2022年考博英语-东北大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第99期

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1、2022年考博英语-东北大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Fast ReadingNewspapersNewspapers are the original form of broadband communication, a distinction not always recognized in the age of the Internet. Long before we had computers, televisions, radios, telephones and telegraphs, newspapers were the cheapest and most

2、efficient way to reach mass audiences with news, commentary and advertising. Newspapers, from their beginnings as hand-printed “broadsheets”, have been a true random-access medium - readers can move easily and quickly through the different sections of a newspaper, returning to them days or even week

3、s later. And because a newspapers “software” consists of a common language, it possesses a universal and timeless quality.What Did the Growth of TV News Mean to Newspapers?With the growth of television news in the 1960s, newspapers confronted their first formidable competitor. Today, ABC News claims

4、 that more Americans get their news from ABC than from any other source and its probably true. The United States 1,600 daily newspapers continue to serve millions of readers, but newspapers are no longer the countrys dominant mass medium. How to survive and even flourish in a culture more attuned to

5、 （吻合）electronic media than to printers ink is the most serious issue facing the newspaper industry as it enters the 21st century.It is safe to say that newspapers are not about to follow the Morse telegraph into oblivion. Newspapers are a portable convenient medium. No one lugs a computer monitor to

6、 the breakfast table to get the morning news. And, newspapers are proving surprisingly adept at reinventing themselves for todays readers by emphasizing good design, color photography and detailed stories that report and interpret current events.What Exactly Is News and How Does It Work?Curiously, f

7、or a publication called a newspaper, no one has ever coined a standard definition of news. But for the most part, news usually falls under one broad classification - the abnormal. It is human folly, mechanical failures and natural disasters that often “make the news”. Reporters are a newspapers fron

8、t-line eyes and ears. Reporters glean （收集） information from many sources, some public, such as police records, and others private, such as a government informant. Occasionally, a reporter will go to jail rather than reveal the name of a confidential source for a news story. American newspapers proud

9、ly consider themselves the fourth branch of government the watchdog branch that exposes legislative, executive and judicial misbehavior.Some reporters are assigned to beats, or an area of coverage, such as the courts, city hall, education, business, medicine and so forth. Others are called general a

10、ssignment reporters, which means they are on call for a variety of stories such as accidents, civic events and human-interest stories. In the movies, reporters have exciting, frenzied （狂热的）and dangerous jobs as they live a famous pronouncement of the newspaper business: “Comfort the afflicted and af

11、flict the comfortable.” Although a few members of the media have been killed as a result of investigations into wrongdoing, newspaper work for the great majority of reporters is routine.All reporters are ultimately responsible to an editor. Depending on its size, a newspaper may have numerous editor

12、s, beginning with an executive editor responsible for the news division. Immediately below the executive editor is the managing editor, the person who oversees the day-to-day work of the news division. Other editors sports, photo, state, national, features and obituary（讣告）, for example may also repo

13、rt to the managing editor.However, the best known and in some ways the most crucial editor is the city or metro editor. This is the editor that reporters work for directly. The city or metro editor assigns stones, enforces deadlines and is the first to see reporters raw copy on the composition syste

14、m or computer network. These editors are called gatekeepers, because they control much of what will and will not appear in the next days paper. Often working under the stress of breaking news, their decisions translate directly into the content of the newspaper.Once the city or metro editor has fini

15、shed editing a reporters raw copy, the story moves from the composition system via the computer network to another part of the news division, the copy desk. Here, copy editors check for spelling and other errors of usage. They may also look for “holes” in the story that would confuse readers or leav

16、e their questions unanswered. The copy desk chief routes finished stories to other editors who fit local and wire service stories, headlines （written by the editor not the reporter!） and digital photographs onto pages. Newspapers are increasingly doing this work, called pagination （分页）, with persona

17、l computers using software available at any office supply store. Microsoft Windows, Word and Quark Express are three programs that, though not designed for newspaper production, are easily adapted for it.What Are the Editorial Pages All About?A newspaper publishes its views on current events - both

18、local and national - on its editorial pages. This is where editorials, unsigned commentary that reflects the collective position of the newspapers editorial board, appear. Editorials are not news, but rather reasoned opinion based on facts. For example, editorials may criticize the performance of pu

