2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第7期

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1、2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are wo prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an im-age-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the pap

2、er is removed, the image adheres to t, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A. D. for applying patterns to tex-tiles .The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decora-tion and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts ar

3、e created by a relief process: first, the artist takes a lock of wood,which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then raws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The oodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the r

4、aised image. It is then transferred to damp paper ei-ther by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmiths art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the iddle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The im- ge is i

5、ncised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An im-pression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the a

6、per picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contras

7、ts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth

8、century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.The word “prime” in line 2 is closest in meaning to( ).3.The authors purpose in paragraph 2 is to describe( ).4.According to the passage, all of the following are true about

9、engraving EXCEPT thatit( ).5.According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?问题1选项A.The origins of textile decoration.B.The characteristics of good-quality prints.C.Two types of printmaking.D.Types of paper used in printmaking.问题2选项A.principalB.complexC.generalD.recent问题3选项A.t

10、he woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB.the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC.the process involved in creating a woodcutD.the introduction of woodcuts to Europe问题4选项A.developed from the art of the goldsmithsB.requires that the paper be cut with a burinC.originated in the fifteenth ce

11、nturyD.involves carving into a metal plate问题5选项A.Their designs are slightly raised.B.They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C.They were first used in Europe.D.They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.文章开篇指出版画的制作技法主要有木刻和雕刻两种方式；接

12、着在第二、三段分别介绍木刻、雕刻的起源、发展、制作过程；最后一段总说两种方式的特点。所以，C项Two types of printmaking（两种版画制作）正确。2.第一段指出：Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples（木刻和雕刻是版画制作的两种主要方式）。prime在这里指“主要的”，A项principal“主要的”正确。3.文章第二段主要讲述了木刻的制作过程。C项“制作木刻的过程”准确地概述了该段主旨。4.

13、第三段指出：Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmiths art，originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century（雕刻由金匠艺术中发展而来，发源于15世纪中期的德国和意大利北部地区）, 所以A、C项正确；The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate.（图案刻入到光滑的金属板内），所以D项正确。而B项在原文中没有体现，所以选择B项。5.题干问的是木刻和雕刻的共同点。最后一段指出：

14、Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear （在原始的木块或金属板用坏之前，可以生产数百张复制品）。D项符合原文意思，因此正确。2. 单选题Hurricanes are killer winds, and their（ ） power lies in the physical damage they can do.问题1选项A.cumulativeB.destructiveC.turbulent

15、D.prevalent【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。cumulative积累的；destructive破坏性的，毁灭性的；turbulent骚乱的，混乱的；prevalent普遍的。句意：飓风是具有杀伤力的风，其（ ）力量在于其能够造成的物质损坏。因此,B选项符合句意。3. 单选题English is an important foreign language to master because it provides ready（ ）to world scholarship and world trade.问题1选项A.excessB.approachC.solutionD.access【答

16、案】D【解析】句意：英语是一门非常重要的需要掌握的外语，因为它是通向知识世界和商业世界的（ ） 。A选项excess超过；B选项approach接近；C选项solution解决；D选项access入口，进入。选项D符合句意。4. 单选题While admiring that this forecast was（ ）uncertain, the scientists warned against treating it as a cry of wolf.问题1选项A.anyhowB.somewhereC.somewhatD.anyway【答案】C【解析】副词辨析。句意：虽然承认这次预报 不确定，

17、但科学家仍警告不要把它当作危言耸听。anyhow总之，无论如何；somewhere在某处，到某处；somewhat有点，稍微；anyway总之，无论如何。因此，C项符合句意。5. 单选题Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately，the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and

18、the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and

19、 at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of

20、a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air.One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the he

21、aling and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible. It is essential to make the area，which has been pruned, smooth and clean, for healing will be slo

22、wed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make wi

23、ll bleed. If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.1.Pruning should be done to（ ）.2.Trees become unhealthy if the gardener（ ）.3.Why is a special substance painted on the tree?4.A good gardener prunes a tree（ ）.5.What was the authors purpose when writing this passage?问

24、题1选项A.make the tree grow tallerB.improve the shape of the treeC.get rid of the small branchesD.make the small branches thicker问题2选项A.allows too many branches to grow in the middleB.does not protect them from windC.forces them to grow too quicklyD.damages some of the small side branches问题3选项A.To make

25、 a wound smooth.B.To prevent disease entering a wound.C.To cover a rough surface.D.To help a wound to dry.问题4选项A.at intervals throughout the yearB.as quickly as possibleC.occasionally when necessaryD.regular every winter问题5选项A.To give practical instruction for pruning a tree.B.To give a general desc

