2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第126期

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1、2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Please translate the following ten English sentences into Chinese.With a history of more than 5,000 years, China is one of the oldest ancient civilizations of the world.China was divided for short periods of its history, with different regions being ruled by di

2、fferent groups.From Xia Dynasty in the 21st century BC to Qing Dynasty, China experienced dozens of dynasties in history.Each dynasty achieved unique accomplishments in the fields of polities, economy, culture, science and technology, etc.Han Dynasty was the most advanced empire at that time, which

3、contributes to the formation of the name “the Han Nationality”.Tang Dynasty impressed Chinese for its long time unification and powerful national strength, because of which overseas Chinese call themselves “Tang people” abroad.Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty were periods when economy, culture, educati

4、on and science were highly prosperous.But the change from one dynasty to another usually led to long-lasting wars, which brought unspeakable suffering for the masses.On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the Peoples Republic of China.Maoist thought was widely applied as the guiding political and

5、military ideology of the Communist Party of China.【答案】中国有5000多年的历史，是世界最古老的文明之一。历史上，中国在短期内被划分为多个部分，并且不同的区域由不同的群体管辖。从公元前21世纪的夏朝开始至清朝结束，中国历史上经历过几十个朝代的变更。每个朝代在政治、经济、文化和科学技术等领域都有独特的成就。汉朝是当时世界上最先进的帝国,“汉族”这一名称就得名于汉朝。唐朝因统一时间长、国力强盛而被国人铭记，因此在海外的中国人自称为“唐人”。宋朝和明朝是经济、文化、教育与科学高度繁荣的时代。但朝代的更替一般会导致连年战争，给人民大众带来了难以言表的

6、痛苦。1949年10月1曰，毛泽东宣布中华人民共和国 的成立。毛泽东思想作为中国共产党的政治和军事指导思想被广泛应用。2. 单选题（ ） at in his way, the situation does not seem so desperate.问题1选项A.LookingB.lookedC.Being lookedD.to look【答案】B【解析】句意:该形势在他看来似乎没有如此令人沮丧。语法题。考查被动语态。由句中主语是situation(形式), 这里应该指代该形势被看。因此B项“looked”正确。3. 单选题（ ） you come yesterday, you would h

7、ave seen him.问题1选项A.HadB.ifC.whenD.should【答案】A【解析】句意: 如果你昨天来了，就可以见到他了。语法题。考查虚拟语气。此句是对过去的虚拟,从句要用过去完成时。Had you come yesterday =if you had come yesterday。4. 单选题It being not only possible but even easy to predict which ten-year-old boys are at greatest risk of growing up to be persistent offenders. What

8、 are we doing with the information? Just about the last thing that we should do is to wait until their troubles have escalated in adolescence and then attack them with the provisions of the new Criminal Justice Bill.If this bill becomes law, magistrates will have the power to impose residential care

9、 orders. More young people will be drawn into institutional life when all the evidence shows that this worsens rather than improves their prospects. The introduction of short sharp shocks in detention centers will simply give more young people a taste of something else the dont need; the whole regim

10、e of detention centers is one of toughening delinquents, and if you want to train someone to be anti-establishment. I cant think of a better way to do it, says the writer of this report.The Cambridge Institute of Criminology comes up with five key factors that are likely to make for delinquency: a l

11、ow income family a large family, parents deemed by social workers to be bad at raising children, parents who themselves have a criminal record, and low intelligence in the child. Not surprising, the factors tend to overlap. Of the 63 boys in the sample who had at least three of them when they were t

12、en, half became juvenile delinquentscompared with only fifth of the sample as a whole.Three more factors make the prediction more accurate: being judged troublesome by teachers at the age of ten, having a father with at least two criminal convictions and having another member of the family with a cr

13、iminal record. Of the 35 men who had at least two of these factors in their background, 18 became persistent delinquents and 8 more were in trouble with the law.Among those key factors, far and away the most important was having a parent with a criminal record, even if that had been acquired in the

14、distant past, even though very few parents did other than condemn delinquent behavior in their children.The role of the schools emerges as extremely important. The most reliable prediction of all on the futures of boys came from teachers ratings of how troublesome they were at the age of ten. If the

