2022年考博英语-安徽大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第130期

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1、2022年考博英语-安徽大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Standing at the top of the mountain, we watched the fog（ ）from the valley below; it seemed that we had entered a fairyland.问题1选项A.descendB.decreaseC.ascendD.increase【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项descend“下降；遗传”；B选项decrease“减小；减少”；C选项ascend“上升；攀登”；D选项increase“增加；增大”。句意：站在山顶，我

2、们看着雾从下面的山谷，我们好像进入了一个仙境。形容云雾缭绕，雾应该是从下方升起的，故选C。2. 单选题He doesnt drive yet, but he wants（ ）.问题1选项A.the own carB.the car of his ownC.an own carD.a car of his own【答案】D【解析】考查own和冠词的用法。own用作代词时是限定代词，用在所有格之后，强调某事物的个人所有或私人性质；需要和of连用。因此可以排除AC选项，句中的车是泛指，并非特指，可排除B选项，句意：他还不会开车，但他想要一辆自己的车。故选D。3. 单选题The gym has equ

3、ipped with various pieces of weight-lifting（ ）.问题1选项A.apparatusB.applianceC.gaugeD.implement【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项apparatus“装置；设备”；B选项appliance“器具；器械”；C选项gauge“计量器；容量规格”；D选项implement“工具；器具”。句意：这个健身房有各种举重。apparatus一般可用为所有设备的总称。appliance侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。implement原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。地

4、点是健身房，关键信息various pieces of“各种类型的”，在句中缺少对举重设备的一个总的概括。因此A选项符合题意。4. 单选题Mr. Smith had an unusual（ ）: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher.问题1选项A.professionB.occupationC.positionD.career【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项profession“职业；专业”，一般是指需要经过专业培训的职业，尤指需要较高的受教育水平的职业；B选项occup

5、ation“职业；占有”，泛指任何一种工作，多用于表格填写或正式书面语中；C选项position“位置；职位”，多指所处的方位；D选项career“生涯；职业”，指从事的职业或希望毕生从事的事业。句意：史密斯先生有一个不同寻常的职业生涯：他最初是一名办公室职员，然后是一名水手，最后成为一所学校的老师。他的职业从职员到水手，最后到老师，是一段任职经历，而不单单指一份职业，故选D。5. 单选题Her husband is very（ ）electrician, he could repair all kinds of electric appliances.问题1选项A.industriousB.

6、competentC.carefulD.generous【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项industrious“勤勉的”；B选项competent“有能力的；胜任的”；C选项careful“小心的；仔细的”；D选项generous“慷慨的；大方的”。句意：她丈夫是一个的电工，他可以修理各种电器。后半句关键词repair“修理”，可知他是有能力做好的。故选B。6. 单选题By the time the tour ends, the football team（ ）twenty matches in four countries.问题1选项A.will playB.will be play

7、ingC.will have playedD.will have been playing【答案】C【解析】考查语法时态。根据前一句By the time the tour ends“到巡回赛结束时”，表示巡回赛还在进行，By接的是将来的时间，那么主句也需要用将来完成时。将来完成时的构成will have done。句意：到巡回赛结束时，足球队将在4个国家踢20次比赛。因此C选项符合题意。7. 单选题The experiments of ten scientists were（ ）in the report.问题1选项A.embodiedB.submergedC.intensifiedD.re

8、plied【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项embodied“呈现；体现”；B选项submerged“淹没；沉浸”；C选项intensified“加剧；加强”；D选项replied“回答；回复”。句意：十位科学家的实验都在这份报告中。主语是experiments of ten scientists“十位科学家的实验”，句中缺少谓语动词，由in the report“在这份报告中”可知，这一份报告囊括了十位科学家的实验，也即是说这份报告呈现了十位科学家的实验。因此A选项符合题意。8. 单选题People have wondered for a long time how their pers

9、onalities and behaviors are ferried is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course extremely interested in these types of question. They want to explain why we possess certain characterist

10、ics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no dear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect the two approaches are very different from one another and theres a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often

11、 conveniently referred to as “nature/nurture”.Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factor. That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics and b

12、ehavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or as they are often called behaviors claim that our environment is more

13、 important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. Behaviorists see humans as being whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that like machines, humans respond to environmental st

14、imuli as the basis of their behavior.The social and political implications or these two theories are profound In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to w

15、hites. Behaviorists in contrast say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that white enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.Neither of these theories

16、 can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.46. The author is mainly concerned about solving the problem（ ）.47. The word “proponents” can best

