2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试题库及模拟押密卷57（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular fac

2、ts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by “induction”.Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific

3、method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape, of plan

4、etary orbits, and later by Newton about the “force” of gravitycould never have been made if Bacons rules had prevailed.Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one w

5、ay or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacons own acceptance

6、of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most “obvious” of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appea

7、red after every rain.What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and signifi

8、cant appearances.21.According to Bacon, facts （ ）.22.Data collection should be performed by illiterate assistants, （ ） .23.According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained （ ）.24.Spontaneous generation of life （ ） .问题1选项A.are determined by observationsB.can only be understood through logical reasoningC

9、.have a hierarchyD.are gathered by illiterate assistants问题2选项A.according to Bacon, as it led to speculationB.according to Bacon, to prevent theories from being formulated on insufficient dataC.was a notion Bacon strongly opposedD.was a notion rejected on the grounds that it led to premature speculat

10、ions问题3选项A.by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysisB.not through political or religious dogmas, but through reasonC.by observation aloneD.through the inductive method问题4选项A.was a known fact in Bacons timeB.is verified by maggots in putrid fleshC.is more apparent than realD.is a speculatio

11、n which has no basis in observation【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】21.细节推断题。根据“Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention.（培根（Francis Bacon）提出，科学在于提高实验和观察的权威，而不是理性、直觉和惯例的权威。）”即可合理推断得出本题答案。22

12、.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“illiterate assistants” “data collection”，可将信息点定位至原文第二段第一句，“Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship

13、 between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time.（尽管今天许多人仍然把收集事实并把它们归纳成理论作为科学方法的核心，但是培根关于事实和理论是什么以及它们之间的关系的概念，即使在他那个时代也是完全不切实际的。）”从而得出本题答案。23.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第二句和第三句。 “Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified

14、 and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful axioms. This is what he meant by induction.（培根认为，随着越来越可靠和精确的特定事实的积累，它们可以被分类和概括，从而形成一个不断扩大的有用的公理层次结构。这就是他所说的归纳法。）”从而得出本题答案。24.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段最后一句，“Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection

15、 and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.（若没有理论指导事实的收集，没有理论区分表面现象和重要现象，那么事实总是不可靠的。）”从而可进行合理推断得出本题答案。2. 写作题You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic: “ Is it better to set up a bridge or a wall between China and the west? ”【答案】In recent years, with

16、 the development of science and technology, and with the change of peoples idea, the world is globalized increasingly. People are confronted with a new international life that exchanges between people, whether it is business trade or social activities, become more than before. The same situation win

17、ds up between countries. In my opinion, it is better to set up a bridge between China and the west.A bridge not only makes life more convenient; it could also be a symbol of communication, understanding and friendship. There are various factors badly needed to build a “bridge” for China and the west

18、. Firstly, China needs to know more about the west, and the west needs to know more about China. For any country in the world, the past always holds the key to the present and the present is always rooted in the past. Furthermore, only when we know where a country has come from, could we possibly un

19、derstand why the country is what it is today, and only then could we realize in which direction it is heading.As far as I am concerned, China and the west enable to take measures to build a bridge in this respect. For one thing, the need of both sides to build a bridge of common cultural prosperity

20、links the two major civilizations of China and the west. China represents the Eastern civilization in an important way, while the west is the birthplace of the Western civilization. For another, they both need to build a bridge of economic growth and prosperity. China is one of the most important ma

21、jor economies in the world and the west has many big markets. We must uphold open market, speed up negotiations on the investment agreement, and actively explore the possibility of a free trade area. Last but not least, they both need to build a bridge of reform and progress. Both China and the west

22、 are pursuing reforms that are unprecedented in human history, and both are sailing uncharted waters. We need to respect each others path of reform and draw upon each others reform experience. And we need to promote world development and progress through our reform efforts.In conclusion, building a

23、bridge has advantages and we should set up a bridge with the west.3. 翻译题Brenda Farmer and Willie Blanscet have sat across from each other on the Butterball bagging line for 17 years, 102 cold, raw turkeys sliding by in front of them every minute. “Me and Willie look at each other and say, How in the

