2022年考博英语-云南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第20期

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1、2022年考博英语-云南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题From 1947 to 1950 abstract expressions came to full maturity, and （ ）the 1950s this style dominated the New York City art scene.问题1选项A.therebyB.whenC.duringD.whereas【答案】C【解析】副词辨析。thereby “从而，因此”；when“当.的时候”；during “在.期间”；whereas “然而，鉴于”。句意：从1947年到1950年抽象表达完全成熟，在2

2、0世纪50年代期间，这种风格在纽约市的艺术舞台中占据主导地位。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题At this single point in the interior, there has been in some far distant age, a great sudden volcanic（ ）.问题1选项A.uprisingB.upliftingC.upheavalD.upbringing【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。uprising“升起的”；uplifting“令人振奋的”；upheaval“剧变”；upbringing“教养，抚育”。本句意为“内陆的这个地方，在遥远的年代曾发生过巨

3、大的火山剧变”，upheaval符合题意。因此C正确。3. 翻译题Read the following passage and then translate the underlined parts into Chinese.Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem.Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place

4、, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures as has happened with the Sperpas of Nepals Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over th

5、e long term.In the Swiss Alps communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home development in the Swiss Pays dEnhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also

6、 been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the prof

7、its to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food

8、, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San Ildefonso pueblo

9、s have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewelry.Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands

10、. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because peoples desire to see new places will not just disappear.Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions in order to balance their needs and aspirations with

11、 the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception .【答案】在过去的几年里，有关旅游业问题的报道层出不穷。然而，这并不一定是一个问题。在瑞士阿尔卑斯地区的社区已经明确，他们的未来取决于更有效地将旅游业与

12、当地经济结合起来。该地区的公共奶酪生产也出现了复兴，为当地人提供了不依赖外来游客的可靠收入来源。仅仅限制旅游业不能解决这种不平衡，因为人们对新地方观光的渴望不会消失。现在问题的关键是，这能否成为常态，而不是例外。4. 单选题There are both advantages and disadvantages in the scheme proposed, but（ ）I think we should benefit by adopting it.问题1选项A.in balanceB.off balanceC.on balanceD.out of balance【答案】C【解析】考查固定结构

13、。in balance“保持”；on balance“总的来说”；out of balance“失去平衡”。本句意为“总的来说，我认为采用它对我们有好处”，用“总的来说”顺承“提出的方案有优点也有缺点”。C选项符合题意。5. 翻译题Read the following Paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.尽管我们对“学习”的理解不尽完善，然而我们对此已有不少了解。“学习”可以呈现不同的形式，也可以在许多情况下进行。一般来说，“学习”必然会引起行为的变化。“学习”导致人们行为发生变化吋，这种变化常能持久。“学习”也许意味着

14、对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列。就好比你在钢琴上学习一首新的曲子。【答案】Although our understanding of learning is still not complete, a great deal is known. Learning has many different forms and takes place under many conditions. In general, it involves a change in behavior. When a change in behavior takes place as a result of

15、 learning, the change is usually a long-lasting one. Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order. This happens, for example, when you learn to play a new piece on the piano.6. 单选题Eating disorders have been most commonly associated with women and therefore mo

16、st studies on anorexia nervosa have been concentrated within the female population. Such gender bias however makes it less likely that a doctor will diagnose a male as having an eating disorder or anorexia nervosa even though the symptoms might be identical.Men are far less likely to discuss an eati

17、ng disorder with other men or with women. Their doctors are more likely to diagnose them as having a bout of depression due to stress or some kind of upset rather than suffering from an eating disorder because such disorders have been largely labeled female diseases. This is mostly due to cultural d

18、ifferences between men and women.Discussions about beauty, new diets and body weight are seen as the female arena of discussion that males seldom enter. Also, traditionally mens beauty is displayed in body mass, building muscle, and body building and therefore to discuss issues surrounding weight lo

19、ss is not seen as particularly masculine because men “Dont have psychological problems” and “Dont talk about their feelings” even though men do suffer from anorexia.The disease is far more common in the Western world than anywhere else and there is much cause for concern as recent research suggests

