2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试题库及模拟押密卷72（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Parents often faced the（ ） between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.问题1选项A.paradoxB.dilemmaC.junctionD.premise【答案】B【解析】句意：父母们经常面对这样的 （ ）：是选择做他们认为对孩子发展好的事

2、情，还是选择对孩子吵闹和破坏放任自由。A选项paradox自相矛盾；B选项dilemma 进退两难； C选项junction连接，接合；会合点；D选项premise前提；假定，B选项dilemma符合句意。2. 单选题The reception was attended by（ ）members of the local community.问题1选项A.excellentB.conspicuousC.prominentD.noticeable【答案】C【解析】C选项prominent意为“突出的；著名的”。句意：参加这次招待会的是当地社区的（ ） 人士。A选项excellent极好的；B选项

3、conspicuous显而易见的；C选项prominent突出的；著名的； D选项noticeable引人注目的，C选项prominent符合句意。3. 单选题Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children（ ）a violent act previ-ously seen on television.问题1选项A.modifyingB.duplicatingC.acceleratingD.stimulating【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意：最近报道了很多案例：孩子们总是 以前在电视上见过的暴力行为。modify

4、 修改，修饰；duplicate 复制，重复；accelerate 加速，促进；stimulate 刺激。B项duplicate 在此可译为“模仿”。4. 单选题Among all the changes resulting from the（ ）entry of women into the work force, the trans-formation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.问题1选项A.massiveB.quantitativeC.surplusD.formidable【答

5、案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意：在由于 女性进入到劳动大军所造成的改变中, 她们自身的转变是最重要的。massive宏伟的；quantitative定量的；surplus过剩的；formidable强大的，可怕的。因此，D项符合句意。5. 单选题To call someone bird-brained in English means you think that person is silly or stu-pid. But will this description soon disappear from use in the light of recent research? It se

6、ems the English may have been unfair in associating birds brains with stupidity.In an attempt to find out how different creatures see the world, psychologists at Brown University in the USA have been comparing the behaviour of birds and humans. One experiment has involved teaching pigeons to recogni

7、ze letters of the English alphabet. The birds study in “classrooms”，which are boxes equipped with a computer. After about four days of studying a particular letter, the pigeon has to pick out that letter from several dis- played on the computer screen. Three male pigeons have learnt to distinguish a

8、ll twenty-six letters of the alphabet in this way.A computer record of the birds four-month study period has shown surprising similar- ities between the pigeons and human performance. Pigeons and people find the same letters easy, or hard, to tell apart. For example, 92 percent of the time the pigeo

9、ns could tell the letter D from the letter Z. But when faced with U and V (often confused by English chil-dren) ,the pigeons were right only 34 percent of the time.The results of the experiments so far have led psychologists to conclude that pigeons and humans observe things in similar ways. This su

10、ggests that there is something funda- mental about the recognition process. If scientists could only discover just what this recog- nition process is, it could be very useful for computer designers. The disadvantage of a present computer is that it can only do what a human being has programmed it to

11、 do and the programmer must give the computer precise, logical instructions. Maybe in the future, though, computers will be able to think like human beings.1.The writer suggests that the expression “bird-brained” might be out of use soon be- cause it is（ ）2.sychologists have been experimenting with

12、pigeons to find out whether the birds3.U and V are confused by（ ）.4.There are similarities in observing things by pigeons and humans（ ）.5.The research may help（ ）问题1选项A.sillyB.impoliteC.unnecessaryD.inappropriate问题2选项A.are really silly or stupidB.can learn to make ideas known to peopleC.see the worl

13、d as human beings doD.learn more quickly than children问题3选项A.92 percent of pigeonsB.many English childrenC.most people learning EnglishD.4 percent of English children问题4选项A.because pigeons are taught by humansB.because pigeons have brains more developed than other birdsC.because their basic ways to

14、know the world are the sameD.because pigeons and humans have similar brains问题5选项A.computer designersB.computer salesmenC.psychologistsD.teachers【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.根据题干关键词“bird-brained”定位至第一段：To call someone bird-brained in English means you think that person is silly or stupid. But w

15、ill this description soon disappear from use in the light of recent research? It seems the English may have been unfair in associating birds Brains with stupidity（在英语中，如果称某人为“鸟脑”，意思就是这个人非常愚蠢或没头脑。不过最近的一项研究显示，这个叫法可能很快会不再使用。看来英语将鸟的大脑与愚蠢联系在一起是不公平的）。因此，正确答案为D。2.根据题干关键词“Psychologists, experimenting, pigeo

16、ns”定位至第二段：In an attempt to find out how different creatures see the world，美国布朗大学的心理学家将鸟类和人类的行为进行了比较，为了了解不同的生物是怎么领会世界的。据此可知，心理学家用鸽子做实验是为了发现鸟类与人类在领会世界方面是否相同。3.根据题干定位至第三段：But when faced with U and V (often confused by English children), the pigeons were right only 34 percent of the time（当面对字母U和V （英语孩子常

