son now at school, I still work there.”，可知Scott Miller认为在家工作得更好。可判断出Scott Miller一直想在家工作。选项A符合题意。2.事实细节题。根据文章第四段，“She says

52、 she loves the freedom that working from home gives her, but she really missed the social interaction.”，可知Joanne McCarthy喜欢在家工作给她带来的自由，但她真的很怀念社交活动。可判断出Joanne McCarthy有时会后悔在家工作。选项A符合题意。3.事实细节题。根据文章第六段，“It was so easy to get distracted by the other things you have to do at home, like wasting and clean

53、ing”，可知Louise Tate认为在家工作很容易被家里要做的其他事情分心，比如丢垃圾和打扫。可判断出Louise经常被家务分心。选项C符合题意。4.事实细节题。根据文章倒数第二段，“If I get fed up with working from home or if there are problems that have to be dealt with in person. I just jump in the car and drive to the cafes.”，可知除了倒数第三段中提到他通过现代通讯和经理们交流之外，如果厌倦了在家工作，或者有一些问题需要亲自处理，会直接去

54、咖啡馆。选项A可排除。根据文章倒数第二段，“we have meetings at my place, which give the managers a break from their own office. They get a change of scenery.”，可知有时候会选择在家开会，让经理们在自己的办公室里休息一下。他们也可以换换环境。可判断出George Mercer并不是在计划的会议上才能见到经理。选项B可排除。根据文章倒数第三段，“George Mercer, who owns seven cafes within a 7- mile radius of downtow

55、n Miami. He has based his office in his Fort Lauderdale beachfront home”，可知他在迈阿密市中心方圆7英里内拥有7家咖啡馆。他的办公室设在劳德代尔堡海滨的家中，可判断出他并没有住在离这些咖啡馆不到7英里的地方。选项C可排除。综上所述，选项D符合题意。5.作者态度题。作者在文章中只是就在家工作列举了很多人的例子，指出有的人喜欢在家工作，而有的人后悔在家工作，并没有就这个问题发表自己的看法，没有在文章中表明自己是否愿意在家工作。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题How many really suffer as a result of

56、 labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwi

57、nners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners

58、 among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are f

59、rom multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there

60、are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interac

61、t to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of th

62、e jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on t

63、he elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether th

64、ose suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debatethat the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1. Which of t