15、 information is there in the classroom there must be a response that brings more attention to those troublesome children: a search for things to give them credit for other than academic achievement, a refusal to allow them to go on playing truant, and a fostering of ambition and opportunity which sh

16、ould start early in their school careers.1.According to the author, delinquency should be tackled （ ）.2.The number of young offenders could be reduced by the way of（ ）.3.What is the outcome result of putting young offenders into detention centers?4.Ten-year-old children likely to become offenders ar

17、e usually（ ）.5.The writer concludes that potential offenders could be helped by（ ）.问题1选项A.before adolescenceB.during institutional treatmentC.during adolescenceD.when the problem becomes acute问题2选项A.new legal measuresB.better residential careC.brief periods of harsh punishmentD.examination of their

18、backgrounds问题3选项A.They become more violentB.They receive useful trainingC.They become used to institutionsD.They turn against society问题4选项A.spoilt children from small familiesB.bright children in a poor familyC.dull children with many brothers and sistersD.children whose parents have acquired wealth

19、 dishonestly问题5选项A.spending more time at schoolB.more encouragement at schoolC.more activities outside schoolD.stricter treatment from teachers【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。文章开头提出现在对于不良行为, 都只能被动地等待问题出现, 并且提出要在儿童时期就加强教育的解决办法。故选A。2.判断推理题。根据第二段可知,作者不建议通过法律制裁、居住处监管以及严厉的惩罚等措施来处理青少年不良行为。在第三段指出了

20、导致不良行为的五个关键因素，接着在第四段从少年犯的家庭和社会背景分析了使预言更为准确的三个因素。故选D。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词putting young offenders into detention centers定位至第二段, 根据第二段信息 “train someone to be anti-establishment (培养反社会情绪)”推测答案为D。4.细节事实题。第三段分析了导致青少年不良行为的五个关键因素:低收入家庭、大家庭、父母被社会工作者认为虐待孩子，父母有犯罪记录，儿童中的低智商者。因此此题选C。5.细节事实题。最后一段指出, 学校对于青少年不良行为的问题起着至关

21、重要的作用。具体包括鼓励他们更早树立理想, 抓住机会。故选B。5. 单选题I had an experience some years ago which taught me something about the ways in which people make a bad situation worse by blaming themselves. One January, I had to officiate at two funerals on successive days for “full of years” as the Bible would say; both yield

22、ed to the normal wearing out of the body after a long and full life. Their homes happened to be near each other, so I paid condolence calls on the two families on the same afternoon.At the first home, the son of the deceased woman said to me, “If only I had sent my mother to Florida and gotten her o

23、ut of this cold and snow, she would be alive today. Its my fault that she died.” At the second home, the son of the other deceased woman said, “If only I hadnt insisted on my mothers going to Florida, she would be alive today. That long airplane ride, the abrupt change of climate, was more than she

24、could take. Its my fault that shes dead.”When things dont turn out as we would like them to, it is very tempting to assume that had we done things differently, the story would have had a happier ending. Priests know that any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty. Because the course o

25、f action they took turned out badly, they believed that the opposite coursekeeping Mother at home, postponing the operation that would have turned out better. After all, how could have turned out any worse?There seem to be two elements involved in our readiness to feel guilty. The first is our press

26、ing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens. That leads us to find patterns and connections both where they really exist and where they exist only in our minds.The second element is the notion that we are the cause o

27、f what happens, especially the bad things that happen. It seems to be a short step from believing that every event has a cause to believing that every disaster is our fault. The roots of feeling may lie in our childhood. Psychologists speak of the infantile myth of omnipotence. A baby comes to think

28、 that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it. He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to its tasks. He cries, and someone comes to attend to him. When he is hungry, people feed him, and when he is wet, people change him. Very often, we do n

29、ot completely outgrow that infantile notion that our wishes cause things to happen.1.What is said about the two deceased elderly woman?2.The author had to conduct the two womens funerals probably because （ ）.3.People feel guilty for the deaths of their loved ones because（ ）.4.In the context of the p