17、常混淆这两个字母）时，鸽子的正确率只有34%）。据此可知B项正确。4.根据题干关键词“observing things by pigeons and humans”定位至第四段：The results of the experiments so far have led psychologists to conclude that pigeons and humans observe things in similar ways. This suggests that there is something fundamental about the recognition process.（目

18、前为止，心理学家从这些实验结果得到的结论是，鸽子和人类以相似的方式观察事物。这表明，识别过程具有基本的因素。）据此可知，鸽子和人类在观察事物方面相似是因为他们认识世界的基本方法相同，因此正确答案为C。5.根据题干关键词“research” 定位至第四段，第四段讲的是results of the experiments（试验结果） ：If scientists could only discover just what this recognition process is, it could be very useful for computer designers.”可知，这将给计算机设计师

19、带来很大的益处，A项正确。6. 单选题Scientists have acknowledged that to interpret an animals thought processes in a sound manner re- quires a heavy dose of（ ）from our own mental patterns, which we access introspectively.问题1选项A.estimationB.calculationC.skepticismD.inference【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：科学家已经承认，用声音的方式来翻译一个动物的思维进程

20、，需要从我们使用内在的思维模式进行大量的 （ ） 。estimation 评价，估计；calculation 计算；skepticism 怀疑论；inference 推理。故选B。7. 单选题Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are wo prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an im-age-bearing

21、surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to t, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A. D. for applying patterns to tex-tiles .The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile deco

22、ra-tion and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process: first, the artist takes a lock of wood,which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then raws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised.

23、The oodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper ei-ther by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmiths art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the iddle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (fr

24、om Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The im- ge is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An im-pression is made on damp paper in a printing press, w

25、ith sufficient pressure being applied so that the aper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Wo

26、odcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs o

27、f wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.The word “prime” in line 2 is closest in meaning to( ).3.The authors purpose in paragraph 2 is to describe( ).4.According t

28、o the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT thatit( ).5.According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?问题1选项A.The origins of textile decoration.B.The characteristics of good-quality prints.C.Two types of printmaking.D.Types of paper used in printmaking

29、.问题2选项A.principalB.complexC.generalD.recent问题3选项A.the woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB.the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC.the process involved in creating a woodcutD.the introduction of woodcuts to Europe问题4选项A.developed from the art of the goldsmithsB.requires that the paper

30、be cut with a burinC.originated in the fifteenth centuryD.involves carving into a metal plate问题5选项A.Their designs are slightly raised.B.They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C.They were first used in Europe.D.They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.【答案】第1题:C第2

31、题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.文章开篇指出版画的制作技法主要有木刻和雕刻两种方式；接着在第二、三段分别介绍木刻、雕刻的起源、发展、制作过程；最后一段总说两种方式的特点。所以，C项Two types of printmaking（两种版画制作）正确。2.第一段指出：Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples（木刻和雕刻是版画制作的两种主要方式）。prime在这里指“主要的”，A项principal“

32、主要的”正确。3.文章第二段主要讲述了木刻的制作过程。C项“制作木刻的过程”准确地概述了该段主旨。4.第三段指出：Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmiths art，originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century（雕刻由金匠艺术中发展而来，发源于15世纪中期的德国和意大利北部地区）, 所以A、C项正确；The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate.（图案刻入到光滑的金属板内）

33、，所以D项正确。而B项在原文中没有体现，所以选择B项。5.题干问的是木刻和雕刻的共同点。最后一段指出：Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear （在原始的木块或金属板用坏之前，可以生产数百张复制品）。D项符合原文意思，因此正确。8. 单选题Although most dreams apparently happen（ ）, dream activity may be provoked by e

34、xternal influences.问题1选项A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.homogeneouslyD.instantaneously【答案】A【解析】副词辨析。句意：尽管大多数的梦明显是（ ）出现的，梦境活动也可能受到外界的影响。spontaneously 自然地，不由自主地；simultaneously 同时地；homogeneously 同样地；instantaneously即刻，突如其来地。因此，A项spontaneously 符合句意。9. 单选题Enthusiasts from around the world（ ）on Le Mans fo

35、r the annual car race.问题1选项A.coverageB.idiotC.consumeD.converge【答案】D【解析】句意：来自世界各地的狂热分子，因为年度赛车比赛（ ） 勒芒。coverage范围，规模；idiot白痴；consume消耗，挥霍；converge集合，汇聚。因此，D项符合句意。10. 单选题The damage of his car was（ ）； therefore, he could repair it himself.问题1选项A.appreciableB.negligibleC.considerableD.invisible【答案】B【解析】

36、形容词辨析。句意：他的车损坏是 ；因此，他自己能够修好。appreciable可感知的，可预见的；negligible可忽略的，微不足道的；considerable相当大的；invisible看不见的，无形的。根据后半句“他能自己修好”推测说明车子损坏不严重，故B项正确。11. 单选题During our first teacher training year, we often visited local schools for the（ ）of lessons.问题1选项A.observationB.investigationC.inspectionD.examination【答案】A【解

37、析】句意：教师培训的第一年，为了（ ）课程, 我们经常参观当地的学校。A选项observation观察；B选项investigation调查，研究；C选项inspection检查；D选项examination检查，考试。选项A符合句意。12. 单选题Some practical is （ ） desirable for candidates interested in applying for this job.问题1选项A.exploitB.adventureC.initiativeD.experience【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意：对于有兴趣申请这份工作的候选人来说，一些实用 是可取