17、be replaced by（ ）.48. Which of the following statements may be supported by the “nature” school?49. What can we learn about the behaviorists?50. The “nature” theorists believe that the blacks low scores（ ）.问题1选项A.why ones behaviors differ from othersB.what makes different stages of intelligenceC.how

18、 social scientists form different theoriesD.what causes the “nature/nurture” controversy问题2选项A.approachesB.advocatesC.principlesD.characters问题3选项A.We are born with certain personalities and behaviors.B.Environment has nothing to do with our personalities.C.Abilities and characteristics are revealed

19、by behaviors.D.Only extreme behaviors are determined by instinct.问题4选项A.They believe human beings are mechanical.B.They compare our behaviors to the machines.C.They suggest that we react to the environment as the machines do.D.They uphold that the mechanistic theory can be applied on us as well.问题5选

20、项A.are the result of the educational disadvantagesB.are a manifestation of the blacks poor intelligenceC.have nothing to do with their true intelligenceD.have nothing to do will factors other than heredity【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】46. 主旨大意题。第一段先提出“人们一直很想知道个性和行为是怎样形成的”，然后每段都提出一个理论，最后一段得出总结这两种理

21、论都不能完全解释人类行为，关于个性是先天的还是后天的这场争论肯定会持续很长一段时间。因此D选项“是什么导致了先天/后天的争论”正确，符合题意。A选项“为什么一个人的行为与别人不同”，B选项“是什么造就了智力的不同阶段”，C选项“社会科学家如何形成不同的理论”均不符题意，可排除。故选D。47. 词义推测题。定位在原文As one might expect the two approaches are very different from one another and theres a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory

22、.（正如人们预想的那样，这两种方法是非常不同的，各理论的之间存在大量争论）因为两种理论是截然相反的，所以所持不同理论的人会存在大量的争论。因此proponents指人，指这两种理论的支持者。因此B选项“拥护者；倡导者”正确，符合题意。A选项“方法；办法”；C选项“原则”；D选项“特性”均与题意不符，可排除。故选B。48. 推理判断题。根据第三段首句Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determin

23、ed by biological and genetic factor.（那些支持自然派的人们认为，我们的个性和行为模式在很大程度上是由生物和遗传因素决定的。）由此可判断自然派认为我们具有一定的个性和行为模式是先天具备的，因此A选项“我们生来就有特定的个性和行为”，正确，符合题意。B选项“环境与我们的个性无关”，说法过于绝对，定位在原文That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.（我们的环

24、境与我们的能力、特征和行为几乎没有关系，这是这一理论的核心。）错误，可排除。C选项“能力和特征是由行为表现出来的”与题意无关，可排除。D选项“只有极端的行为是由本能决定的”，错误，定位在原文Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.（极端地说，这一理论认为，我们的行为在很大程度上是先天决定的，以至于我们几乎完全受本能的支配。）

25、可排除。故选A。49.客观细节题。由第四段第一句找到关键词定位Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or as they are often called behaviors（后天理论的支持者，或者通常被称为行为主义者）再由第四段最后一句Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.（他们对人类的

26、看法相当机械的；他们认为，人类像机器一样对环境刺激做出回应，这些刺激是他们的行为的基础。）因此C选项“他们认为我们像机器一样对环境做出反应”正确，符合题意。A选项“他们相信人类是机械的”太过绝对，原文说的是quite“相当”，只能够说明极度相似，并不完全等同，可排除。B选项“他们把我们的行为比作机器”，依照原文，他们是将human being“人类”比作机器，可排除。D选项“他们坚持认为机械论也适用于我们”原文未提及，可排除。故选C。50. 客观细节题。定位到第五段This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are g

27、enetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists in contrast say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that white enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.（

28、这导致一些“自然”派支持者认为黑人基因不如白人。与之相反的行为学家说，成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了许多教育和其他白人所享有的环境优势，因此他们不与白人做出相同的反应。）由此可知，在“自然”派支持者看来黑人的低分数是因为基因的不同。因此D选项“除了遗传与意志因素无关”正确。A选项“是教育劣势的结果”为行为主义者的观点，可排除。B选项“是黑人智力低下的表现”，C选项“与他们的真正智慧无关”与题意无关，可排除。故选D。9. 单选题Woodcarving began as a necessity in America and developed into an art. Because of th

29、e lack of other materials, early settlers were forced to make tools and utensils out of wood. At first, these articles were whittled with a knife, but when pioneer craftsmen set up their primitive shops most of them were fashioned on a lathea machine which holds an object and rotates it while it is

