2022年考博英语-云南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第120期

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1、2022年考博英语-云南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题With the possible exception of equal rights, perhaps the most heated argument across the United States today is the death penalty. Many argue that it is an effective deterrent to murder, while others think there is no enough proof that the death penalty reduces t

2、he number of murders.The argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment, that it is the mark of a bad society and finally that it is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary actio

3、n. Throughout recorded history there have always been those peculiar persons in every society who made terrible crimes such as murder. But some are more dangerous than others.For example, it is one thing to take the life of another in time of blind anger, but quite another to coldly plan and carry o

4、ut the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. Thus, murder, like all other crimes, is a matter of relative degree. While it could be argued with some reason that the criminal in the first instance should be merely kept from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type mur

5、derer.The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to discussion. But the majority of people believe that the death penalty protects them. Their belief is proved by the fact that the death penalty prevents murder. For example, from 1954 to 1963, when the death penalty was carri

6、ed out from time to time in California, the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100, 000 population. Since 1964 the death penalty has been done only once, and the murder rate has risen to 10.4 murders for each 100, 000 population. The sharp climb in the states murder rate, w

7、hich began when killings stopped, does not happen by chance. It certainly shows that the death penalty does deter many murderers. If the law about death penalty is vetoed, some people will be murdered some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect. This is really a life or

8、death matter. The lives of thousands of people must be protected.1.The principal purpose of this passage is to（ ）.2.The authors response to those who urge the death penalty for all is likely to be（ ）.3.According to Paragraph 4, it can be inferred that（ ）.4.The passage attempts to establish a relatio

9、nship between（ ）.5.The authors attitude towards “death penalty” is（ ）.问题1选项A.speak for the majorityB.initiate a vetoC.criticize the governmentD.argue for the value of the death penalty问题2选项A.negativeB.friendlyC.supportiveD.hostile问题3选项A.the death penalty is the most controversial issue in the United

10、 States todayB.the second type of murderers should be sentenced to deathC.the veto of the bill reestablishing the death penalty is of little importanceD.the value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime is not to be debated问题4选项A.the murder rate and the imposition of the death penaltyB.the effe

11、cts of execution and the effects of isolationC.the importance of equal rights and that of the death penaltyD.executions and murders问题5选项A.opposingB.supportingC.neutralD.sarcastic【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章第一句，“perhaps the most heated argument across the United States today is the d

12、eath penalty.”，可知死刑是讨论最激烈的话题，所以文章的主题为死刑。又根据下文，“Many argue that it is an effective deterrent to murder, while others think there is no enough proof that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.”，可知许多人肯定死刑的价值，认为死刑是对谋杀罪的有效震慑，而另一些人则认为死刑没有多大的价值，因为没有足够的证据证明死刑的实施减少了谋杀的数量。又根据文章第三段，“In our opinion, t

13、he death penalty is a necessary action.”，可知作者认为死刑是一项必要的举措。综上可知，整篇文章的主要目的在于为死刑的价值作辩护。选项D符合题意。2.观点态度题。根据文章第四段，“it is one thing to take the life of another in time of blind anger, but quite another to coldly plan and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. .While it could

14、be argued with some reason that the criminal in the first instance should be merely kept from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.”，可知一种是在盲目愤怒的时候夺走别人的生命，一种是以屠夫的方式冷酷地策划和实施对一个或多个人的谋杀。前者可以仅仅通过社会隔离的方式受惩罚，而后者则不然。可知作者认为要根据谋杀程度来选择死刑。所以作者对那些主张对所有人判处死刑的人的反应很可能是否定的。选项A符合题意。3.判断推理题

15、。根据文章第四段，“While it could be argued with some reason that the criminal in the first instance should be merely kept from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.”，第一种谋杀罪犯（盲目愤怒的时候夺走别人的生命）应该仅仅被社会隔离，而第二种冷酷地策划和实施对一个或多个人的谋杀的罪犯不应该仅仅被隔离，而是应该被处以死刑。可判断出第二类杀人犯应该被处以死刑。选项B符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文

16、章最后一段，“The sharp climb in the states murder rate, which began when killings stopped, does not happen by chance. It certainly shows that the death penalty does deter many murderers.”，可知本段用加利福尼亚的例子得出结论。本州谋杀率的上升并非偶然，是死刑停止实施的结果，可以清楚地表明，死刑确实制止了许多谋杀的念头。可判断出作者想要讨论的是死刑的实施和谋杀率的关系。选项A符合题意。5.观点态度。纵观全文，作者首先在第三段

