2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第73期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Every month the old couple put aside a little sum of money which （ ） urgent use.问题1选项A.means forB.means toC.is meant forD.is meant to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。mean for “对意味着”；mean to “对重要”；be meant for “为做准备”；be meant to “打算，意欲”。句意：这对夫妇每个月都会存一小笔钱，以备急需时用。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题

2、A sweeping review of NASAs human spaceflight program has concluded that the agency has an unsustainable and unsafe strategy that will prevent the United States from achieving a human landing on Mars in the foreseeable future.The 286-page National Research Council (NRC) report says that to continue o

3、n the present course under budgets that dont keep pace with inflation “is to invite failure, disillusionment, and the loss of the longstanding international perception that human spaceflight is something the United States does best. ”A major argument against returning to the moon was that it didnt p

4、encil out一that there wasnt nearly enough money dedicated to the program. If the goal is a human landing on Mars, the current strategy wont work.“Absent a very fundamental change in the nations way of doing business, it is not realistic to believe that we can achieve the consensus goal of reaching Ma

5、rs, ” Mitch Daniels, the former Indiana governor and co-chair of the committee, said Wednesday morning in an interview.A 2009 committee appointed by Obama urged NASA to keep its options open while investing in spaceflight technology and letting the commercial sector handle routine trips to low Earth

6、 orbit. But the NRC reviewers argue that NASA and its international partners should focus on the “horizon goal” of Mars and do whatever it takes to get there, step by step, avoiding changes in strategic direction.NASA officials, aware that critics see the agency as adrift, say they have already been

7、 moving in the direction advocated by the NRC. Their strategy targets Mars, just as the NRC report now demands, they say. “ All this work will eventually enable astronaut missions to Mars，” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said in a recent NASA white paper.“NASAs been doing some work, and has been

8、doing some thinking over the last six months, thatis in alignment with what the NRC says the top-level goals are，” said Greg Williams, a NASA deputy associate administrator.But Williams was cool to the suggestion of a return to the moon, saying the airless moon offers little help in developing the k

9、ind of descent and landing techniques needed on Mars, which has a thin, troublesome atmosphere.The NRC committee probed the philosophical question of why we send people into space to begin with. The committee concluded that the purely practical, economic benefits of human spaceflight do not justify

10、the costs but that the aspirational nature of the endeavor may make it worth the effort.1.The review of NASAs human spaceflight program is described as（ ）.2.The National Research Council report implies that（ ）.3.According to Mitch Daniels, reaching Mars（ ）.4.A 2009 committee appointed by Obama argue

11、d that NASA should（ ）.5.NASA is criticized for（ ）.6.The NRC committee claimed that spaceflight（ ）.问题1选项A.timelyB.extensiveC.criticalD.notable问题2选项A.the U. S. plays a leading role in spaceflightB.international cooperation requires more budgetC.the programs chances of success are slimD.the public need

12、 to give more support to the program问题3选项A.lacks funding from the business worldB.is a project that has made great achievementsC.is a generally accepted objectiveD.will change the country in various ways问题4选项A.become more commercializedB.pay more attention to low-Earth-orbit projectsC.become more re

13、alistic with its strategiesD.make more efforts in different space programs问题5选项A.lacking consistent goalsB.being overambitiousC.demanding too much fundD.having low-quality staff问题6选项A.deserves devotionB.brings economic benefitsC.would have an uncertain futureD.should use the techniques of moon-landi

14、ng【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A第6题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据 “A sweeping review of NASAs human spaceflight program has concluded that the agency has an unsustainable and unsafe strategy that will prevent the United States from achieving a human landing on Mars in the foreseeable future.（对

15、美国宇航局载人航天计划的全面审查得出结论，该机构有一个不可持续和不安全的战略，将阻止美国在可预见的未来实现人类登陆火星。）”，即可得出本题答案。2.细节推理题。根据题干关键词 “ The National Research Council”,可将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据 “human spaceflight is something the United States does best（人类太空飞行是美国做得最好的事情）”,即可得出本题答案。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词 “Mitch Daniels”,可将信息点定位至原文第四段。根据 “Absent a very fundamenta

