2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第71期

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1、2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to kn

2、ow well how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to rulers by ancient writers, who related how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given to Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human tea

3、cher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps; and the fox cannot defend

4、 himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and when the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist, if men were all good, this precept would not be good;

5、 but as they are bad; and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfillment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and sh

6、ow how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and

7、 men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.1.The author of the passage does not believe that（ ）.2.The lion represents those who are（ ）.3.The fox, in this passage, is（ ）.4.The writer suggests that a

8、 successful leader must（ ）.5.The writer would approve an unsuccessful political candidate（ ）.问题1选项A.people can protect themselvesB.the truth makes men freeC.leaders have to be consistentD.princes ate human问题2选项A.toil trustingB.strong and carefulC.reliant on forceD.lacking in intelligence问题3选项A.admir

9、ed for his trickeryB.no match for the lionC.pitied for his trickD.considered worthless问题4选项A.be prudent and faithfulB.cheat and lieC.have principle to guide his actionsD.tell the people the truth about his opponent问题5选项A.gave up all his opportunitiesB.promised to try again next timeC.overthrew the g

10、overnment by forceD.told the people the truth about his opponent【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者不认为”。文章提到有两种方式来战斗，一是法律，即文斗，一是暴力，即武斗。并且用狐狸来比喻文斗，狮子比喻武斗，而一个成功的王子必须在这两种方法中自由切换，但是并没有提及到“吃人”，因此选项D“王子吃人”的说法是错误的，符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“狮子代表的是哪类人”。文章提到“王子应该学会像野兽一样管理国家，要模仿狐狸和狮子，因为狮子无法避免陷阱，而狐狸无法从狼群

11、中脱身”（A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps; and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves），狮子代表的是力量，即武斗，因此选项C“依赖武力”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“文章中狐狸是”。文章提到管理者必须要学会文斗与武斗，狐狸代表的是文斗，可知作者对狐狸是赞赏的，因此选项A“因它的

12、计谋而受到赞赏”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者暗示一个成功的统治者应该”。文章提到“当守诚信会让自己的利益受损时，精明的统治者可以不讲诚信”（Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest），因此选项B“欺骗与撒谎”符合题意。5.判断推理题。题目问的是“作者会赞成一个失败的政治候选人”。文章提到“当文斗行不通的时候，人们会选择第二种方式，即武斗”（but as the first method is often insuffici

13、ent, one must have recourse to the second），选项C“用武力推翻政府”符合题意。2. 翻译题Put the following two passages into Chinese.The most significant change thus far in the earth environment began with the industrial revolution for human civilization. Industry meant coals, and later oil, and we now burn a lot of it, w

14、hich has polluted our environment, so human civilization is now the dominant cause of the change in the global environment. Yet we resist the truth and find it hard to believe that our effect on the earth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the force of the moons gravity on

15、the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And if we are now capable of changing something such as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, we seem to be u

16、naware of the fragility of the earths natural system.In fact, I think everyone has a small garden and that is our inner world. Peoples intelligence needs to be developed, so does the inner world. The difference between people and animals, in addition to the many well-known, is also in the inner worl

17、d. The heart is an important organ; however, the inner world is a landscape. It gradually took shape under the constant influence of the outside world on the heart. Everyone is so concerned about the health of the hearts of their beloved ones as well as his that a slight disease would cause great an

18、xiety. But not everyone is concerned about the inner world of themselves and their beloved ones.【答案】迄今为止，地球环境最重大的变化始于人类文明的工业革命。工业意味着煤，随后是石油，这两者的燃烧污染了环境，因此人类文明是目前造成全球环境变化的主要原因。然而，我们却拒绝承认这个事实，也很难相信我们对地球的影响现在必须用计算月球对海洋的引力或风对山脉的力量的同一标准来衡量。如果我们有能力改变像地球与太阳之间的关系这样重要事物的话，我们必须承认自己有责任合理谨慎使用这些权利。然而，到目前为止，我们似乎没

