2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第10期

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form andfunction, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers-using non-scientific modes of thought. Many features

2、 and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been non-verbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines an

3、d filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them. The creative shaping process of a technologists mind can be seen in nearly every artifa

4、ct that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should

5、it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but th

6、e nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes ar

7、e not assumed to entail “hard thinking,” nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings ma

8、de of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.It courses in design, wh

9、ich in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophist

10、icated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a proble

11、m in mathematics.1.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with （ ）2.It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are（ ）3.Which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of the first passage?4.Which of the following statements would best serve as an int

12、roduction to the passage?5.The author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record “paradoxical”(lines 22) most probably because（ ）6.According to the passage random failures in automatic control systems are “not merely trivial aberrations”(lines 32) because（ ）7.The author

13、uses the example of the early models of high-speed railroad cars primarily to（ ）问题1选项A.identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologistsB.stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering designC.proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technol

14、ogyD.contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technologists问题2选项A.strengthened when they include course in designB.weakened by the substitution of physical science courses for courses designed to develop mathematical skillsC.strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of th

15、e coursesD.strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control systems问题3选项A.When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair it.B.Each component of an automobile - for example, the engine

16、 or the fuel tank - has a shape that has been scientifically determined to be best suited to that components function.C.The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designers conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site.D.The designer of a new refrigerator should

17、 consider the designs of other refrigerators before deciding on its final form.问题4选项A.The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technological developments must be derived from science ignores the many nonscientific decisions made by technologists.B.Analytical thought is no longer a vital com

18、ponent in the success of technological development.C.As knowledge of technology has increased the tendency has been to lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in making decisions about form, arrangement, and texture.D.A movement in engineering colleges toward a technicians degr

19、ee reflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability that was once common among engineers.问题5选项A.the publication needed drawings that its own staff could not make.B.Architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their students.C.Engineering st

20、udents were not trained to make the type of drawings needed to record the development of their own discipline.D.The drawings needed were so complicated that even students in architectural schools had difficulty making them.问题6选项A.automatic control systems are designed by engineers who have little pr

21、actical experience in the field.B.the failures are characteristic of systems designed by engineers relying too heavily on concepts in mathematics.C.the failures occur too often to be taken lightly.D.designers of automatic control systems have too little training in the analysis of mechanical difficu

22、lties.问题7选项A.weaken the argument that modem engineering systems have major defects because of an absence of design courses in engineering curricula.B.support the thesis that the number of errors in modem engineering systems is likely to increase.C.illustrate the idea that courses in design are the m

23、ost effective means for reducing the cost of designing engineering systems.D.support the contention that a lack of attention to the nonscientific aspects of design results in poor conceptualization by engineers.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C第6题:B第7题:D【解析】1.根据文章第一段:In the development of Western techno

24、logy, it has been non-verbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings.在西方科技的发展过程中，大体上是由非言语思维刻画了我们物质环境的轮廓并充实了其中的细节。该句强调“non-verbal thinking”的重要性。所以B选项强调工程设计中非语言思维的重要性符合题意。2.根据题目中的“engineering curricula”找到文章的第二段第一句 Design courses, then,

25、 should be an essential element in engineering curricula. 因此设计课程应该成为工程课程中的基本成份。 “should”是在该句中意思是“应该做”而实际上确“没有做”。所以确定A选项强调在设计中包括的课程符合题意。3.根据文章第一段：In the development of Western technology, it has been non-verbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our mater

26、ial surroundings. 在西方科技的发展过程中，大体上是由非言语思维刻画了我们物质环境的轮廓并充实了其中的细节。 和Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary. 某一些决定，比如壁厚和销钉直径，可能需要由科学的计算来定夺， 但设计中的非科学成分仍然是主要的。由此确定C选项吊桥的显著特点反映出设计得的概念化与当地的地理特符合题

27、意。A选项转子发动机这样的机械出现故障时，应 当派最好的技术人员去维修、B选项汽车的每个零件，如：发动机，油箱，都是经过科学 检测，与各部分零件是完全匹配兼容的和D选项冰箱的新的设计人员在决定最后的方案时， 要参考其它冰箱的设计方案并没有呈现出非语言思维模式，与题意不符。4.根据文章第一段：In the development of Western technology, it has been non-verbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our mate

28、rial surroundings. 在西方科技的发展过程中，大体上是由非言语思维刻画了我们物质环境的轮廓并充实了其中的细节。Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary. 某一些决定，比如壁厚和销钉直径，可能需要由科学知计算来定夺， 但设计中的非科学成分仍然是主要的。Nonverbal thinking, a central mecha

29、nism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. 非语言思维，这一工程设计的核心机制，包括了感受这一属于艺术家的而非科学家的惯用 手段。确定A选项如果假设技术层面的知识来源于科学，就忽略了许多技术人员所做非科学性的决定正确。5.根据文章第二段：But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have