16、l change in the nations way of doing business, it is not realistic to believe that we can achieve the consensus goal of reaching Mars（目前国家在做事的方式上缺少根本性的改变，(而一味地)认为我们可以完成到达火星这一大家共识的目标是不现实的。）”,即可得出本题答案。4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段，根据 “to keep its options open while investing in spaceflight technology a

17、nd letting the commercial sector handle routine trips to low Earth orbit（在投资航天技术和让商业部门处理常规近地轨道旅行的同时，保持其选择的开放性）”,即可得出本题答案。5.细节推理题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段。根据 “should focus on the “horizon goal” of Mars（航天局应该专注于在火星项目范围内的目标）”，即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。6.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。根据 “the aspirational nature of th

18、e endeavor may make it worth the effort（努力的渴望性质可能使其值得付出努力）”，即可得出本题答案。3. 单选题The train is _ at the destination station at 11 oclock this evening.问题1选项A.dueB.vitalC.instantD.available【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. due 预期的，预计的 B. vital 必不可少的，极其重要的C. instant 立即的，立刻的 D. available 可获得的，可找到的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】空格处做表语来说明火车的

19、性质，后半句说到“今晚11点（at 11 oclock this evening）到达终点站”，通常来说，火车的时刻表是固定的，所以火车到达终点站的时间是可以预计到的。due指预计在特定的时间或地点发生，因此A选项due“预期的，预计的”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项vital“必不可少的，极其重要的”指为了某事物的成功或存在所必需的或必要的，不能和“11 oclock this evening（今晚11点）”相对应；C选项instant“立即的，立刻的”指某事迅速发生，不符合题干的语义逻辑；D选项available“可获得的，可找到的”指容易得到或使用，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】火车预

20、计于今晚11点到达终点站。4. 不定项选择题Chances are that, were you to be asked to imagine a victim of fraud, youd think of a little old lady being cheated out of thousands of poundsin person, on the phone or, increasingly, online. In fact, according to a recent report by the Better Business Bureau in the United State

21、s, this is far from the case.“Weve bought into stereotypes about scam victimsthey are usually seen as vulnerable and elderly, or gullible and poorly educated,” says the papers co-author, Emma Fletcher, product manager at the BBB Institute. “These stereotypes are strongly heldand they are wrong. We a

22、re all at risk, but younger and more educated individuals are actually the most likely to be scammed.”Similarly, a 2016 report by Norton, the antivirus company, found that 44 percent of millennials had been the victim of an online crime in the past year, compared with just 16 percent of baby boomers

23、. Research by Barclays this year backs this up. The Barclays Digital Safety Index highlights that almost two thirds of 18-24 year-olds had fallen prey to hackers or viruses. Yet when asked about actions taken to prevent future attacks, millennials were less likely than their older counterparts to ta

24、ke positive actions, such as installing an anti-virus software following a computer breach.Why is this? After all, millennials are meant to have data running through their veins. There are several reasons. One is what is known as optimism biasthe idea that other people might be more vulnerable than

25、you and that you know better. Younger people are usually more knowledgeable about IT than those in the older generations. But, perversely, this makes them less likely to heed advice about staying safe, whereas, perhaps surprisingly, older people are more inclined to listen.But this is not the only r

26、eason. Younger people spend far more time online. They shop more there (meaning their card details are entered more often and stored in numerous databases) and they share much more personal information online. According to Ofcoms 2016 Media Use and Attitudes report, more than 90 percent of those age

27、d 16-34 have social-media accounts. For those aged between 55 and 64, this figure drops to 51 percent. For those 65 and over, its 30 percent.Interestingly though, according to the Office of National Statistics, older people are more likely to be victims of repeat fraud. This may be because they tend

28、 to be more trusting. Research at the University of California suggests that this isnt just because they grew up in more innocent times. Rather, age-related changes in the brain mean that as people get older, they tend to trust more and question less.42. The belief that old women are more likely to

29、be cheated is _.43. The 2016 report by Norton mentioned in Paragraph 3 shows that _.44. We can learn from the research by Barclays that _.45. According to Paragraph 4, younger peoples optimism bias refers to their idea that _.46. In Paragraph 5, the decrease of the number of old peoples social-media

30、 accounts explains why the elderly _.47. According to the research by the University of California, older people are more trusting because they _.问题1选项A.proved to be wrongB.confirmed by a surveyC.changing over the yearsD.shared by both genders问题2选项A.young people are less likely to use antivirus soft