26、ription of pruning.C.To explain how trees develop diseases.D.To discuss different methods of pruning.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.根据题干关键词“Pruning should be done”定位至第二段：pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size（修枝是为了确保树木按照所需要的形状或大小生长）。因此，B项为正确答案。2.根据题干关键词“Trees be

27、come unhealthy”定位至第二段：The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre（剪去堵塞中心的树枝可以促进树木的健康）。因此推测，树木中心的树枝太多不利于树木的生长，A项为正确答案。3.根据题干关键词“special substance painted on the tree”定位至第三段：One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provide

28、s an easy entry for disease.and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose.由此可知，在树木切口表面漆上特殊的材料就是为了防止病害从树木切口进入，B项为正确答案。4.第一段指出：more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way（不必要的剪枝会给树木带来更

29、多的伤害）。由此推测，好的园丁只是在必要的时候才修剪树木，C项为正确答案。5.通篇作者在阐述什么情况下修剪树木并且详细介绍了原因和方法。因此，作者的目的是在修剪树木方面给予实践指导，A项为正确答案。 6. 单选题As long as nations cannot themselves accumulate enough physical power to dominate all others,they must depend on（ ）.问题1选项A.alliesB.resourcesC.freedomD.education【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：只要国家本身不能积蓄足够的力量来支

30、配其他的人，他们就必须依赖于（ ）。allies同盟国；resources资源，物力；freedom自由，自主；education教育。选项A“同盟国”符合句意。7. 单选题It cannot be denied that the existing resources on earth will be depleted, but scientists are （ ）to concede the inevitability of that day, realizing that new energies can be found in the near future.问题1选项A.boundB.

31、unpreparedC.hesitantD.likely【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意：毫无疑问，地球上存在的资源将会枯竭。但是科学家认为 在不久的将来会发现新的资源。bound有义务的；unprepared没有准备好的；hesitant有疑虑的；likely可能的。此处，be likely to为固定搭配，意为 “可能做某事”。故选D。8. 单选题To my surprise, the house which looked rather shabby outside was luxuriously and（ ）furnished inside.问题1选项A.artificiallyB.ar

32、rogantlyC.arbitrarilyD.artistically【答案】D【解析】句意：令我吃惊的是，房子的外面看起来很破旧，内部却装饰得 （ ） 。A选项artificially人工地；B选项arrogantly傲慢地；C选项arbitrarily任意地；D选项artistically艺术地, D选项artistically符合句意。9. 单选题Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depi

33、ct objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographers temperament, discovering itself through the cameras cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and

34、 the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward

35、 the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as an observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory o

36、r as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photographys means. Whatever the claims that photography might

37、 make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-spe

38、ed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits impo

39、sed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to

40、refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of

41、 faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the wok of forgott

42、en nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.1.According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photographys two ideals can be described as（）2.The author is primarily concerned w

43、ith（）3.The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of（）4.According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the（）5.Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately follow-ing the passage

44、?问题1选项A.rapidly changingB.cyclically recurringC.steadily growingD.unimportant to the viewers of photographs问题2选项A.establishing new technical standards for contemporary photographyB.analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-takingC.tracing the development of camera technology in the t

45、wentieth centuryD.describing how photographers individual temperaments are reflected in their work问题3选项A.how a controlled ambivalence toward photographys means can produce outstanding picturesB.how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentiethC.the popularity of

46、 high-speed photography in the twentieth centuryD.the relationship between photographic originality and technology问题4选项A.value that each places on the beauty of the finished productB.emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished productC.degree of technical knowledge that each re

47、quires of the photographerD.way in which each defines the role of the photographer问题5选项A.Photographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of time, are constantly trying to cap-ture events and actions that are fleeting.B.Thus the cult of the future, the worship of machines and speed, is firml

48、y established in spiteof efforts to the contrary by some photographers.C.The rejection of technical knowledge, however, can never be complete and photography can-not for any length of time pretend that it has no weapons.D.The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of no

49、significance to the viewer of a photograph.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.第二段最后一句提到两种理想拍照方式中总会有一种在某段时间内被重新发现并占主要地位。所以说拍摄者的兴趣在两种理想模式间是循环往复的，故B项正确。2.作者最后说明了两种拍照理念对于摄影发展的影响。所以B项“分析拍摄理念对于摄影的影响”符合文意，B项正确。3.根据题干关键词定位至第三段：Whatever the claims that photography might . The steady growth of these powers ha

50、s made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke”。作者以Harold Edgerton为例，说明了摄影师和机器设备之间的关系。D项正确。4.第二段第一句话 :“ These conflicting i