19、blic officials such as the mayor, the police chief, or the local school board; conversely, editorials may praise others for their civic contributions. Whatever the topic, newspapers hope their editorials will raise the level of community discourse.Two ways this occurs are familiar to any newspaper r

20、eader letters to the editor and op-ed articles （a contraction of opposite-editorial page）. Letters are always among the best-read section of any newspaper, for this is where readers express their opinions. Op-ed articles usually run 850 to 1,000 words. Newspapers make space for letters to the editor

21、 and op-ed articles freely available as part of their contribution to civic dialogue.The editorial pages are under the direction of an editor outside the news division. Newspaper people call this “separation of church and state”, meaning there is a line between news and opinion that must not be cros

22、sed. To do so strips a newspaper of its most valuable asset - credibility. For that reason, editorial page editors at some large newspapers report to the publisher, who is the chief executive officer of the company, and not to the executive editor. Other newspapers may have their editorial page edit

23、or reporting to the executive editor. Whatever the organizational model, though, neither department can tell the other what to publish in the newspaper.How Are Newspapers Distributed?Responsibility for getting the newspaper from the press to the reader falls to the distribution division. Large newsp

24、apers publish two, three or even four editions, all of which must be ready to leave the newspaper plant at a certain time. The first edition, sometimes called the bulldog edition（晨版）, goes to the outer limits of the newspapers circulation area.This may be several counties or even an entire state. La

25、ter editions contain progressively fresher news and go to smaller areas. The final edition, which goes to press after midnight, contains the latest news but covers the smallest geographical area, usually a city.Any subscriber to a daily newspaper knows that it plops （扑通落下）onto the driveway in the we

26、e hours of the morning. Independent contractors called carriers buy copies of the newspaper at discount and deliver them, using their personal vehicles. The first job for many American youngsters was delivering the afternoon paper in their neighborhood.The circulation department draws the routes tha

27、t carriers follow. This department is also responsible for rack sales, newspapers that go into coin-operated dispensers （自动售货机）. The circulation department maintains subscribers billing records, stops and starts deliveries upon request, and uses service runners to deliver missing papers.In 18 hours

28、of highly coordinated work carried out by numerous divisions, what newspaper people call a “rough draft of history” as moved through computer systems, imaging （成像） machines and presses, to its final destination - the readers.After 3:30 a.m., few people remain at a newspaper plant. All the other divi

29、sions have gone home. The presses have fallen silent, perhaps undergoing maintenance for the remainder of the night. The sudden silence will not last long. In less than four hours, the newspaper, as it must do 365 days a year, will rouse from its short sleep and start all over again.1. What can best

30、 describe the qualities of newspapers now?2. What qualities should Newspapers possess in order to survive in the competition against other media?3. Todays newspapers pay more attention to the following aspects EXCEPT （ ）.4. Why American newspapers consider themselves “the watchdog branch”?5. What wi

31、ll and will not appear in the next days paper is decided by （ ）.6. What must be published on newspapers editorial pages?7. Newspapers make room for letters to the editor and opposite-editorial articles as important devotion to （ ）.问题1选项A.They are original and hand-printed.B.They are the cheapest and

32、 most efficient.C.They are universal and everlasting.D.They are the whole worlds dominant mass medium.问题2选项A.Convenience and adaptability.B.Convenience and good design.C.Color photography and adaptability.D.Good design and color photography.问题3选项A.good designB.detailed storiesC.color photographyD.lo

33、w cost and high income问题4选项A.Because they report and interpret current events.B.Because they uncover legislative, executive and judicial misbehavior.C.Because they report human folly, mechanical failures and natural disasters.D.Because they gather stories such as accidents, civic events and human-in

34、terest stories.问题5选项A.the copy editorB.the executive editorC.the managing editorD.the city or metro editor问题6选项A.The criticism of public officials such as the mayor and the police chief.B.The opinions that readers express about the detailed stories.C.Newspapers comments on current events.D.The good

35、deed public officials have done for their civic contributions.问题7选项A.current eventsB.public reportsC.private storiesD.civic dialogue【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D第6题:C第7题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】细节事实题。第一段指出：And because a newspapers “software” consists of a common language, it possesses a universal and timeless