38、的。exploit 功绩，功勋；adventure 冒险；initiative 主动权，首创精神；experience 经验。因此，D项符合句意。13. 单选题At present, it is not possible to confirm or to refute the suggestion that there is a causal relationship between the amount of fat we eat and the（ ）of heart attacks.问题1选项A.incidenceB.impetusC.ruptureD.emergence【答案】A【解析】

39、名词辨析。incidence发生率；impetus动力；rupture破裂，绝交；emergence出现，发生。句意：脂肪的摄入量和心脏病的 有所关联，目前对这种说法既不能肯定也无法反驳。A选项符合句意。14. 单选题As for love of children, this love is（ ）expressed through supplying material comforts, a-musements, and educational opportunities.问题1选项A.increasinglyB.tolerablyC.dynamicallyD.obediently【答案】A【

40、解析】副词辨析。句意：至于对孩子的爱，这种爱总是表现在 为他们提供物质上的安逸，玩乐和教育的机会。increasingly 逐渐地；tolerably 可容忍地；dynamically 充满活力地；obediently 服从地。因此，A项符合句意。15. 翻译题Bacteria（细菌）, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. 81.Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments（疾病）, many people consume

41、bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smattering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland,

42、 and his colleagues, published in this weeks Science, suggests that the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces （粪便）of tw

43、o volunteers. 82.Because of the complexity of the samples, they were not able to reconstruct the entire genomes（基因组）of each of the gut bacteria, just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identifythe bacteria themsel

44、ves are difficult to cultivate. 83.So the researchers guessed at what they might be up to by comparing the genes they discovered with published databases of genes whose functions are already known.84.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probableenzymatic（酶（性）的）processes by

45、which bacteria help humans to digest the complexcarbohydrates in plants. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human lifeincluding two B vitamins and certain essential amino acidsalthough the team merely showed that these metabolic

46、pathways exist rather than proving that they are used. Nevertheless, the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that peo

47、ple are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of human and microbial attributes. The notion ofa superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. 85.This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success

48、 of personalised medicine, as different people will have different responses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora.（微生物群落） Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the

49、 process by which these helpful bacteria first colonize the digestive tract. Babies acquire their gut flora as they pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mothers vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be an important on

50、e.Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.【答案】81. 有益菌可以帮助人们治疗多种疾病，受此启发，很多人通过使用酸乳食品和各种补品的办法吸收细菌。然而，这种人为补充细菌的做法是极其肤浅的。82. 由于样本的复杂性，吉尔博士及其研究组人员还不能构建出肠道内细菌的完整基因组，而只能构建出单体基因。不过，这也可以使他们对整体数量作出估算。83. 因此，研究人员只能将发现的基因和那些功能已经研究清楚的基因的公开数据库进行比较，从而猜测可能得到的研究结果。84.

51、这种比较帮助吉尔博士第一次确定了可能存在的细菌借以帮助人体消化从植物体摄入的复杂碳水化合物的酶催化反应的过程。85. 有人认为，这一点对个性化药物的成功开发是至关重要的，因为不同的人具有不同的微生物群落，对不同的药物有不同的反应。16. 单选题They had a fierce（ ）as to whether their company should restore the trade relationshipwhich was broken years ago.问题1选项A.debateB.clashC.disagreementD.contest【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：关于公司是否

52、应该恢复数年前破裂的贸易关系，他们进行了一场激烈的 。debate讨论，辩论；clash 争论；disagreement 分歧；contest 竞争。因此，A项符合句意。17. 单选题The local government has （ ） the landowners to fish these waters.问题1选项A.transformedB.ransferredC.licensedD.allocated【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意：当地政府已经 （ ） 地主在河里钓鱼。transformed 转变；transferred 移动、转移；licensed 许可；allocated 分

53、配。故选C。18. 单选题At the age of 40, he had already（ ）a great fortune through successful financialdealings.问题1选项A.piercedB.assessedC.amassedD.agitated【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意：在40岁的时候，他已经通过成功的金融交易积累了大量财富。因此选C。19. 单选题He is holding a（ ）position in the company and expects to be promoted soon.问题1选项A.subordinateB.succe

54、edingC.successiveD.subsequent【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意:他如今在公司任一个（ ） 职位，他期望能够尽快升职。subordinate 下级的，次要的；succeeding 以后的；successive 连续的，接替的；subsequent后来的，随后的。根据后半句 “他期望能够尽快升职”推测，A项subordinate次要的符合句意。20. 单选题Under ethical guideline recently adopted by the National Institutes of Health, human genes are to be manipulated only to correct disease for which（ ）treatments are unsatisfactory.问题1选项A.similarB.dangerousC.uncommonD.alternative【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：根据国家健康研究机构最近通过的道德准则，人类的基因只有在 治疗方案无法满足需求的情况下才可以改变。similar相似的；dangerous危险的；uncommon不寻常的，罕有的；alternative可供选择的。选项D“可供选择的”符合题意。