20、that the disease is on the increase. The disease mostly manifests itself during adolescence when the signs of obvious weight loss become apparent. People who suffer from the disease have a genuine and constant terrifying fear of gaining weight, even when their weight is much less than people of thei

21、r same height and stature.Doctors have been able to characterize the disease because the sufferers body weight is about 15% below average for their height. Suffers also tend to avoid fatty foods, use laxatives, diuretics or engage in excessive exercise. Because people live in a world obsessed with i

22、mage and a fashion and cosmetics industry that forces an image of the ideal body, it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish between anorexics and those who have a higher interest in their physical appearance than most people. Anorexics can be distinguished from non-anorexics because weight loss i

23、s completely self-induced vomiting until eventually the situation fast gets out of control.Sufferers are also completely preoccupied with their bodies and actually believe themselves to be fat when in reality they are malnourished and starkly thinner than their peers. They also begin to lose interes

24、t in activities their peers are involved in such as socializing and very often become withdrawn. These are common symptoms in many adolescents but coupled with the obvious and drastic weight loss and lack of concentration it is easier to diagnose an adolescent with the beginning stages of anorexia.T

25、he actual cause of the disease is unknown but scientists believe that biological and social factors play a role and sometimes the disease can be triggered by traumatic events such as a death in the family, stress or the onset of puberty.While it is true that most sufferers of the disease are female,

26、 some 10% are male. Studies show that there are differences between male and female anorexics. Female sufferers tend to view themselves as fatter, more overweight than males with the same condition. Males tend to engage in less self-induced vomiting, take fewer laxatives and diuretics, are more moti

27、vation but have more physical complaints. It has also been suggested that there is a link between homosexuality and males afflicted by the disease. The actual figure is unknown and it is important to understand that such a link does not indicate that all male sufferers of anorexia nervosa or eating

28、disorder are homosexual. Also there tends to be a higher rate in suicide attempts in male sufferers. The biggest problem, however, is diagnosing male anorexia or eating disorder because of the common belief that such diseases are essentially female although the medical profession is more aware of ma

29、le anorexia than ever before.Sufferers can go many years without treatment but eventually sufferers lose more body weight, as much as 25%-30%, which leads to chronic illness and even death. The mortality rate is as high as 5%. Others are lucky because sometimes the onset of the disease can temporari

30、ly complete recovery.There is treatment for sufferers of this terrible disease. In some cases sufferers are treated by medication, usually when the disease is accompanied by severe depression. Usually though, sufferers are referred to a psychologist or a therapist and are encouraged to join self-hel

31、p groups and are counseled by people who have first-hand experience of the disease themselves.1.Why might a doctor wrongly diagnose an eating disorder in males as stress related?2.In paragraph 3, why does the author infer that male beauty is different from female beauty?3.In paragraph 5, why does th

32、e author say that its sometimes difficult to distinguish non-anorexics from genuine sufferers?4.In paragraph 5, which of the following statements most accurately reflects the authors opinion about the fashion and cosmetics industry?5.In paragraph 6, why does the author state that in reality sufferer

33、s are malnourished and starkly thinner than their peers?问题1选项A.Men suffer from stress much more than women.B.Women are much more likely to be concerned about their appearance.C.The statistics are far higher in women.D.Some diseases are thought to affect women more than men.问题2选项A.Women think make-up

34、 is necessary to make them look beautiful.B.Its not considered very manly to discuss fashion and ones appearance.C.Men think women find muscles attractive.D.Male beauty focuses on the physical aspects of the body.问题3选项A.Our societies have become preoccupied with appearance.B.Most people these days a

35、void eating fatty foods.C.Exercise has become a recognized health hazard.D.Most young want to have the ideal body weight.问题4选项A.It is responsible for a lot of suffering among young adults.B.It is the root of all eating disorders because people want to be thin.C.It projects an unattainable image of p

36、erfection.D.It has produced a society that judges people by appearance.问题5选项A.To explain that the disease is caused by the weight loss problem.B.To argue that peer pressure can cause stress to some people.C.To point out that obsession with their bodies resulted in the problems.D.To persuade that suf