17、表明自己的观点“死刑是一项必要的举措”，然后在下文通过论述和实例证明，死刑的实施确实有助于抑制谋杀率。可判断出作者对于实施死刑的态度是支持的。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题The village moved further and further away from the city；as a result, links with the outside community have（ ）.问题1选项A.witheredB.shortenedC.shearedD.reduced【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。wither“枯萎凋谢（一般指植物）”；shorten“变短（一般指距离）”；reduc

18、e“减少”。本句意为“农村距离城市越来越远，因此，与外界的联系也会减少”， 与外界联系减少用reduce。因此选D。3. 单选题The development of toothpaste began as long ago as 3000/5000BC in the ancient counties of China and 304. According to Chinese history, Huang-Ti claimed different types of pair felt in the mouth could be cured by sticking gold and silver

19、 needles into different parts of the jaw and gum. It was theories such as these that led to the development of dental cream. During the years 3000/5000BC, Egyptians made toothpaste using a recipe of powdered ashes of hooves of oxen, myrrh, powdered and burned egg shells and pumice. It is assumed tha

20、t the ancient Egyptians used their fingers to rub the mixture onto teeth.The too shtick, the forerunner of the toothbrush had not, as far as is known, been discovered at this time. From the records of the ancient countries of India China and Egypt, it was the Greeks and Romans who developed and impr

21、oved toothpaste and developed a leaden instrument for the extraction of teeth. They were also the first to bind loose teeth together and to support artificial teeth by means of gold wire. During 1000AD, the Persians, gave advice on the dangers of using hard toothpowder and recommendations were made

22、to make toothpowder from burnt hart-shorn, the burnt shells of snails and oysters and burned gypsum.Other Persian recipes included dried animal parts, herbs, honey and minerals. One formula for strengthening teeth included green lead, verdigris, incense, honey and powdered flint-stone.Toothpowder or

23、 dentifrice, was first available in Britain in the late 18th century. It came in a ceramic pot and was available either as a powder or paste. The rich applied it with brushes and the poor with their fingers. The powders were developed by doctors, dentists and chemists and often contained ingredients

24、 that were highly abrasive and harmful to the teeth, such as brick dust, china, earthenware or cuttlefish, and to make them more palatable, they contained glycerin. By the early nineteenth century, the ingredient strontium was introduced, to strengthen teeth and reduce sensitivity, but it only reall

25、y concentrated on the gums. In the late 18 century, borax was introduced in the U.S. and in, 1896, Dental Cream was first packaged in powder was used to get the foaming effect. In 1873, an aromatic toothpaste in a jar: collapsible tubes. Before the Second World War, the majority of toothpaste on the

26、 market used soap as an emulsifying agent, even though it was known that soap had certain inherent defects.1.What is the main subject of the passage?2.The word extraction in line 11 refers to （ ）.3.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the Greeks and Romans （ ）.4.The author mentions that

27、 the Persians used toothpowders for which purpose other than cleaning teeth?5.According to the passage, strontium was most useful for （ ）.问题1选项A.methods of cleaning teethB.methods of caring for teethC.development of toothpasteD.dental history问题2选项A.cleaningB.removalC.replacementD.brushing问题3选项A.also

28、 developed the toothbrushB.had more dental problems than other cultureC.were the first to support artificial teethD.did not keep records of their dental practices问题4选项A.strengtheningB.beautifyingC.coloringD.extracting问题5选项A.concentrating on the gumsB.getting a foaming effectC.reducing sensitivityD.e

29、mulsifying agent.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段主要介绍了牙膏出现的理论基础以及古代牙膏的组成成分；第二段主要介绍了古代其他国家对牙膏的改进；第三段简要介绍了古代牙膏的配方；最后一段主要介绍了18世纪到19时间牙膏的改进和发展，因此C选项“牙膏的发展”符合题意。2.词义题。A选项“清洁”；B选项“移动”；C选项“代替”；D选项“（用刷子）刷”根据题干信息“extraction”定位至文章第二段中，由it was the Greeks and Romans who developed and improved toot

30、hpaste and developed a leaden instrument for the extraction of teeth.（正是希腊人和罗马人发明并改进了牙膏，并研制出一种用于牙的铅仪器）可知B选项更符合语境，指拔牙的仪器。3.推理判断题。根据题干信息“Greeks and Romans”定位至文章第二段中，由They were also the first to bind loose teeth together and to support artificial teeth by means of gold wire.（他们也是第一个把松动的牙齿绑在一起，用金丝支撑人造牙齿