19、有意识到地球自然系统的脆弱性。实际上，我认为每个人都有一个花园，那就是我们的内心世界。人的才智需要开发，内心世界也一样。人与动物之间的区别，除了众所周知的一些特征，还包括内心世界。心脏是一个重要的器官，然而，内心世界却是一道风景。它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都非常关心他们所爱的人以及他自己的心脏健康，以至于一场轻微的疾病都会引起巨大的焦虑。但并不是每个人都关心自己和爱人的内心世界。3. 单选题Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, it is not surprising that s

20、uch students often have little good to say about their school experience. In one study of 400 adults who had achieved distinction in all areas of life, researchers found that three-fifths of these individuals either did badly in school or were unhappy in school. Few MacArthur Prize fellows, winners

21、of the MacArthur Award for creative accomplishment, had good things to say about their pre-collegiate schooling if they had not been placed in advanced programs. Anecdotal reports support this Pablo Picasso, Charles Darwin , Mark Twain, Oliver Goldsmith, and William Butler Yeats all disliked school.

22、 So did Winston Churchill, who almost failed out of Harrow, an elite British school. About Oliver Goldsmith, one of his teachers remarked, “Never was so dull a boy.” Often these children realize that they know more than their teachers, and their teachers often feel that these children are arrogant,

23、inattentive, or unmotivated.Some of these gifted people may have done poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic. Maybe we can account for Picasso in this way. But most fared poorly in school not because they lacked ability but because they found school unchallenging and consequently l

24、ost interest. Yeats described the lack of fit between his mind and school: “Because I had found it difficult to attend to anything less interesting than my own thoughts, I was difficult to teach,” As noted earlier, gifted children of all kinds tend to be strong-willed nonconformists. Nonconforinity

25、and stubbornness are likely to lead to Conflicts with teachers.When highly gifted students in any domain talk about what was important to the development of their abilities, they are far more likely to mention their families than their schools or teachers. A writing prodigy studied by David Feldman

26、and Lyun Goldsmith was taught far more about writing by his journalist father than his English teacher. High -IQ children, in Australia studied by Miraca Gross bad much more positive feelings about their families than their schools. About half of the mathematicians studied by Benjamin Bloom had litt

27、le good to say about school. They all did well in school and took honors classes when available, and some skipped grades.1.The main point the author is making about schools is that（ ）.2.The author quotes the remarks of one of Oliver Goldsmiths teachers（ ）.3.Pablo Picasso is listed among the many gif

28、ted children who（ ）.4.Many gifted people attributed their success（ ）.5.The root cause of many gifted students having bad memories of their school years is that （ ）.问题1选项A.they should satisfy the needs of students from different family backgroundsB.they are often incapable of catering to the needs of

29、 talented studentsC.they should organize their classes according to the students abilityD.they should enroll as many gifted students as possible问题2选项A.to provide support for his argumentB.to illustrate the strong will of some gifted childrenC.to explain how dull students can also be successfulD.to s

30、how how poor Olivers performance was at school问题3选项A.paid no attention to their teachers in classB.contradicted their teachers much too oftenC.could not cope with their studies at school successfullyD.behaved arrogantly and stubbornly in the presence of their teachers问题4选项A.mainly to parental help a

31、nd their education at homeB.both to school instruction and to their parents coachingC.more to their parents encouragement than to school trainingD.Less to their systematic education than to their talent问题5选项A.their nonconformity brought lliem a lot of troubleB.they were seldom praised by their teach

32、ersC.school courses failed to inspire or motivate themD.teacher were usually far stricter than their parents【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句提到“如果有天赋的学生与学校互相不适应，也就不奇怪他们对读书经历没什么好感”（Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, it is not surprising that such students