37、ferers have serious psychological problems.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.语义推测题。定位到文章第一段，Eating disorders have been most commonly associated with women and therefore most studies on anorexia nervosa have been concentrated within the female population.（饮食失调通常与女性有关，因此大多数关于神经性厌食症的研究都集中在女性人群中）表明这项调查

38、对女性的研究统计更多，因此选项C符合题意。2.事实细节题。定位到文章三段，Also, traditionally mens beauty is displayed in body mass, building muscle，and body building（此外，传统上，男性的美体现在体重、肌肉和健美上）这句话表明男性更多关注身体在物理方面的养成，因此选项D符合题意。3.观点态度题。定位到文章第五段，Because people live in a world obsessed with image and a fashion and cosmetics industry that forc

39、es an image of the ideal body（因为人们生活在一个被形象所困扰的世界，时尚和化妆品行业迫使人们树立理想身材的形象）表明医生难以区分厌食症患者和那些比大多数人更关注自己外表的人是由于大多数人都想有理想身材，因此选项D符合题意。4.观点态度题。定位到文章第五段，fashion and cosmetics industry that forces an image of the ideal body（时尚和化妆品行业迫使人们树立理想身材的形象）表明作者认为时尚和化妆品行业是促使人们保持身材的源头，因此选项B符合题意。5.作者意图题。定位到文章第六段，Sufferers a

40、re also completely preoccupied with their bodies and actually believe themselves to be fat when in reality they are malnourished and starkly thinner than their peers. They also begin to lose interest in activities their peers（患者还完全专注于自己的身体，实际上认为自己很胖，而实际上他们营养不良，比同龄人瘦得多。他们也开始对同龄人参与的活动失去兴趣，比如社交活动，而且常常变

41、得孤僻）表明作者在强调患者已经出现一系列心理问题，而患者却不自知，选项D符合作者想要强调的内容，因此选项D符合题意。7. 单选题Written primarily for a specialized but diverse body of scholars, this book （ ）the attention of those interested in seventeenth-century English literature.问题1选项A.warrantB.proposesC.acclaimsD.distills【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。warrant “保证；担保”；pro

42、pose “建议，打算”；acclaim “称赞”；distill “提取”。句意：这本书主要是为一群专业且各路学者而写，所以，它一定会引起那些对17世纪文学感兴趣的人的注意。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题There are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Heres one example: plants and animals adapt to climate chan

43、ge over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves

44、in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1000 kilometer-wide strip of forest running through Canada, the USSR, and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires, releasing tons of C02 and further boosting global warming.There are dozens of other

45、possible “feedback mechanisms”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming. Others, like the “albedo” effect, will do the opposite. The “albedo” effect is the amount of solar energy reflected by the earths surface. As northern ice

46、and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes through, more heat will be absorbed, adding to the global temperature increase.Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse-gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. T

47、he fact is that some of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 percent of all the worlds energy is consumed by a quarter of the worlds population

48、. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of C02 yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US, with just 7 percent of the global population, is responsible for 22 percent of global warming.1.“Feedback mechanisms” in Paragraph 1 most p

49、robably refer to（ ）.2.James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by（ ）.3.We can learn from the passage that（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that（ ）.5.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?问题1选项A.how plants and animals adapt to hidden factorsB

50、.how plants and animals interact with the changing climateC.how climate changesD.how climate zones shift问题2选项A.the cutting of many treesB.desirable environmental changesC.successful migration of speciesD.unsuccessful migration of trees问题3选项A.some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warmingB.the

51、 basic facts of global warming are unknownC.developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuelsD.developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption问题4选项A.the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumptionB.a third-world citizen adds less than a ton of C02 yearly to

52、 the atmosphereC.the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse-gas emissionsD.future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels问题5选项A.Material Progress and Energy Consumption.B.Prosperity and Cheap Fossil Fuels.C.Impact of Global Warming on Climate.D.Plants a