24、 world can anybody eat this much turkey? ”The odds are good that yours may be one. 1. The women, along with workers at another Butterball plant a 90-minute drive away, help produce about a third of the 43 million turkeys the nation will eat today, according to the National Turkey Federation.This com

25、er of northwest Arkansas is not the land of free-running heritage birds that command $16 a pound. A leisurely morning browsing the farmers, market is not how most people spend a Saturday.2. In this community of 3,000 on the Arkansas River, where everyone is cheering on the Hillbillies, the high scho

26、ol football team that made it to the state playoffs, turkey is an industry. And a job at the Butterball plant is one of the most reliable in town.The median income in Franklin County is just over $30, 000 a year. Unemployment is at 7. 3 percent. Every week, a dozen or so people show up at the plant

27、looking for work. Maybe two get hired, plant managers said.It is not easy work. Turkeys need to be stunned and dispatched and gutted. Someone has to cut the oil gland out of the tail. Necks and gizzards and livers have to be cleaned and stuffed into a cavity. 3. During a six-week period that begins

28、in October, the line runs seven days a week to process fresh turkey. It is a period people in town simply refer to as “fresh”, and it is grueling.“Its a long battle when were working fresh, but I at least got some bills paid and Christmas money,” Mrs. Farmer said. “I just sit there and hum and sing

29、and talk to my friend Willie. We get through it together.”【答案】1. 一些妇女和工人们在距离这里90分钟车程的巴特堡养殖场工作。根据美国火鸡联盟提供的数字，今天全国火鸡的总消耗量将达4300万只，其中总量的三分之一的火鸡由巴特堡的这家养殖场提供。2. 阿肯色河沿岸有3000个群落。这里的每一个人都在为高中橄榄球队希尔比利斯能进入全国季后赛而欢呼雀跃。在这里，火鸡是一项产业。3. 在从十月份起长达六周的时间里，生产线整周整周不停地加工新鲜的火鸡。小镇里的人称这段时间为“新鲜期”，这段时间的工作十分折磨人。4. 单选题While ther

30、e have been countless attempts at correlating sunspot cycles with such diverse phenomena as the economy, crop yields, and the weather, there has been little evidence to support these correlations. The past few decades have seen a renewed interest in the sun-climate relationship with a comprehensive

31、analysis of many different historical records of solar observation. Late in the seventeenth century, a period known as the Maunder Minimum, there were virtually no sunspots observed, indicating a “quiet” period in the suns activity coinciding with the height of a time known as the Little Ice Age, a

32、period of lower temperatures in Europe. Once this evidence had been synthesized, it has become much clearer that there are indeed robust correlations between the Earths temperature and sunspots. Perhaps the most important development in the solar-climate link came when satellites were developed to m

33、easure, in rough terms, the Total Solar Irradiance （TSI）, a factor shown to be directly related to these “activity” cycles. At the maxima of these cycles, there are more sunspots （magnetic phenomena that attenuate local irradiance）, but new instruments show that these dark sunspots are more than com

34、pensated for by bright areas on the sun called faculae; therefore, the overall irradiance increases in correspondence with higher numbers of sunspots.Unfortunatedly, identifying this evident increase in minimum values as a trend provokes concern, as there have been only two minima ever measured in t

35、his way. We must be aware that the warming trend in the surface temperature goes far beyond the last two decades, and that an extension of the solar record is necessary to assess whether solar activity and irradiance is indeed increasing at the minima of the cycles and what the potential effect on t

36、he climate may be. The solar record has been extended by the use of the historical sunspot records already mentioned and correlations have been drawn between solar irradiance and the temperature curve since 1610, suggesting a predominant solar influence in the pre-industrial period. But since 1860 o

37、nly half the observed warming could be attributable to the irradiance increase, indicating that some other influence is becoming more influential in controlling the temperature change: most likely industrial carbon-dioxide.Recent studies of global warming have necessitated a more comprehensive effor

38、t to quantify the natural climate variability so that the residual change may be attributed to the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This attempt at quantification of the many different forces effect on the climate has re-emphasized the complexity of the climate system and the simultaneou