30、being shaped by a tool.However, even after Massachusetts-born Thomas Blanchard designed a lathe which could turn irregular shapesan innovation that, made possible mass production of gunstocks, shoe lasts, oblong and square wood warecraftsmen who could use knife and chisel skillfully were still in de

31、mand. Some found ready employment in shops of cabinet-makers and chair-makers, while others carved decoys (捕兽的圈套). Still others specialized in creating shop signs, ship figureheads, or in decorating interior woodwork. A few even accepted commissions to make busts(半身像) of prominent citizens.36. This

32、passage most likely came from a longer work about early American（ ）.37. The passage suggests that the early shops for making tools were（ ）.38. It can be inferred from the passage that, before Thomas Blanchards invention, lathes（ ）.39. Which of the following object was an important wood-working tool

33、used by early American craftsmen?40. According to the passage, when wooden articles began to be mass-produced, what did many individual wood-workers do?问题1选项A.arts and craftsB.political leadersC.logging industriesD.fashion design问题2选项A.not very sophisticatedB.known for doing very quick workC.depende

34、nt on imported materialsD.frequented only by fashionable people问题3选项A.were not made of woodB.could not produce square objectsC.were found only in cabin making shopsD.could be used to make most tools and utensils问题4选项A.A bustB.A decoyC.A figureheadD.A chisel问题5选项A.They moved out of Massachusetts.B.Th

35、ey found wood making specialized items.C.They made demands on government leaders.D.They took jobs on ships as sailors.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】36. 推理判断题。A选项arts and crafts“艺术与手工艺”；B选项political leaders“政治领袖”；C选项logging industries“木材业”；D选项fashion design“时装设计”。定位在第一段第一句Woodcarving began as a ne

36、cessity in America and developed into an art.（在美国，木雕开始是作为必需品，然后发展成为一门艺术。）本文主要围绕本句展开讨论，故选A。37. 推理判断题。关键词定位在第一段末尾句At first, these articles were whittled with a knife, but when pioneer craftsmen set up their primitive shops most of them were fashioned on a lathea machine which holds an object and rotat

37、es it while it is being shaped by a tool.（起初，这些物品是用刀来切割的，但先驱工匠们建立他们原始的店铺时，大多数物品都是在车床上加工的。车床是一种机器，它可以固定物体，并能在物体旋转的同时进行加工。）而第二段中craftsmen who could use knife and chisel skillfully were still in demand.（能熟练运用刀和凿子的工匠仍然供不应求。）由此可知，制作工具的早期商店还是不够精细的。A选项“不是很有经验的；不是很精致”，B选项“以工作速度快而闻名”，C选项“依赖进口材料”，D选项“只有懂时尚的人才

38、会光顾”，BCD选项原文中并未提及，故选A。38. 推理判断题。定位在第二段的第一句However, even after Massachusetts-born Thomas Blanchard designed a lathe could turn irregular shapes（然而，即使是出生在马萨诸塞州的托马斯布兰查德设计的一台车床也只能加工不规则形状的物体。）由此可以推理出在他发明的车床之前都是不能加工出有规则形状的物体。由此可知B选项“不能制造正方形的物体”正确。A选项“不是用木头做的”，文章并未介绍车床制作的材料。C选项“只能在橱柜店看到”属于无中生有。D选项“可以用来制造大多

39、数工具和器皿”根据原文Because of the lack of other materials, early settlers were forced to make tools and utensils out of wood.（由于缺乏其他材料，早期的定居者被迫用木头制造工具和器皿。）可以知道早期的车床只能做出木质的工具和器皿。可知D选项错误。故选B。39. 客观细节题。定位在第二段第一句的末尾处craftsman who could use knife and chisel skillfully were still in demand.（能够熟练使用刀和凿子的工匠仍然供不应求。）可

40、知D选项“凿子”为正确答案。A选项“半身像”，B选项“捕兽的圈套”，C选项“装饰船头的人像”，A，B，C选项皆为成品，并不是工具类的物品，不属于工具，故选D。40. 推理判断题。定位在第二段的最后三句Some found ready employment in shops of cabinet-makers and chair-makers, while others carved decoys. Still others specialized in creating shop signs, ship figureheads, or in decorating interior woodwo