30、 drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools. 但令人感到自相矛盾的是

31、，当美国工程历史名录的工作人员希望得到为其美国工程历史记录而绘制的机器图和等比例图时，唯一具有所需技能的大学生不是工程学大学生，而是就读于建筑学院的大学生。该句强调的是“engineering students”在教育方面的缺陷，所以 C选项工程学的学生没有接受画图纸的训练，而这一技能是追踪这一学科发展所必需的手段正确。6.根据文章最后一段：For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm b

32、ecause a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. 比如，装载了精密控制设备的早期高速铁路车辆模型不能在暴风雪中正常运行，原因是一个风扇将雪吸入到电子系统中。Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem

33、in mathematics.干扰着自动控制系统的荒唐的随机故障不是轻微的异常；它们是一种混乱的反映，人们认为这种混乱主要在设计数学方面的问题时就会产生。确定B选项失败的原因是设计这一系统的工程师太过于依赖数学概念正确。7.根据文章最后一段：It courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encou

34、nter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. 如果不能开设设计课程（它能在一个高度分析性工程学课程体系中提供解决实际问题的背景知识），我们就会在先进的工程系统中遇到愚蠢而同时会导致极大损失的错误。确定D选项对非科学性的设计缺少足够关注，从而导致了工程 师们构想能力的下降符合题意。2. 单选题Sleep is a funny thing. Were taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get

35、by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of strokeprobably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps t

36、hem from snoozing soundly.Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality

37、of medical care. Maybe we shouldnt have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a persons motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeon

38、s who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often dont think twice about operating without enough sleep.“I could tell you horror stories,” says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous a

39、necdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours,” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.”“Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work,” writes another. “I know of t

40、hree who have hit parked cars. Another hit a Jersey barrier on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m.p.h.” “Your own patients have become the enemy,” writes a third, because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep.”Agrawals organization is supporting the Patient and Ph

41、ysician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York States regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Bin

42、kley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government.”The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients a

43、re on their own. If youre worried about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.21. We can lear

44、n from the first paragraph that _.22. Speaking of the sleep problems doctors fact, the author implies that _.23. Paragraph 3 and 4 are written to _.24. By “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government” (paragraph 5), Dr. Charles Binkley means that _.25. To which of the followin

45、g is the author likely to agree?问题1选项A.people who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone to illnessB.poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorderC.stroke is often associated with sleepD.too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep问题2选项A.doctors often need little sleep to keep the

46、m energeticB.doctors sleep is deprived by residentsC.doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problemD.sleep-deprived doctors are intoxicate问题3选项A.entertain the audience with some anecdotesB.discuss the cause of doctors sleep problemsC.show the hostility doctors harbor against their patientsD.exempli

47、fy the danger doctors face caused by lack of sleep问题4选项A.doctors should not abide by governments regulationsB.the government is interfering too muchC.the regulations about workweek and work shift are too specificD.law cannot force a doctor to sleep while his conscience can问题5选项A.Patients should cont

48、rol the hours of their doctors.B.Pilots and truck drivers work in safer environments than that of doctors.C.Patients are facing more risks if their doctors are not adequately rested.D.People concerned have the right to remove their doctor from their positions.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】21.【试题答

49、案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.（这可能是一种潜在的紊乱导致他们无法熟睡的结果。），说明潜在的紊乱可能导致人们睡眠质量不高，虽然睡眠时间长，但仍然感到疲惫。因此B选项“睡眠质量差可能是身体紊乱的表现”正确。A选项“每天睡眠时间少于8小时的人更容易患病”，原文说的是每天睡眠时间超过8小时但仍然感到疲倦的人更容易患病，所以A选项错误。C选项“中风常与睡眠有关”，D选项“睡眠时间过长与睡眠不足的危害一

50、样大”在文中没有提及，所以C，D错误。22.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often dont think twice about operating without enough sleep.（令人好奇的是，那些认为醉酒做手术应该被免职的外科医生对于在睡眠不足的情况下做手术却很少认真思考。），说明医生们虽然认为醉酒做手术应该受到严惩，但却不会考虑自己在睡眠不足的情况下做

51、手术的问题。因此C选项“医生往往忽视自己的睡眠问题”正确。A选项“医生需要很少的睡眠就可以保持精力充沛”在文中没有提及，所以A错误。B选项“医生的睡眠被住院医生剥夺了”，原文说的是住院医生以缺少睡眠而著称，所以B错误。在D选项“睡眠不足的医生是喝醉了”，原文说的是一个人如果连续24小时不睡，那么到了早晨他的运动能力就和喝醉了酒的人差不多，并不是说睡眠不足的医生就是喝醉了，所以D错误。23【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。文章第二段指出医生睡眠不足以及医生对此缺乏重视的问题，接着在第三、四段举了几个例子I literally fell asleep standing up and nearl