31、ware than the elderlyB.young people are more likely to be cheated online than the elder generationC.online cheating is common in the 21st centuryD.young people are more likely to be cheated online than in person问题3选项A.its research results echo those of Norton research in 2016B.most of the online fra

32、ud victims are between the ages of 18-24C.it is of great importance to install anti-virus software to prevent fraudD.the younger generation are likely to take counteractions against fraud问题4选项A.they are more knowledgeable than the older generationB.they are guarded by more Internet protectionC.they

33、are stronger than othersD.they are less likely to fall victims to frauds问题5选项A.are more likely to suffer from repeat fraud onlineB.experience more online scams than young peopleC.leave less personal information online than the youngD.spend far less time shopping online than the young问题6选项A.were taug

34、ht to be innocent when they were growing upB.suffer from age-related changes as they get oldC.are more experienced in judging peopleD.enjoy communicating with people both in person and online【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B【解析】42. 【选项释义】The belief that old women are more likely to be cheated is _.

35、 认为老年妇女更容易被骗的观点_。A. proved to be wrong A. 被证明是错误的B. confirmed by a survey B. 被一项调查所证实C. changing over the years C. 多年来一直在变化D. shared by both genders D. 两种性别都有【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词old women可以定位到文章第一段“如果让你想象（imagine）一个诈骗的受害者，你可能会想到一个被骗走数千英镑的小老太太（a little old lady）不管是当面、在电话中或者越来越多在网上受骗的情况。事实上，根据美国商业

36、改善局最近的一份报告表明，情况远非如此（far from the case）。”，说明在人们的想象中，老年妇女更容易上当受骗，但美国商业改善局的报告表明这一观点是不对的。因此A选项“被证明是错误的”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“被一项调查所证实”，文章说的是这一观点被证明错误，而不是被证明正确，属于反向干扰；C选项“多年来一直在变化”和D选项“两种性别都有”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。43. 【选项释义】The 2016 report by Norton mentioned in Paragraph 3 shows that _. 第三段中提到的诺顿公司2016年的报告显示_。A. youn

37、g people are less likely to use antivirus software than the elderly A. 年轻人使用杀毒软件的可能性比老年人低B. young people are more likely to be cheated online than the elder generation B. 年轻人比长辈更容易在网上受骗C. online cheating is common in the 21st century C. 在21世纪，网上诈骗很普遍D. young people are more likely to be cheated onli

38、ne than in person D. 年轻人在网上受骗的可能性比当面受骗的可能性大【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Norton可以定位到文章第三段第一句“同样，杀毒软件公司诺顿2016年的一份报告发现，在过去的一年里，百分之四十四的千禧一代（millennials）是网络犯罪的受害者，而婴儿潮一代（baby boomers）的比例仅为百分之十六。”，千禧一代指的是年轻人，婴儿潮一代指的是老年人，说明年轻人比老年人在网络上受骗的比例要多。因此B选项“年轻人比长辈更容易在网上受骗”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“年轻人使用杀毒软件的可能性比老年人低”，这是巴克莱的研究报告结果，而不

39、是诺顿公司的，属于张冠李戴；C选项“在21世纪，网上诈骗很普遍”，这份报告只显示了过去一年的结果，不能说明在21世纪都很普遍，属于推理过度；D选项“年轻人在网上受骗的可能性比当面受骗的可能性大”，文章中没有提及在网上受骗和当面受骗可能性的对比，属于无中生有。44. 【选项释义】We can learn from the research by Barclays that _. 我们可以从巴克莱的研究中得知，_。A. its research results echo those of Norton research in 2016 A. 其研究结果与2016年诺顿的研究结果相呼应B. most

40、 of the online fraud victims are between the ages of 18-24 B. 大部分网上诈骗的受害者年龄在十八至二十四岁之间C. it is of great importance to install anti-virus software to prevent fraud C. 安装杀毒软件对防止诈骗是非常重要的D. the younger generation are likely to take counteractions against fraud D. 年轻一代有可能采取反欺诈的措施【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Ba

41、rclays可以定位到文章第三段第二句“巴克莱今年的研究也支持这一点（backs this up）。”，this指代的是上文诺顿公司的研究结果，说明巴克莱的研究报告支持诺顿公司的报告。因此A选项“其研究结果与2016年诺顿的研究结果相呼应”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“大部分网上诈骗的受害者年龄在十八至二十四岁之间”，文章只是说十八至二十四岁的人之中成为受害者的比例大，并不代表大部分的受害者都在这个年龄段之间，属于曲解原文；C选项“安装杀毒软件对防止诈骗是非常重要的”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“年轻一代有可能采取反欺诈的措施”，文章中说的是年长的人更容易采取措施，属于反向干扰。45.