53、nd Animals in the Changing Climate.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。根据文章第一段，作者举出了植物和动物适应气候变化的例子。气温上升可能对植被的生长带来不利影响，气候区的移动会使处于陌生环境下的物种死亡。濒临死亡的植被会引发火灾释放大量的二氧化碳，从而进一步加剧全球变暖。可判断出第一段主要讨论了动植物和气候变化之间的相互作用和相互关系。所谓的“反馈机制”就是这种相互作用的关系。选项B符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第一段， “Climatologist James Hansen predicts climat

54、e zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die.”，可知气候学家詹姆斯汉森预测，气候区将以每年50至75公里的速度向两极移动，比树的自然移动速度要快。而且发现自己身处陌生环境的物种将会死亡。可判断出詹姆斯汉森预测，气候区域的变化将伴随着树木不成功地迁移。选项D符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段

55、， “There are dozens of other possible feedback mechanisms. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming.”，可知还有许多其他的反馈机制。更高的温度将加剧凝结并增加云层，这实际上可能会减缓全球变暖。可判断出一些反馈机制可能会减缓全球变暖。选项A符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段， “The average rich world resident adds

56、 about 3.2 tons of C02 yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen.”，可知富裕国家居民平均每年向大气中排放3.2吨二氧化碳，是第三世界居民人均排放量的四倍多。可判断出一个第三世界国家的居民每年向大气中排放的二氧化碳还不到一吨。选项B符合题意。5.主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章第一段主要讨论了动植物和全球气候变暖之间的相互作用和相互关系，着重讨论气候变暖给动植物带来的影响。第二段主要提到有些反馈机制也能减缓全球变暖，而有些反馈机制会加快气温

57、上升。最后提到富国比第三世界国家的二氧化碳排放量要更多，这是因为物质进步与能源消耗有关。综上所述，整篇文章主题为全球变暖对气候的影响。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题The accident occurred when a van （ ）on the snow-covered road and bumped into a car that was not able to steer away in time owing also to the snow.问题1选项A.skiddedB.slidC.glidedD.slipped【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：事故发生时，一辆面包车在积雪覆盖的

58、路上打滑，撞上了一辆由于下雪无法及时躲开的小汽车。选项A “打滑”符合题意。10. 单选题Studies have shown that workers desire to be accepted by co-workers could （ ）them more strongly than the desire to earn more money.问题1选项A.hamperB.motivateC.interveneD.streamline【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。A选项hamper“妨碍，束缚”；B选项motivate“刺激，激励”；C选项intervene“干涉”；D选项stream

59、line “使成流线型”；句意是研究表明，对工人们来说，想要被同事认可的欲望比挣钱的欲望更。根据strongly和常识可以确定是更激励的，所以B选项。11. 单选题Last year, when President George W. Bush announced that federal funds could be used to support research on human embryonic stem cells, he mandated that only those cell lines that existed at the time would qualify for s

60、uch support. More than a year later, its becoming increasingly clear that these existing cell lines are inadequate. Unless more are created, the research slowdown may exact a staggering cost in terms of human suffering.Since this announcement, the US National Institutes of Health has tried to stimul

61、ate research on the existing cell lines with new funding and efforts to streamline the initially cumbersome process of obtaining approved cells. However, whether there are 60 cell lines, as originally stated, or nine, as now appear to be available to NIH-funded investigators, the number is not adequ

62、ate. Given the genetic diversity within the population, scientists need access to new cell lines if they are to come up with the most effective cell therapies.The issue is partly one of safety. In conducting research with human participants, we must minimize risks. The most effective cell line might

63、 not be the safest. When developing a new medicine, a large number of molecules must be screened to find a balance between effectiveness and safety. The same is true with cells. In the context of cell therapy, it will be important to minimize unwanted immune reactions and inflammation this requires

64、selection from a large number of cell lines to obtain the best match.Its clear from experiments with animals that stem-cell therapies can reduce human suffering as Parkinsonian mice have been cured with embryonic stem cells that were programmed to become dopamine-secreting, replacement nerve cells. Soon, cells induced to make insulin in tissue cultures will be used i