41、rk. A few even accepted commissions to make busts of prominent citizens.（一些准备在橱柜和椅子制造商中就业，而其他人雕刻捕兽的圈套。甚至，其他人专门做店铺招牌、装饰船头的人像或者装饰室内木制品。一部分木雕师甚至接受任务给名人做上半身塑像。”）因此可知，个体木工们找到并细分了自己这块工作的方向。由此可知，B选项“他们找到了木工制作的专门事项”正确。A选项“他们搬出了马萨诸塞州”，C选项“他们向政府领导人提出要求”，D选项“他们在船上当水手”ACD选项在原文中并未提及，故选B。10. 单选题We talk about the

42、“memory” of a computer by（ ）with the brain of a human being.问题1选项A.contrastB.analogyC.analysisD.correspondence【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项contrast“对比；差别”；B选项analogy“类比”；C选项analysis“分析”；D选项correspondence“一致”。句意：我们谈论电脑的“记忆”，是通过与人类的大脑作的方式。填入的名词受其后的介词短语with the brain of a human being “与人类的大脑”修饰，我们会常把计算机的memory“记

43、忆”比作人类的大脑。因此B选项符合题意。11. 单选题Hardly（ ）opened the letter（ ）rushed out of the house, wild with joy.问题1选项A.did he, when heB.had he, when heC.had he, did heD.did he, he when【答案】B【解析】考查部分倒装。当Hardly在句首时，为固定的倒装，且和when搭配，为Hardlywhen，可排除C选项。空格后open是实义动词且已经是ed形式，证明之前不能使用did（使用did，open要相对应的使用原型），排除A, D选项，句意：他一打开

44、信，就欣喜若狂地冲出了房子。因此B选项正确。12. 单选题The security guard（ ）two men who were yelling in the courtroom.问题1选项A.expelledB.propelledC.repelledD.dispelled【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项expelled“开除；驱逐”；B选项propelled“推进；促使”；C选项repelled“击退；驱逐”；D选项dispelled“消除”。句意：保安人员两名在法庭喊叫的男子。法庭不允许大声喧哗，因此空格内应填入与驱逐有关的单词。由此可以排除B选项。expel意为“赶走”；rep

45、el意为“击退，排斥，拒绝”；dispel意为“驱散（云雾等）”。因此A选项符合题意。13. 单选题All the data sent back from the satellites suggested that an asteroid of about the size of an auditorium（ ）on its way to our planet.问题1选项A.isB.wasC.wereD.be【答案】B【解析】考查谓语动词使用的一致性。that接在动词后面充当句中的宾语从句。主句使用的是一般过去式，宾语从句中的谓语动词，应与主句的时态保持一致。因此空格处应使用be动词的过去式w

46、as/were。从句中的主语是an asteroid“一颗小行星”为单数，所以应使用was。句意：从卫星发来的所有数据表明一颗像礼堂一样大小的行星正在向我们的星球靠近。因此B选项符合题意。14. 单选题He eyed me silently for a long pause, as though weighing whether I could be trusted to his confidence; then spoke man-to-man that working for the Curtis Company placed（ ）responsibility on a young man

47、.问题1选项A.enormousB.erroneousC.eloquentD.exterior【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项enormous“庞大的；巨大的”；B选项erroneous“错误的；不正确的”；C选项eloquent“雄辩的；有说服力的”；D选项exterior“外部的；外面的”。句意：他默默地看了我许久，似乎在权衡我是否值得他信任，然后坦率地说，在柯蒂斯公司工作给了年轻人责任。根据后面的名词responsibility“责任”一般与表示大或者重的形容词搭配使用，故A选项符合题意。15. 单选题Stress is a state of imbalance between

48、demands made on us from outside sources and our capabilities to meet those demands. Often, it precedes and occurs concurrently with conflict. Stress, as you have seen, can brought on by physical events, other peoples behavior, social situations, our own behavior, feelings, thoughts, or anything that

49、 results in heightened bodily awareness. In many cases, when you experience pain, anger, fear, or depression, these emotions are a response to a stressful situation like conflict.Sometimes, in highly stressful conflict situations, we must cope with the stress before we cope with the conflict. Reliev

50、ing some of the intensity of the immediate emotional response will allow us to become more logical and tolerant in resolving the conflict.People respond differently to conflict just as they response differently to stress. Some people handle both better than others do. Individual differences are not

51、as important as learning how to manage the stress we feel. The goal in stress management is self-control, particularly in the face of stressful events.Controlling physical symptoms of stress requires relaxation. Sit in a comfortable position in a quiet place where there are no distractions. Close yo