42、 【选项释义】According to Paragraph 4, younger peoples optimism bias refers to their idea that _. 根据第四段，年轻人的乐观主义偏见是指他们认为_。A. they are more knowledgeable than the older generation A. 他们比老一代人更有知识B. they are guarded by more Internet protection B. 他们受到更多的互联网保护措施C. they are stronger than others C. 他们比别人更强大D. t

43、hey are less likely to fall victims to frauds D. 他们不太可能成为欺诈行为的受害者【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词optimism bias可以定位到文章第四段第四句“一种是所谓的乐观主义偏见（optimism bias）认为其他人可能比你更脆弱，而你知道得更多。”，说明乐观主义偏见指的是认为其他人可能更容易上当受骗，而对自己心里有数，不可能成为受害者。因此D选项“他们不太可能成为欺诈行为的受害者”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们比老一代人更有知识”是年轻人产生乐观主义偏见的原因，而不是乐观主义偏见的具体内容，属于曲解原文；B选项

44、“他们受到更多互联网的保护措施”和C选项“他们比别人更强大”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。46. 【选项释义】In Paragraph 5, the decrease of the number of old peoples social-media accounts explains why the elderly _. 在第五段中，老年人的社交媒体账户数量的减少解释了为什么老年人_。A. are more likely to suffer from repeat fraud online A. 更有可能在网上重复受骗B. experience more online scams than

45、 young people B. 比年轻人经历更多的网络诈骗C. leave less personal information online than the young C. 在网上留下的个人信息比年轻人少D. spend far less time shopping online than the young D. 花在网上购物的时间比年轻人少得多【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词social-media accounts可以定位到文章第五段，本段中说到“年轻人花在网上的时间要多得多。他们在网上购物的次数更多，他们在网上分享的个人信息也更多（much more person

46、al information）。”，说明老年人的社交媒体账号比年轻人的要少得多，所以暴露的个人信息也就少得多。因此C选项“在网上留下的个人信息比年轻人少”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“更有可能在网上重复受骗”，这是因为他们更容易信任别人，和社交媒体账号的多少无关，属于答非所问；B选项“比年轻人经历更多的网络诈骗”，文章中说的是年轻人更容易经历网络诈骗，属于反向干扰；D选项“花在网上购物的时间比年轻人少得多”，更多的网上购物意味着信用卡信息更容易被记录，和社交媒体账号无关，属于答非所问。47. 【选项释义】According to the research by the University of

47、 California, older people are more trusting because they _. 根据加利福尼亚大学的研究，老年人更容易信任，因为他们_。A. were taught to be innocent when they were growing up A. 在他们成长过程中被教导要纯洁B. suffer from age-related changes as they get old B. 随着年龄的增长，他们受到与年龄有关的变化的影响C. are more experienced in judging people C. 在判断人方面更有经验D. enjo

48、y communicating with people both in person and online D. 喜欢与人当面和网上交流【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词University of California可以定位到文章第六段第三、四句“加利福尼亚大学（University of California）的研究表明，这不仅仅是因为（this isnt just because）他们成长在更加纯真的时代。相反，大脑中与年龄相关的变化意味着，随着人们变老，他们倾向于更多地信任，更少地质疑（tend to trust more and question less）。”，说明加

49、利福尼亚大学的研究对老年人更加轻信的解释是随着人们年龄的增长，他们倾向于更加信任他人，而更少质疑他人。因此B选项“随着年龄的增长，他们受到与年龄有关的变化的影响”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在他们成长过程中被教导要纯洁”只是次要的原因，属于本末倒置；C选项“在判断人方面更有经验”和D选项“喜欢与人当面和网上交流”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。5. 单选题Studies have proved that smart people tend to be smart across different kinds of（ ） .问题1选项A.institutionsB.occasionsC.char