51、deals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in taking a picture. ”。这两种对立的观念主要在于摄影师和旁观者在摄影时是否扮演着积极的角色。D项正确。5.题干问的是 “文章接下来将会讨论什么？”最后一句话为：Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to r

52、esist their own knowingness（摄影师和旁观者似乎需要质疑自己对摄影的认知）。由此可推测，文章接下来将会继续讲解与拍照认知有关的内容。所以C项正确。 10. 单选题The Japanese scientists have found that scents（ ）efficiency and reduce stressamong office workers.问题1选项A.enhanceB.amplifyC.magnifyD.foster【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。enhance提高；amplify放大；magnify赞美，夸大；foster培养。句意：日本科学家发现，香

53、味能（ ） 办公室工作人员的工作效率并减缓压力。因此A选项符合句意。11. 单选题Lyme disease is caused by bacteria that are（ ）by deer tick.问题1选项A.emittedB.transmittedC.communicatedD.distributed【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。B选项transmitted意为“传播，传染（疾病）”。句意：莱姆病是一种由鹿蜱传播的细菌所（ ）的疾病。A选项emitted发出，发射；B选项transmitted 传播，传染（疾病）； C选项communicated传达，表达；D选项distributed分配

54、，散布。B选项transmitted符合句意12. 单选题They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make（ ）of them.问题1选项A.impressionB.comprehensionC.meaningD.sense【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意：他们反复考虑了你的观点长达一个多小时，但是仍然不能（ ）它们。impression印象；comprehension理解；meaning意思；sense感觉；观念；道理；理智。make sense of为固定搭配，意为 “理解

55、”。13. 单选题Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close（ ）.问题1选项A.temperamentB.contaminationC.scrutinyD.symmetry【答案】C【解析】句意：尽管这个模特表面上看起来很漂亮，可（ ）就不行了。A选项temperament性格，气质；B选项contamination污染；C选项scrutiny细看；仔细观察；D选项symmetry对称。it will not bear close scrutiny意为 “细看就不行了”。14. 单选题Their v

56、iew that women are the natural （ ）of morality is not my view.问题1选项A.guardiansB.guardsC.guidesD.soldiers【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：他们认为，女人是道德的天然 ，但我不认同。guardians守护者、保护人；guards守卫、后卫、护卫队、禁卫军；guides引导、向导；soldiers 军人。故选A。15. 单选题Very few people understood his lecture, the subject of which was very（ ）.问题1选项A.intelli

57、gibleB.obscureC.dimD.conspicuous【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。句意：很少有人能理解他的演说，内容太 。intelligible可理解的，明白易懂的；obscure晦涩的，昏暗的；dim暗淡的，模糊的；conspicuous显著的，出众的。句子前半句说“很少有人能理解他的演说”，由此推断，B项符合句意。16. 单选题The political dissidents decided to take （ ）abroad.问题1选项A.escapeB.refugeC.lifeD.hiding【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。escape逃脱；refuge避难；life生活；h

58、iding躲藏，隐匿。句意：持不同政见者决定去国外 。take refuge为固定搭配，意为“避难，（以掩饰等手段）逃脱困境”，因此正确答案是B选项。17. 单选题Trade with Britain and the West Indies allowed colonial seaports such as Boston to问题1选项A.postponeB.procureC.pursueD.prosper【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意:与英国和西印度群岛的贸易使诸如波士顿这样的殖民海港得以繁荣发展。故选D。18. 写作题Do you think people should buy thin

59、gs made in their own country, even when the price is higher than the same things made somewhere else? Write an essay of noless than 200 words based on this topic.【答案】People Should Choose the Products They Would Like to Buy19. 单选题The new technological revolution in American newspapers has brought inc

60、reased（ ），a wider range of publications and an expansion of newspaper jobs.问题1选项A.CirculationB.reproductionC.manipulationD.penetration【答案】A【解析】句意：美国报纸的新技术革命带来了（ ） 、覆盖面拓宽和新闻工作的增加。A选项circulation 发行量；B选项reproduction复制；生殖；C选项manipulation操纵，控制；D选项penetration渗透，A符合句意。20. 单选题Beth worked hard to（ ）in with the locals during her visit.问题1选项A.encounterB.blendC.mergeD.adapt【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意：贝丝在她的访问期间努力地（ ）当地人中。encounter遭遇，邂逅，遇到；blend混合，协调，融入；merge合并，使合并，吞，没；adapt适应，改变。选项B blend in with为固定搭配，表示“融入，融合”，符合句意。