31、的人）可知希腊人和罗马人是第一个制作人造牙齿的人，因此选C。4.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的One formula for strengthening teeth included green lead, verdigris, incense, honey and powdered flint-stone.（强化牙齿的配方包括绿铅、紫草、熏香、蜂蜜和粉状火石）可知波斯人的牙粉具有强化牙齿的作用，因此选A。5.细节事实题。根据题干信息“strontium”定位至文章最后一段中，由By the early nineteenth century, the ingredient strontium w

32、as introduced, to strengthen teeth and reduce sensitivity, but it only really concentrated on the gums.（在十九世纪初，引入了锶成分，以加强牙齿并降低敏感度，但它真正只集中在牙龈上）可知锶有加强牙齿和降低敏感度的作用，因此选C。4. 单选题It is hard to imagine how Manhattan, bought from a Native American tribe for so little,（ ）vibrant financial community in America.

33、问题1选项A.could become the mostB.becomes the mostC.to becomeD.one of the most assuming【答案】A【解析】固定搭配题。固定句型It is hard to imagine how sb./sth. could do sth.表示“很难想象某人/某物是怎么做到”，A选项正确。5. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into English人类文明的历史与人类学习如何利用水资源的历史密不可分。这些建筑物通常都是傍依悬崖而建的，既为了建设便利，也为了抵御敌人的侵犯。西南地区非常干旱，水

34、源稀少。他写作不为名，不图利，是因为他有一种燃烧的渴望，一种表达快乐的渴望。Bramley大学为注册的国际学生提供7类奖学金以帮助他们解决课程的费用问题。【答案】The history of human civilization is closely related to the history of humans learning of how to make use of water resources.These buildings were usually built against cliffs, both for convenient construction The southw

35、estern region is very dry and the water is scarce.He writes neither for fame nor for profit, because he has a strong desire which can express his happiness.The Bramley University provides seven kinds of scholarship for registered international students, the aim is to help them solve the problem of c

36、ourse cost.6. 翻译题1.书籍引导我们进入优秀的社会群体，将我们带到伟大的思想家面前。2.这些不同文化背景的年轻人都具有共同的爱好，喜欢同样的服饰、音乐和娱乐。3.名声、财富和权利都是身外之物，人人可求而得之，但没有人能代替你感受人生。4.中国坚持以人为本的科学发展观，着力构建和谐社会。5.一个时代展现在我们面前；政治更加民主，社会全面进步，人们生活进一步提高。【答案】1.Books guide us into good social groups and bring us to great thinkers.2.These young people from different

37、cultural backgrounds all have common hobbies and like the same clothes, music and entertainment.3.Fame, wealth and power are worldly possessions that can be acquired by all, but no one can feel life for you.4.China adheres to the people-oriented scientific concept of development and strives to build

38、 a harmonious society.5. An era is unfolding before us; politics is more democratic, society is progressing in an all-round way, and peoples lives are further improved.7. 单选题I didnt send out my application form last week, but I（ ）.问题1选项A.had toB.wouldC.mustD.should have【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。D选项这种结构should

39、have done，这里用了省略，表示过去应该做，但却没有做的事情。句意为：我上周没有把申请表发出去，但我应该发出去的。D选项正确。8. 单选题He was（ ）when he heard the unexpected news, but I finally convinced him.问题1选项A.incredibleB.inevitableC.incredulousD.indifferent【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项incredible“难以置信的”；B选项inevitable“必然的、不可避免的”；C选项incredulous“怀疑的、不轻信的”；D选项indifferen

40、t“冷漠的、不关心的”，句意为：当他听到这个意外的消息时，他觉得不可思议，但我最终说服了他。A选项符合句意，因此选A。9. 单选题The centipede has poison claws on the first segment of its body （ ） to defend itself and to kill its prey.问题1选项A.and these usesB.also uses theseC.these also usedD.and uses these【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，可知句子的主语为The centipede，谓语是由and连接的两个并列谓语

41、，has和uses为句子的谓语部分。句意：蜈蚣身体的第一节有毒爪，用来自我保护和杀死猎物。选项D符合题意。10. 单选题Since 2004, some 60 million visitors to the US have had their two index fingerprints recorded by an scanner（ ）.问题1选项A.oppositeB.organicC.occasionalD.optical【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。A选项opposite “对面的，相反的”；B选项organic “有机的，组织的”；C选项occasional “偶然的，临吋的”；

42、D选项optical视觉的，光学的，光读取的”；根据被修饰词scanner确定D选项正确。11. 单选题He knew that he was poor, and would admit it; he would have died sooner than confess any（ ）to the rich.问题1选项A.superiorityB.inferiorityC.priorityD.preference【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。superiority“优越”；inferiority“自卑”；priority“优先权”；preference“偏爱、优先权”。本句意为“他知道自己穷