39、s interaction of many influences. Solar irradiance may indeed account for some of the temperature increases recorded over the last several decades, but as the atmospheric CO2 rises, due to the exponential increase in emissions from industrial sources, the influence of solar variability on the Earths

40、 climate will most likely decrease, and its relative contribution will be far surpassed by “greenhouse” gases.31.The author focuses primarily on （ ） .32.Which of the following statements concerning the comparison between preindustrial and post-industrial climate change, as described in the passage,

41、is accurate?33.According to the passage, extending solar record is important for which of the following reasons?34.According to the passage, sunspot cycles have which of the following characteristics?35.It can be inferred from the passage that the author regards the correlations drawn in recent deca

42、des between sunspots and terrestrial phenomena as（ ）.问题1选项A.pointing out the success of a certain line of scientific inquiry into the terrestrial effects of solar activity while qualifying its successes with regard to climate changeB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in

43、solar physics and explaining their possible implications for future researchC.discussing the successes in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how they may have an impact on preventing further climate changeD.presenting two competing scientific theories for the cause of p

44、ost-industrial climate change and evaluating the body of evidence behind each one问题2选项A.The pre-industrial period experienced a much greater degree of climate change, owing to solar activityB.The post-industrial period experienced a much greater degree of climate change, owing to greenhouse gases.C.

45、Both periods have experienced a degree of change, but their primary causes are different.D.Both periods have experienced a degree of change, and their primary causes are identical.问题3选项A.It would allow scientists to establish whether the warming trends owe to industrialization or to natural factors

46、existing prior to industrialization.B.It would help establish whether the data supporting the existence of the Maunder Minimum is reliable.C.It would determine the extent to which sunspots plays a role in increasing the suns irradiance.D.It could possible corroborate the information on sunspots prov

47、ided by satellites.问题4选项A.During the minima phase of the cycle, there is lower overall irradiance but greater local irradiance, and fewer sunspots.B.During the minima phase of the cycle, there is greater overall irradiance but lower local irradiance, and fewer sunspots.C.During the maxima phase of t

48、he cycle, there is lower local irradiance but greater overall irradiance, and more sunspots.D.During the maxima phase of the cycle, there is lower overall irradiance but greater local irradiance, and more sunspots.问题5选项A.more reliable than similar correlations drawn in the past, but still inconclusi

49、veB.solid evidence of the complexity of the climate system and the simultaneous interaction of its many influencesC.poorly supported by the statistics mentioned at the beginning of the passageD.unlikely given the predominant role played by greenhouse gases【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】31.主旨大意题。通读

50、全文可发现作者通篇探讨的是太阳活动与气候变化的联系。根据关键词“solar activity” “climate change” “the sun-climate relationship”即可得出本题答案。32.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“preindustrial and post-industrial climate change”可将信息点定位至原文第二段第三句和第四句，根据“The solar record has been extended by the use of the historical sunspot records already mentioned and corr

51、elations have been drawn between solar irradiance and the temperature curve since 1610, suggesting a predominant solar influence in the pre-industrial period.（利用前面提到的太阳黑子历史记录扩展了太阳活动记录，并从1610年起绘制了太阳辐照度与温度曲线之间的关系，表明太阳活动在前工业时期具有重要的影响。）” “indicating that some other influence is becoming more influential

52、（表明其他一些影响正在变得更有影响力）”，即可得出本题答案。33.细节事实题。根据题干关键字“extending solar record”可将信息点定位至原文第二段第二句和第三句。“We must be aware that the warming trend in the surface temperature goes far beyond the last two decades, and that an extension of the solar record is necessary to assess whether solar activity and irradiance

53、is indeed increasing at the minima of the cycles and what the potential effect on the climate may be.（我们必须认识到，地表温度的上升趋势远远超过过去二十年，必须扩大太阳记录，以评估太阳活动和辐照度是否确实在以周期的最小值增加，以及对气候可能产生的潜在影响。）”从而得出本题答案。34.细节事实题。根据题干关键字“sunspot cycles” “characteristics”，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第六句，“At the maxima of these cycles, there are