52、ur eyes and pay no attention to the outside world. Concentrate only on your breathing. Slowly inhale and exhale. Now, with each inhaled breath say “relax” gently and passively. Make it a relaxing experience. If you use this method to help you in conflict situations over a period of time, the word “r

53、elax” will become associated with a sense of physical calm; saying it in a stressful situation will help induce a sense of peace.Controlling your thoughts is the second major element in stress management. Managing stress successfully requires flexibility in thinking. That is, you must consider alter

54、native view. Your current view is causing the stress! You must also keep from attaching too much importance to events, as things may seem less important when viewed in a different way.36. The main point of this reading is that（ ）.37. Controlling your thoughts always involves（ ）.38. Human response to

55、 stress is（ ）.39. The authors primary purpose in writing the selection is to（ ）.40. Which of the following statements included in the selection most directly supports the writers view that stress is controllable?问题1选项A.stress is an imbalance between internal and external demandsB.controlling physica

56、l reactions and thoughts is an effective means of managing stressC.relaxation is the key to successful stress managementD.stress management requires a problem-solving approach问题2选项A.considering the situation from different perspectivesB.imagining yourself managing the stressC.relaxation techniques t

57、o eliminate physical symptomsD.a gentle and passive breath问题3选项A.universalB.variable according to sexC.unchangingD.individual问题4选项A.explain the relationship between stress and conflictB.instruct the reader on how to control stressC.describe relaxation techniquesD.persuade the reader to reduce stress

58、 through successful management问题5选项A.Things may seem less important when viewed in a different way.B.Stress is an imbalance between demands.C.People respond differently to conflict, just as they respond differently to stress.D.Managing stress successfully requires flexibility in things.【答案】第1题:B第2题:

59、A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】36. 主旨大意题。定位在第一句Stress is a state of imbalance between demands made on us from outside sources and our capabilities to meet those demands.（压力是外界对我们的要求和满足这些要求的自身能力之间存在的失衡状态。）A选项“压力是内在需求和外在需求之间的不平衡”，由第一句可知压力是外在需求和自身能力之间失衡而产生的，表述有误，B选项“控制身体反应和思想是管理压力的有效手段”定位在最后两段的首句。Controlling phys

60、ical symptoms of stress requires relaxation.（控制身体的压力症状需要放松。）Controlling your thoughts is the second major element in stress management.（控制你的思想是压力管理的第二个主要因素。）本文开始介绍了压力产生的原因后面着重讲到了控制压力的方法。因此B选项符合原文，也是对文章的一个总体概括。C选项“放松是成功管理压力的关键”文中并没有进行对比，属于以偏概全。D选项“压力管理需要解决问题的方法”文中有详细给出控制压力的办法，故选B。37. 客观细节题。根据原文Managi

61、ng stress successfully requires flexibility in thinking. That is, you must consider alternative view.（成功地管理压力需要思维的灵活性。也就是说，你必须考虑另一种观点。）由此可知，成功地管理压力，需要改变自己之前所持的一些观点。A选项“从不同的角度考虑”转换观点，从另一个角度进行考虑，正确。B选项“想象自己在管理压力”，C选项“放松技巧以消除身体症状”，D选项“轻柔而被动的呼吸”，B，C，D选项与题意无关，可排除，故选A。38. 客观细节题。定位第三段的第一句People respond dif

62、ferently to conflict just as they response differently to stress.（人们对冲突的反应不同，正如他们对压力的反应不同。）由此可知，每个人对待压力的反应是不同的。A选项“普遍的”，B选项“性别不同会有差别”，C选项“不变的”，A，B，C与句意不符，可排除。D选项“个体的；独特的”，符合句意，正确。故选D。39. 推理判断题。A选项“解释压力和冲突之间的关系”定位在第二段，文中只用了一小段简单带过，不可归为主要目的。Sometimes, in highly stressful conflict situations, we must c

63、ope with the stress before we cope with the conflict.（有时，在高度紧张的冲突情况下，我们必须先处理压力，然后再处理冲突。）C选项“描述放松技巧”只是属于控制压力方法的一个举例，不属于主要目的。D选项“说服读者通过成功的管理来减轻压力。”管理一词过于笼统宽泛，目的需要具体。即可排除A，C，D选项，B选项“指导读者如何控制压力”，文章简单介绍压力后，最后两段着重介绍了控制压力的方法，能够给读者带来一些建议。故选B。40. 推理判断题。题意：下列哪个陈述包含在选择中，最直接地支持作者的观点，即压力是可控的？定位在最后一段Your current view is causing the stress