52、y face planted into the wound.（我差不多站着睡着了，而且我的脸几乎碰到了伤口。），Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from workI know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a Jersey barrier on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m.p.h.（实际上我认识的每个外科住院医生都曾经有过在下班开车回家的路上在方向

53、盘上睡着的经历我听说有三个人还曾经撞在停放好的汽车上。另一个人在纽约收费公路上行驶时以65英里的时速撞上了一个收费站栏杆。），说明了睡眠不足的医生可能带来的危害。因此D选项“体现了医生因睡眠不足而面临的危险”正确。A选项“用一些趣闻轶事来娱乐读者”，B选项“讨论医生睡眠问题的原因”，C选项“表现出医生对患者的敌视态度”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。24.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段第三句Most doctors, however, resist such interference.（不过，大多数医生讨厌这种干涉。），并进一步引用Charles Binkl

54、ey医生的话进行论证doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government.（医生应该受到良心的约束，而不是政府的管制。），说明Charles Binkley也认为政府干预过多了。因此B选项“政府干涉太多”正确。A选项“医生不应该遵守政府的规定”，C选项“关于工作周和工作班次的规定过于具体化”，D选项“法律不能强迫医生睡觉，而他的良心却可以”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。25.【试题答案】C【试题解析】观点态度题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Doctors, for their part, have to

55、 give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.（对医生来说，他们不能继续摆出一副从不出错的样子，而应该得到充分的休息。），说明作者在最后给医生提出建议，认为医生应该放弃他们决不出错的姿态，得到充足的休息，否则病人就只能听天由命了。因此C选项“如果医生没有得到充分的休息，患者将面临更多的风险”正确。A选项“患者应该控制医生的工作时间”，B选项“飞行员和卡车司机的工作环境比医生的工作环境更安全”，D选项“有关人员有权解除医生的职务”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。3. 翻译题International mark

56、eting is not a luxury to be considered as a bonus on top of every company seeking to sustain its own economic future. It therefore requires commitment and an equal share of the allocation of resources that would normally be committed to the domestic market. Certainly, it lacks definition and a body

57、of knowledge sufficient to excite, but it is because companies do not recognize the importance and need for international marketing that there is this lack of suitable positions for those students of international marketing. Not all countries, however, hold international marketing in the same low es

58、teem. While this may be true of the United Kingdom and North America, it is not true of Japan where industry and commerce have maintained traditionally strong ties with its universities Coincidentally, Japan has been forging ahead in international markets even in those countries in which it is not a

59、 traditional supplier.【答案】国际市场营销不是寻求维持自身经济发展的公司的像一种津贴样的奢侈品。因此，它要求享有与国内市场同样的权利，即一样的投入与资源配置。由于缺少对国际营销学的完整定义，许多企业并不重视国际市场营销的重要性和必要性，这就使得许多国际营销学专业的学生没有合适的工作岗位。然而，并非所有的国家都不重视国际营销学专业。英国和北美洲国家或许不重视，但是日本则完全不同。日本的工商业习惯 上都与各类高校保持着紧密的联系。巧合地是，日本的国际市场营销，甚至在它不是传统性供应商的那些国家中，也一直是扶摇直上。4. 翻译题October 16th is World Foo

60、d Day, a day of action against hunger. The date commemorates the founding in 1945 of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, or FAO. On this day, people around the world come together to declare their commitment to eradicate hunger in our lifetime.Over the past decade or so, we have se

61、en a great reduction of people living with hunger on a nearly daily basis. Back then, about one in six people went to bed hungry most nights. Now its about one in every nine.Nonetheless, that still leaves some 795,000 thousand chronically hungry people around the world. Of these, 60 percent are wome

62、n, and this despite the fact that most small farmers living in the developing world are women. And when women go hungry, so, all too often, do children. About 161 million kids under the age of five malnourished. This means that their brains wont develop normally, they may have difficulties learning,

63、 and their physical and cognitive growth is stunted. Lack of nutrition compromises not only their own success in the future, but also the development of the communities, economies and countries in which they live. In addition to those children who are chronically undernourished, almost 5 million chi

64、ldren under the age of 5 die of malnutrition-related causes every year.The global community is working to eradicate hunger, because it is the right thing to do. The first of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, called for halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger and facing extreme poverty. We have achieved that goal. As we transition to a sustainable development agenda for 2030, we have raised our ambitions and are striving to effectively end hunger and extreme poverty altogether.【答案】【参考译文】10月16日是世界粮食日，在这一天会反对饥饿。这一天是为了纪念FA