54、more sunspots （magnetic phenomena that attenuate local irradiance）, but new instruments show that these dark sunspots are more than compensated for by bright areas on the sun called faculae; therefore, the overall irradiance increases in correspondence with higher numbers of sunspots.（这些周期的最大值，太阳黑子（

55、磁现象减弱本地辐照度）,但新仪器显示，这些黑暗的太阳黑子超过补偿在太阳明亮的区域称为光斑；因此，整体较高的辐照度增加对应数量的太阳黑子。）”即可得出本题答案。35.细节推断题。根据题干关键字“correlations drawn in recent decades”可将信息点定位至原文最后一段，根据“Recent studies of global warming have necessitated a more comprehensive effort（最近对全球变暖的研究需要更全面的努力。）”可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。5. 翻译题1.科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生

56、在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。实验表明，出生的季节会极大地影响人体生物钟运转的速度。冬天出生的人体内的生物钟运转得太慢，从而可能对健康和性格产生影响。这一离奇有趣的理论来自一项对老鼠的研究，该研究把刚出生的老鼠暴露在不等量的光线下长达数月。2. 有些老鼠被放置在夏天的光照条件下，每天有16小时的“白天”和8个小时的“黑夜”。其他老鼠则只有8个小时的“白天”，和冬天昼短夜长的光照条件类似。在这些老鼠断奶后，它们被放置在相同的光照周期中长达数周，或转换到相反的光照环境。最后，科学家把它们都放置到黑暗中，观察它们的反应。3.根据自然神经科学杂志的报道，那些在夏天的光照条件下成长起来的老鼠像往

57、常一样作息，而那些在缺少光线的环境中成长起来的老鼠在应对这一变化时却显得吃力。研究者道格拉斯麦克马洪教授说：“在冬天的光照周期中成长起来的老鼠对于季节的变化表现出夸大的反应，这和得了季节性情感抑郁症的人类病患的反应极其相似。”【答案】1. Being born in the summer could give you a sunny disposition for life. And a winter birthday might cast a permanent shadow over your happiness, scientists believe.2.Some rats were g

58、iven summer conditions of 16 hours of light and eight hours of darkness per day. Others had only eight hours of daily light, to mimic the short days of winter.3. Those reared in summer conditions kept to a daily routine, but those brought up in little light struggled to cope with the change, the jou

59、rnal Nature Neuroscience reports.6. 单选题For years scholars have contrasted slavery in the United States and in Brazil, stimulated by the fact that racial patterns assumed such different aspects in the two countries after emancipation. Brazil never developed a system of rigid segregation of the sort t

60、hat replaced slavery in the United States, and its racial system was fluid (a situation that is fluid is likely to change) because its definition of race was based as much on characteristics such as economic status as on skin color. Until recently, the most persuasive explanation for these differenc

61、es was that Portuguese institutions especially the Roman Catholic church and Roman civil law, promoted recognition of the slaves humanity. The English colonists, on the other hand, constructed their system of slavery out of whole cloth (whole cloth: pure fabrication usually used in the phrase out of

62、 whole cloth). There were simply no precedents in English common law, and separation of church and state barred Protestant clergy from the role that priests assumed in Brazil.But the assumption that institutions alone could so powerfully affect the history of two raw and malleable frontier (a new fi

63、eld for exploitative or developmental activity) countries seems, on reexamination, untenable. Recent studies focus instead on a particular set of contrasting economic circumstances and demographic profiles at significant periods in the histories of the two countries. Persons of mixed race quickly ap

64、peared in both countries. In the United States they were considered to be Black, a social definition that was feasible because they were in the minority. In Brazil, it was not feasible. Though intermarriage was illegal in both countries, the laws were unenforceable in Brazil since Whites formed a sm

65、all minority in an overwhelmingly Black population. Manumission for persons of mixed race was also easier in Brazil, particularly in the nineteenth century when in the United States it was hedged about with difficulties. Furthermore, a shortage of skilled workers in Brazil provided persons of mixed race with the oppo