36、quality. （因为报纸的“软件”是由一种共同的语言组成的，所以它具有普遍和无时间限制的特质）。因此C项“它们普遍而永恒”正确。2.【试题解析】判断推理题。第三段讲了报纸是如何求生存：Newspapers are a portable convenient medium（报纸是一种方便携带的媒介），以及：And, newspapers are proving surprisingly adept at reinventing themselves for todays readers by emphasizing good design, color photography and det

37、ailed stories that report and interpret current events.（惊人的是，报纸善于打造自身以适应现今的读者，通过注重好的设计，彩色摄影和报告和解释时事的详细报道）。由此可知，报纸为了在竞争中生存应该具备方便和适应性的特点，故选A。3.【试题解析】判断推理题。第三段指出：And, newspapers are proving surprisingly adept at reinventing themselves for todays readers by emphasizing good design, color photography and

38、 detailed stories that report and interpret current events. （惊人的是，报纸善于打造自身以适应现今的读者，通过注重好的设计，彩色摄影和报告和解释时事的详细报道）。四个选项中，只有D项“低成本，高收入”未被提及，因此答案选D。4.【试题解析】细节事实题。第四段指出：American newspapers proudly consider themselves the fourth branch of government the watchdog branch that exposes legislative, executive an

39、d judicial misbehavior.（美国报纸骄傲的自称为政府第四个分支监察机构这暴露了立法、行政和司法方面的不当行为）。由此可知B项正确。5.【试题解析】细节事实题。第七段指出：These editors are called gatekeepers, because they control much of what will and will not appear in the next days paper.（这些编辑被称作守门人，因为他们控制着第二天报纸上将出现的大多数内容）。由此可知D项正确。6.【试题解析】细节事实题。第九段指出：A newspaper publishe

40、s its views on current events - both local and national - on its editorial pages. （报纸将其关于当地或国内最近事件的观点发表于社论版面里）。由此可知，社论版发表对最近事件的看法。故选C。7.【试题解析】细节事实题。第十段指出：Newspapers make space for letters to the editor and op-ed articles freely available as part of their contribution to civic dialogue.（报纸为读者来信和反对意见的

41、文章腾出地方，是它们为市民对话做出贡献的一部分）。因此，D项“公民对话”正确。2. 单选题The lecturer wandered from his text to（ ）on a point that had obviously caught his audiences interest.问题1选项A.elaborateB.interruptC.explainD.emphasize【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项elaborate“详细说明，阐述；详尽计划（常与on连用）”；B选项interrupt“中断；打断；插嘴；妨碍”；C选项explain“说明；解释”；D选项emphasi

42、ze“强调，着重”。句意：这位演讲者离开他的正文，去详尽阐述明显让他的观众感兴趣的一个观点。结合句意，A选项正确。3. 单选题The contestants had to stay within the（ ）of the playing field or they would be eliminated.问题1选项A.symptomaticB.corollaryC.punditD.parameter【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项symptomatic“有症状的；症候的”；B选项corollary“推论；必然的结果”；C选项pundit“专家；博学者；梵文学者”；D选项parameter

43、“参数；起限定作用的因素；界限”。句意：参赛者必须停留在比赛场地的界限内，否则他们将被淘汰。结合此处语义，D选项正确。4. 单选题For hundreds of millions of years, turtles have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volun

44、teers to hand-carry the hatchlings down to the waters edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. With all that attention paid to them, youd

45、 think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct.But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can gro

46、w to as much as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for

47、 the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to “endangered”meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help.The obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway? It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles

48、for the weeks they spend on land (as egg-laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean. “The threat is from commercial fishing,” says Griffin. Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and longline fishers (which can dep

49、loy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles.Of course, like every other environmental issue today, this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles

50、 lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants t

51、o wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.1.We can learn from the first paragraph that （ ）.2.What does the author mean by “Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness (Line 1， Para. 2)?3.What constitutes a major threat to the survival of turtles according to Elizabeth Gri

52、ffin?4.How does global warming affect the survival of turtles?5.The last sentence of the passage is meant to （ ）.问题1选项A.human activities have changed the way turtles surviveB.efforts have been made to protect turtles from dying outC.government bureaucracy has contributed to turtles, extinctionD.mari