33、 often have little good to say about their school experience），选项B“它们经常满足不了有天赋的学生的要求”符合题意。2.判断推理题。文章第一段提到如Oliver Goldsmith这类有天赋的学生不喜欢学校，接下来列举了他们的学校经历来作证，因此作者引用Oliver老师中的一位的话是为了给自己的论证提供事实支持，选项A符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第二段第一句提到“这些具有天赋的学生中的一些人在学校可能因为天赋不在学业方面，因此表现很差，比如毕加索”（Some of these gifted people may have done

34、 poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic. Maybe we can account for Picasso in this way），因此选项C“无法应对学校里的学习”符合题意。4.细节事实题。文章最后一段第一句提到“当谈到能力培养的重要影响因素时，这些天赋极高的人谈论得更多的是他们的家庭而不是学校或者老师”（When highly gifted students in any domain talk about what was important to the development of their abilit

35、ies, they are far more likely to mention their families than their schools or teachers），选项A“主要是父母在家里的教育”符合题意。5.细节事实题。文章第二段第三句提到“但是大多数人在学校表现不好，并不是因为他们缺乏能力，而是因为他们觉得学校没有挑战性，因此失去了兴趣”（But most fared poorly in school not because they lacked ability but because they found school unchallenging and consequen

36、tly lost interest），选项C“学校课程不能鼓励和激发他们的兴趣”符合题意。4. 翻译题Put the following Iwo passages into Chinese.Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation. It is the function of education, the function of all of the great institutions of learning in

37、the United Stales, to provide continuity for our national life to transmit to youth the best of our culture that has been tested in the fire of history. It is equally the obligation of education to train the minds and the talents of our youth; to improve, through creative citizenship, our American i

38、nstitutions in accord with the requirements of the future. We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.Fame is very much like an animal chasing its tail who, when he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing it. Fame and celebri

39、ty that accompanies it, force the famous person to participate in his or her own destruction. Ironic, isnt it? Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of possessing a single talent or skill: singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc. The successful performer develops a style that is mar

40、keted aggressively and gains some popularity, and it is this popularity that usually convinces the performer to continue performing in the same style, since that is what the public seems to want and to enjoy. But in time, the performer becomes bored singing the same songs in the same way year after

41、year, or the painter becomes bored painting similar scenes or portraits, or the actor is tired of playing the same character repeatedly. The demand of the public holds the artist to his or her own success, fame. If the artist attempts to change his or her style of writing or dancing or singing, etc.

42、, the audience may turn away and look to confer fame on another and then, in time, on another, and so on and so on.【答案】永恒的真理如果不在新的社会形势下赋予新的意义，它要么就不是真理，要么就不是永恒的。它是教育的功能，是美国所有伟大学府的功能，为我们国家的生活提供延续把我们在历史的烈火中经受住考验的精华文化传给年轻人。教育同样有责任培养我们青年一代的思想和才能；通过创造性的公民身份来改善我们美国的制度，使之符合未来的要求。我们不能为我们青年创造未来，但是我们能针对未来造就我们的

43、青年。名誉很像一只追逐自己尾巴的动物，在抓住之后除了继续追逐外，不知道还有其它什么事可做。随之而来的名望迫使名人参与到他/她自己的毁灭中。很讽刺，不是吗？那些成名的人往往是因为拥有某种才能或技能：唱歌，跳舞，绘画或者写作等。成功的表演者发展成一种风格，在市场上非常受欢迎，正因为受欢迎，表演者继续以同样的风格表演，因为这似乎是公众想要并且所欣赏的。但随着时间的推移，表演者厌倦了年复一年地用同样的方式唱同一首歌，画家厌倦了画同样的场景或者肖像或者演员不想再重复出演同样的角色。公众的需求使艺术家得以成名。如果这个艺术家试图改变他/她的写作、跳舞或者歌唱风格等，观众可能会转身把名誉给另外一个人，然后随

44、着时间的推移再给另一个人，如此反复下去。5. 翻译题Put the following two passages into Chinese.While absorbing the outstanding achievements of foreign cultures, we cannot be satisfied with simple imitation. Indulgence in simple imitation would deprive us of creativity so that we will not be able to achieve a new artistic so