30、assage, “.the world makes sense” (Line 2, Para. 4) probably means that（ ）.5.People have been made to believe since infancy that（ ）.问题1选项A.They lived out a natural life.B.They died of exhaustion after the long plane ride.C.They werent accustomed to the change in weather.D.They died due to lack of car

31、e by family members.问题2选项A.he wanted to console the two familiesB.he was an official from the communityC.he had great sympathy for the deceasedD.he was priest of the local church问题3选项A.they couldnt find a better way to express their griefB.they believe that they were responsibleC.they had neglected

32、the natural course of eventsD.they didnt know things often turn out in the opposite direction问题4选项A.everything in the world is predeterminedB.the world can be interpreted in different waysC.theres an explanation for everything in the worldD.we have to be sensible in order to understand the world问题5选

33、项A.everybody is at their commandB.life and death is an unsolved mysteryC.every story should have a happy endingD.their wishes are the cause of everything that happens【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.細节事实题。根据文章第一段的One January, I had to officiate at two funerals on successive days for “full of years

34、” as the Bible would say; both yielded to the normal wearing out of the body after a long and full life (那是在一月，我连着为两位年迈的老人主持葬礼, 正如圣经中所说，这两位老人都是在经历了漫长和完整的人生之后的身体正常耗尽)可知选项A “两位老人终其天年”与文章意思相符。2.判断推理题。题目是问“作者需要为两位老人办理丧事的原因有可能是什么。选项A: 因为作者想安慰这两个家，B: 因为作者是那个社区的公务人员， C: 因为作者对死者怀有无限同情和D: 因为作者是当地教堂的牧师，并且根据原文

35、I had to officiate at two funerals on successive days for “full of years” as.中的关键词 officiate “主持宗教仪式”和on successive days “连续”可知极有可能的原因是选项D。3.细节事实题。根据题干信息People feel guilty for the deaths of their loved定位至第三段: Priests know that any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty.,而后面紧接着说到原因: Be

36、cause the course of action they took turned out badly, they believed that the opposite coursekeeping Mother at home, postponing the operation that would have turned out better(当他们的行动计划引起了坏的结果时，他们就会相信如果当初采取不同的行动计划，如将母亲留在家里以及将计划延期，那么结果就会好很多)，由此可知人们通常会对至亲的去世感到内疚是因为他们认为自己对于至亲的去世负有贵任，即选项B。4.语义题。第四段主要是对我们

37、常常会感到自责的原因之一的介绍， 根据这段中的 The first is our pressing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens. “ 一方面是因为我们非常相信世界自有其道理，也就是说世间的一切都有某发生存在的原因”可知the world makes sense 意思是世间的一切都有其发生存在的原因，故答案选项为C。5.细节事实题。根据文章最后一句话Very often, we

38、do not completely outgrow that infantile notion that our wishes cause things to happen. “通常，我们都没有从那个婴儿时期形成的观念中摆脱出来，即一切事件都发生都取决于我们自身的意念”，故答案选项为D “他们自身的意念是导致一切发生的根本原因”。6. 单选题The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals beca

39、me engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national ch

40、ain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movemen

41、t to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and

42、endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years,

43、 evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased part

44、icipation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.1.The word spas (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to （ ）.2.Early fitness spas were intended mainly for（ ）.3.What was the

45、 attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?4.People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out（ ）.5.Recent studies have suggested that weight training（ ）.问题1选项A.sports activitiesB.places for physical exerciseC.recreation centersD.athletic training programs问题2选项A.t

46、he promotion of aerobic exerciseB.endurance and muscular developmentC.the improvement of womens figuresD.better performance in aerobic dancing问题3选项A.Positive.B.IndifferentC.NegativeD.Cautious问题4选项A.how well they could do in athletics.B.what their health condition was likeC.what kind of fitness cente

47、r was suitable for themD.whether they were fit for aerobic exercise问题5选项A.has become an essential part of peoples lifeB.may well affect the health of the traineesC.will attract more people in the days to comeD.contributes to health improvements as well【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.词义题。spas所在句为:

48、 Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness.( 随着上百万人投入到有氧操运动中， 数以千计的health spas在全国内发展开来，企图在这场健身热潮中获利)。因此spas应该指某场所, 排除A、D。而文章讨论的主题是健身运动而不是娱乐休闲，故答案选项为