53、ne biologists are looking for the secret of turtles reproduction问题2选项A.Nature is quite fair regarding the survival of turtles.B.Turtles are by nature indifferent to human activities.C.The course of nature will not be changed by human interference.D.The turtle population has decreased in spite of hum

54、an protection.问题3选项A.Their inadequate food supply.B.Unregulated commercial fishing.C.Their lower reproduction ability.D.Contamination of sea water.问题4选项A.It threatens the sandy beaches on which they lay eggs.B.The changing climate makes it difficult for their eggs to hatch.C.The rising sea levels ma

55、ke it harder for their hatchlings to grow.D.It takes them longer to adapt to the high beach temperature.问题5选项A.persuade human beings to show more affection for turtlesB.stress that even the most ugly species should be protectedC.call for effective measures to ensure sea turtles survivalD.warn our de

56、scendants about the extinction of species【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines.”，中文翻译为：一堵令人生畏的官僚主义墙已经竖起来保护它们在大西洋海岸线上的主要筑巢地。B选项“已经做出保护海龟免于灭绝的努力”符合题意。2.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定

57、位到原文第二段“a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles.”，中文翻译为：一份由鱼类与野生生物服务局提供的报道显示，几种北大西洋海龟的数量出现了令人担忧的下降。以及参考第一段“A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastl

58、ines.”，中文翻译为：一堵令人生畏的官僚主义墙已经竖起来保护它们在大西洋海岸线上的主要筑巢地。因此，D项正确，译为“尽管人类的保护，但是海龟的数量已减少”。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文第三段“Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and longline fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on

59、 turtles.”，中文翻译为：拖网渔船（其拖着巨大的网穿过海域和海底的）和多钩长线渔船（其能在延伸数英里的钓线上布置数以千计的钩子）让海龟遭受重创。可以推测出B选项正确，译为“未受管理的商业捕鱼”。4.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干关键词global warming可以定位到原文最后一段中“The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising se

60、a levels as the oceans warm.”，中文翻译为：海龟产卵的狭窄带状海滩地带，一方面正被发展所挤压，在另一方面受到海洋变暖所带来的海平面不断上升的威胁。可以得知A选项正确。5.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到原文最后一段最后一句话“Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to

61、wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.”，中文翻译为：最后，我们必须也着手处理这些事情，否则一种比恐龙活得长的动物将会在人类的手中走向灭亡，从而让我们的后代去想知道如此丑陋的生物如何得到如此多的关爱。可以推测出C选项“呼吁采取有效的措施来确保海龟的生存”正确。5. 单选题The scientists became very excited as they felt they were on the（ ）of a discovery.问题1选项A.crestB.borderlineC.brinkD.bluff【答

62、案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。on the brink of“在的边缘”，句意：当感觉自己处于一个发现的边缘时，科学家们变得非常兴奋。故C选项正确。6. 单选题The schoolmaster（ ）the girls bravery in his opening speech.问题1选项A.applaudedB.enhancedC.elevatedD.clapped【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项applaud“赞同；称赞”；B选项enhance“提高；加强；增加”；C选项elevate“提高；举起；抬高”；D选项clap“拍手；鼓掌；轻轻拍打某人”。句意：校长在开幕致辞上称赞了这个女

63、孩的勇敢行为。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题In order to（ ）the agreement between the employee and the employer, both sides must sign it.问题1选项A.extractB.endorseC.notifyD.validate【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项extract“提取；取出；摘录；榨取”；B选项 endorse“背书；认可；签署；赞同”；C选项notify“通告，通知；公布”；D选项validate“证实，验证；确认；使生效”。句意：为了使雇员和雇主之间的协议生效，双方必须在该协议上签字。因此D

64、选项正确。8. 单选题The girls（ ）condition was due to the fact that she couldnt find a perfect dress for homecoming.问题1选项A.mootB.prestigiousC.abjectD.meretricious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项moot“无实际意义的；未决议的”；B选项prestigious“有名望的；享有声望的”；C选项abject“卑鄙的；不幸的；可怜的；（境况）凄惨的”；D选项meretricious“俗气的；华丽而庸俗的”。句意：这位女孩可怜的状况是因她不能为校友返校节而找到一件完美的礼服。根据句意可知C选项正确。9. 单选题The