45、phistication or present our own excellent works to the world. Simple imitation cannot be equated to new conception at all. The latter is a combination of modem and traditional style, a combination of foreign nations and our own nations characteristics, and a combination of artistic and educational q

46、uality.Peace and development are the two main themes of the world today. Maintaining global peace, enhancing friendship and cooperation, and promoting common development are the common aspirations of all peoples. At present, worldwide stability and development are threatened by such serious problems

47、 as poverty, unemployment, refugee flows, crimes, population explosion, environmental degradation, drug abuse, and terrorism. Though different in their national conditions, China said western countries share broad common interests on a wide range of major international issues. I am happy to see the

48、improvement and expansion of Chinas relations with them. The Chinese Government and people stand ready to make a contribution to the lofty cause of peace and development together with the governments and peoples of all countries, including those of western countries, on the basis of mutual respect,

49、equality and mutual benefit.【答案】在吸收外国文化的优秀成果时，我们不能满足于单纯的模仿。沉溺于单纯模仿会让我们失去创造力，致使我们无法达到一个新的艺术程度或向世界展示我们自己的优秀作品。单纯的模仿无法等同于新观念。后者是现代风格与传统风格的结合，是外国特色与本国特色的结合，是艺术素质与教育素质的结合。和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。维护世界和平、增进友谊与合作、促进共同发展是各国人民的共同愿望。当前，贫困、失业、难民流动、犯罪、人口爆炸、环境恶化、毒品泛滥、恐怖主义等严重问题威胁着世界的稳定和发展。中国表示，尽管西方各国国情不同，但在一系列重大国际问题上有着广泛的

50、共同利益。我很高兴看到中国与他们的关系得到改善与发展。中国政府和人民愿在相互尊重、平等互利的基础上，同包括西方国家在内的各国政府和人民一道，为和平与发展的崇高事业做出贡献。6. 单选题Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated

51、 his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dream

52、s are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “Its your dream” says Ros

53、alind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicagos Medical Center. “If you dont like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the Unive

54、rsity of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay wi

55、th us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrights clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awaking, suggesting that they are working throu

56、gh negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days events-until it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercis

57、e conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in the

58、ir sleep.At the end of the day, theres probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feeling of insecurity have increased peoples anxiety. Those suffering from p

59、ersistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and youll feel better in the morning.1.Researchers have come to believe that dreams（ ）.2.By referring to the limbic system, the author inten

60、ds to show（ ）.3.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to（ ）.4.Cartwright seems to suggest that（ ）.5.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?问题1选项A.can be modified in their coursesB.are susceptible to emotional changesC.reflect our innermost desires and

61、fearsD.are a random outcome of neural repairs问题2选项A.its function in our dreamsB.the mechanism of REM sleepC.the relation of dreams to emotionsD.its diffidence from the prefrontal cortex问题3选项A.aggravate in our unconscious mindB.develop into happy dreamsC.persist till the time we fall asleepD.show up

62、in dreams early at night问题4选项A.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC.dreams should be left to their natural progressD.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious问题5选项A.Lead your life as usual.B.Seek professional he

63、lp.C.Exercise conscious control.D.Avoid anxiety in the daytime.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段第四句话提到“一位权威专家认为梦这种极度强烈的精神活动不仅能被控制，而且是有意识地控制，帮助我们入睡并且感觉更好”And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under consci

64、ous control, to help us sleep and feel better，因此选项A“可以被更改”符合题意。2.判断推理题。题目问的是“通过提到大脑边缘系统，作者想要说明什么问题”。文章第二段提到limbic system(大脑边缘系统)是情绪大脑（emotional brain），因此可以推断出作者在此处是想说明情绪与做梦之间的关系，选项C符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第三段第二句话提到“在上半夜往往会做不好的梦，然后再睡醒前梦开始变好。这种情况暗示人们在梦里解决白天产生的负面情绪”（Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awaking, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings gener