49、B项 “健身锻炼场所”。2.细节事实题。第一段指出: their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts (他们关注的不是有氧运动，而是旨在培养男性爱好者肌肉质量、力量和耐力的重量训练项目), 这里的their指的早期健身场所。因此选B “耐力和肌肉发育”。3.观点态度题。文章指出: These fitness sp

50、as did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits (这些健身场所井没有从这场热潮中获得很好的经济收益因为医学观点认为，体重训练项目对健康的益处很少（就算有的话）)。由此可见，医学观点（也就是医生的观点）对weight training的态度应该是非常消极的，可以选择C。

51、4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词physical fitness tests定位至最后一段: Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics (过去，多数健康测试通常包含肌肉力量和耐力

52、项目，这不是出于对健康的考虑，而是因为这些因素与体育竞技成绩相关), 因此选A “了解他们在体育竞技中能获得怎样的成绩”。5.细节事实题。第二段指出: However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well (然而最近有证据表明，主要用来提升肌肉力量和耐力的训练项目对健康也是有好处的)。因此选D “负重

53、训练对健康也是有好处的”。7. 单选题Jogging has become the most popular individual sport in America. Many theories, even some mystical ones, have been advanced to explain the popularity of jogging. The plain truth is that jogging is a cheap, quick and efficient way to maintain (or achieve) physical fitness.The most

54、useful sort of exercise is exercise that develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems. If these systems are fit, the body is ready for almost any sport and for almost any sudden demand made by work or emergencies. One can train more specifically, as by developing strength for weight lifting or

55、 the ability to run straight ahead for short distances with great powers in football, but running trains your heart and lungs to deliver oxygen more efficiently to all parts of your body. It is worth noting that this sort of exercise is the only kind that can reduce heart disease, the number one cau

56、se of death in America.Only one sort of equipment is neededa good pair of shoes. Physicians advise beginning joggers not to run in a tennis or gym shoe. Many design advances have been made in only the last several years that make an excellent running shoe indispensable if a runner wishes to develop

57、as quickly as possible, with as little chance of injury as possible. A good running shoe will have a soft pad for absorbing shock, as well as a slightly built-up heel and a full heel cup that will give the knee and ankle more stability. A wise investment in good shoes will prevent blisters and the f

58、oot, ankle and knee injuries and will also enable the wearer to run on paved or soft surfaces.No other special equipment is needed; you can jog in any clothing, you desire, even your street clothes. Many joggers wear expensive, flashy warm-up suits, but just as many wear a simple pair of gym shoes a

59、nd T-shirt; in fact, many people just jog in last years clothes. In cold weather, several layers of clothing are better than one heavy sweater or coat. If joggers are wearing several layers of clothing, they can add or subtract layers as conditions change.It takes surprisingly little time to develop

60、 the ability to run. The American Jogging Association has a twelve-week program designed to move form a fifteen-minute walk (which almost anyone can manage who is in reasonable health) to a thirty-minute run. A measure of common sense, a physical examination, and a planned schedule are all it takes.

61、1.They main purpose of this passage is to （ ）.2.The most useful kind of exercise is exercise that（ ）.3.We can conclude from this passage that（ ）.4.The authors tone（ ）.5.As used in this passage, the word “mystical” means（ ）.问题1选项A.discuss jogging as a physical fitness programB.describe the type of cl

62、othing needed for joggingC.provide scientific evidence of the benefits of joggingD.distinguish between jogging as a common sense fitness program and a cult (崇拜)movement问题2选项A.trains the body for weight liftingB.enables a person to run straight ahead for Short distances with great powerC.is both bene

63、ficial and inexpensiveD.develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems问题3选项A.because of jogging, heart disease is no longer an American problemB.jogging can be harmful if the runner is not properly preparedC.warm-up suits are preferable to gym shoes and T-shirtsD.jogging is bad for the ankles and knees问题4选项A.skepticalB.aggressiveC.approvingD.purely objective问题5选项A.awesomeB.horrifyingC.a spiritual disciplineD.vicious【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.