50、actersD.realms【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。institution “机构，制度”；occasion “场合，机会”；character “性格，角色”；realm “领域，范围”。句意为：研究表明，聪明的人容易在各个不同的领域都表现得很聪明。选项D符合句意。6. 单选题We need someone who has an _ view as the nations chief law enforcement officer.问题1选项A.imaginativeB.impartialC.inquisitiveD.instinctive【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. imag

51、inative 富于想象力的，创新的 B. impartial 公平的，公正的C. inquisitive 好奇的，爱打听的 D. instinctive 本能的，直觉的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】空格处做定语修饰下文的“view（观点）”，表示我们需要一个有着什么样观点态度的人。由“as the nations chief law enforcement officer（担任国家首席执法官）”可知，空格处应该说的是首席执法官的特点，既然是执法官，就需要是公平、公正的。impartial指平等对待所有人和群体，没有偏见，因此B选项“公平的，公正的”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项imag

52、inative“富于想象力的，创新的”指拥有新想法和有趣想法的能力；C选项inquisitive“好奇的，爱打听的”指喜欢问问题，有想知道更多的欲望；D选项instinctive“本能的，直觉的”指与本能有关的或基于本能的，而不是基于思考或训练的；均不能和“law enforcement officer（执法官）”相对应。【句意】我们需要一个有公正态度的人来担任国家首席执法官。7. 单选题Weve all heard about endangered animals. Creatures like the critically endangered black rhinoceros are f

53、amous. But what are the most endangered plants? They might not be as exciting or loveable as animals, but they are just as important to the ecosystem一and humanity relies on that ecosystem.Here are three of the most threatened plants today.（1） These plants occupy some of the most inaccessible, remote

54、 parts of our planet. They are threatened by habitat destruction, illegal collection, poaching, and competition with invading species.Attenboroughs pitcher plant is known only from the relatively inaccessible summit of Mount Victoria in Palawan in the Philippines. There are thought to be only a few

55、hundred of them.（2）Attenboroughs pitcher plant is one of the biggest, with pitchers up to 30cm in height that can trap insects and rats. It was only discovered in 2007 when a team of botanists, tipped off by two Christian missionaries, scaled Mount Victoria.（3）The suicide palm is a gigantic palm fou

56、nd only in remote parts of north-west Madagascar. It lives for about 50 years, then flowers only once, and dies soon after. Suicide palms were discovered in 2005 by a cashew plantation manager during a family outing, and formally described in 2008. With trunks reaching 18m in height, and huge fan-le

57、aves up to 5m across, the palms can be seen on Google Earth.（4）The coral tree, with its bright red flowers and spiny trunk, occurs only in the remote forests of south-east Tanzania.（5）However, the forest patch was cleared to grow biofuels, and the species was feared to have gone extinct again until

58、it was re-rediscovered to 2011. There are now fewer than 50 mature individuals in the wild, in a single unprotected location.问题1选项A.Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that trap animals in liquid-filled bowls called pitchers.B.They are almost all classed as critically endangered by the Internation

59、al Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).C.It was declared extinct in 1998，but rediscovered in 2001 in a small patch of forest.D.As a result, the population has dropped more than 95% over the last 20 years.E.There are only about 90 in the wild.F.It is named after British natural history broadcaste

60、r David Attenborough.问题2选项A.Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that trap animals in liquid-filled bowls called pitchers.B.They are almost all classed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).C.It was declared extinct in 1998，but rediscovered in 2001 in

61、 a small patch of forest.D.As a result, the population has dropped more than 95% over the last 20 years.E.There are only about 90 in the wild.F.It is named after British natural history broadcaster David Attenborough.问题3选项A.Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that trap animals in liquid-filled bow

62、ls called pitchers.B.They are almost all classed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).C.It was declared extinct in 1998，but rediscovered in 2001 in a small patch of forest.D.As a result, the population has dropped more than 95% over the last 20 years.E.There are only about 90 in the wild.F.It is named after British natural history broadcaster David Attenborough.问题4选项A.Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that trap animals in liquid-filled bowls called pitchers.B.They are almost all classed as critically endangered by the Internatio