43、，也愿意承认；他宁愿死也不愿承认自己比富人低一等”，inferiority的意思让本句逻辑成立。选项符合题意。12. 单选题Over-working of the land in some countries has led to soil（ ）of nutrients, which, in turn, will lead to barren land.问题1选项A.repletedB.grievedC.depletedD.deplored【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。Replete “充满的，装满的”，没有单词repleted；grieved “伤心的”；depleted “耗尽的，废弃

44、的”；deplored为动词的过去式，根据句子结构，可知此处应填入形容词作后置定语，修饰soil。句意：在一些国家，土地的过度耕作已经导致土壤耗尽营养物，这反过来又会导致土地贫瘠。选项C符合题意。13. 单选题There is currently aboard a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol the virtues of a broad education. For

45、scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study in our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfa

46、ces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wo

47、nderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmet

48、ry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemis

49、ts, we are fascinated by computer science or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely differen

50、t way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value

51、 of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with named such as “nerd” or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divid

52、ed by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering.1.From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see（ ）.2.The commentator would say that the totality of the sculpture of knowledge（ ）.3.Just

53、 because we become engrossed in the detail of a subject, according to the comment, does not mean that we（ ）.4.It is commentators contention that neither specialists nor generalist（ ）.5.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.the integration of theory with practiceB.the ent

54、husiasm for breadth of knowledgeC.the rapid division of traditional disciplinesD.the confrontation between specialists and generalists问题2选项A.is mainly composed of two elementsB.presents two different points of viewC.cannot be perceived from one perspectiveD.is a whole made up of complementary elemen

55、ts问题3选项A.can have an understanding of itB.will develop into an expertC.will perceive its entiretyD.are interested in it问题4选项A.have zeal for the totality of the knowledge sculptureB.represent the depth and breadth of knowledgeC.are necessarily supposed to belittle the otherD.can be qualified as envir

56、onmental scientists问题5选项A.Interdisciplinary Study as Our OccupationB.Breadth and Depth of KnowledgeC.The Ways of Doing ScienceD.The Beauty of Science【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章第一段，知识广度的兴起，让大家拥有了远离自己领域研究的快乐，也能感受到对知识广度的追求和热爱。因此B选项符合题意。2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段“They are like viewi

57、ng the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways”, 他们就像用两种不同的方式来欣赏这座知识的雕塑。由此可知，对于评论家来说这两种不同的方式就像是两种不同的观点。因此B选项符合题意。3.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第三段“At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we pen

58、etrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed”, 在其他时候，我们会沉浸在一个主题的细节中，以一种与浏览完全不同的方式看到它的美。这就好像我们穿透了雕塑的表面，穿过晶体结构到达了分子水平，在那里，整个结构的密码被揭示了。由此可知，通过一个主题细节可以观察到它的美，但要认知到整体还是不够的。因此C选项符合题意。4.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文

59、章最后一段“Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering”, 让我们不要因对深度或广度的热情而分裂。在两条路线上等待我们的美丽是太珍贵而不能扼杀，太美妙而不能因争吵而减少。由此可知，不管是专家还是通才，都不应受到贬低。因此C选项符合题意。5.主旨大意题。文章内容是对知识深度和广度的探讨和研究。因此B选项符合题意

60、。14. 单选题The magician picked out several people（ ）from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.问题1选项A.by accidentB.on occasionC.at randomD.on average【答案】C【解析】考查固定结构。by accident“意外的”；on occasion“有时”；at random“胡乱的、随便的”；on average“平均的”。本句意为“魔术师随意的从观众中挑选一些人帮助他表演”，at random符合句意，因此选C。1

61、5. 单选题In some countries customers dont pay （ ） for the services in restaurants or barber shops.问题1选项A.gratuitiesB.stipendsC.bonusesD.allowances【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。Gratuities “小费，赠品”；stipends “薪水”；bonuses “奖金”；allowances “津贴”。句意：在一些国家，顾客不用为餐馆或理发店的服务付小费。选项A符合题意。16. 单选题Earthquakes are the most lethal of al

62、l natural disasters. What causes them? Geologists explain them in terms of a theory known as plates tectonics. Continents are floating apart from each other, this is referred to as the continental drift. About sixty miles below the surface of the sea, there is a semi-molten bed of rock over which pl

63、ates, or slabs, carry continents and sea floors at a rate of several inches a year. As the plates separate from each other, a new sea floor is formed by the molten matter that was formerly beneath. Volcanic islands and large mountain ranges are created by this type of movement. The collision of plate causes geographical instability such as that in California calle