2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第185期

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1、2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Despite wars, famines, and epidemics, Earths population is booming ahead to new records with no end in sight.Every day, the world adds enough people to populate a medium-sized city in the US. In one month, the number of new world citizens equals the population

2、of New York City. Every year, there are 90 million more mouths to feed, more than the total population of Germany.Several factors are propelling this rapid growth, including an element that of often overlooked; the huge number of teenagers who are becoming mothers, particularly in the countries of s

3、ub-Saharan Africa.In four African nations-Niger, Mali, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast-1 out of every 5 adolescent females of childbearing age has a baby annually.The US Bureau of the Census says this high rate of motherhood among teens has helped to maintain the high pace of births across most of the

4、 African continent. By starting a family early, a typical woman in Somalia, for instance, has seven children during her lifetime. Equally large families are the rule in Zambia, Zaire, Uganda, Mauritania, Mali, Malawi, and Ethiopia.The current record-holder for fertility is strife-torn Rwanda, where

5、a typical mother has at least eight or nine children.While population experts often focus on Africas problems, analysts note that teenaged mothers are also far more prevalent in the United States than in France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, or Britain.This issue-“babies having babies”-has recently gained

6、 prominence in the US. Teenaged motherhood in the US has fueled an expansion of the State-federal welfare system and brought cries for welfare reform from lawmakers.With its high rate of teen births, the US now ranks alongside Indonesia and parts of South America, and only modestly ahead of Mexico,

7、India, and Pakistan.Overall, the fertility rate among Americans remains relatively low at 2.1 births per woman- about the replacement level. Although the US population is expected to climb steadily, from 260 million today to 323 million by 2020, most of that growth will come from immigration.The Cen

8、sus Bureau estimates that in Haiti, where thousands of citizens are trying to flee to the US because of military oppression and poverty, AIDS will cut the annual growth rate during the next 25 years from 2.1 percent to 1.3 percent.The decline in growth is even sharper in the Central African Republic

9、, where rates will dip from 2.4 percent to 0.7 percent. In Thailand, which already had low birth rates, ADIS will drive population downward to 0.8 percent a year.In the 16 countries that are hit hardest, AIDS will lower populations by 121 million over expected projections by 2020. In Africa, the imp

10、act of AIDS is so great that trends toward longer life spans during the past 40 years being reversed. Some nations will suffer declines in average life spans of 0 to 30 years compared with expected life spans without AIDS.In the US, where AIDS is also a substantial problem the impact will be lower b

11、ecause the disease is mostly limited to homosexuals and drug user, says Peter Way, a Census Bureau research. In many African nations, AIDS is prevalent among the heterosexual populations, with sharply boosts infant mortality.A compelling chapter in the research deals with aging. Today the median age

12、 in developed countries is 35, and that in developing nations is only 23. By 2020, the corresponding figures will be 42 and 28.Today there are fewer adults over 60 (525 million) than children under 5 (636 million). As the world population ages, by 2020 the number over 60 will be more than 1 billion,

13、 while those under 5 will total 717 million.1.Sub-Saharan African countries（ ）.2.The passage states teenaged births are（ ）.3.The population growth rate in the US is（ ）.4.From the factual data in the passage, we know that by the year 2020（ ）.5.The passage implies that by the year 2020（ ）.问题1选项A.will

14、have the largest world population by 2020B.have the highest reproductive rate in the worldC.are only modestly affected by AIDSD.will have increasingly long life span问题2选项A.rare in developed countriesB.most prevalent in IndonesiaC.common in RwandaD.solely responsible for population increase问题3选项A.hig

15、her than that in IndiaB.lower than that in MexicoC.higher than that in IndonesiaD.lower than that in South America问题4选项A.the population growth rates in Thailand will have increasedB.there will be disproportionate number of older peopleC.US population growth rate will stabilizeD.the average age of Eu

16、ropeans will be 35问题5选项A.birth rates will be curbed in developing countriesB.there will no longer be a population problemC.there will be too many young childrenD.the distribution of the worlds population will have altered【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“撒哈拉以南非洲国家”。文章第六段提到“人口出生率记录的现在保持者

17、是饱受战乱的卢旺达，那里一位母亲至少有八个或九个小孩”（The current record-holder for fertility is strife-torn Rwanda, where a typical mother has at least eight or nine children），由此可知选项B“有世界上最强的繁殖能力”符合题意，2.推理判断题。题目问的是“文章称青少年当母亲”。提到“人口出生率记录的现在保持者是饱受战乱的卢旺达，那里一位母亲至少有八个或九个小孩”（The current record-holder for fertility is strife-torn

18、Rwanda, where a typical mother has at least eight or nine children），由此可知在卢旺达生孩子的年龄偏小是中普遍现象，选项C符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“美国人口增长率”。文章第九段提到“由于美国高的青少年为人母比率高，它的出生率现在跟上了印度尼西亚和非洲的部分地区，比墨西哥，印度以及巴基斯坦稍微高些”（With its high rate of teen births, the US now ranks alongside Indonesia and parts of South America, and only mo

19、destly ahead of Mexico, India, and Pakistan），由此可知选项A符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“从文中的实际数字，我们知道到2020年的时候”。文章最后一段最后一句话提到“随着世界人口老龄化，到2020年，60岁以上的人口将超过10亿，而5岁以下的人口总数将达到7.71亿”（As the world population ages, by 2020 the number over 60 will be more than 1 billion, while those under 5 will total 717 million），选项B“将出现比例

20、失调的老年人数量”符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“文章暗示到2020年”。文章提到了不同国家的人口出生率，以及最后提到世界人口老龄化程度加剧，都说明世界人口分布将发生变化，选项D符合题意。2. 单选题Its hardly news that the immigration system is a mess. Foreign nationals have long been slipping across the border with fake papers, and visitors who arrive in the U.S. legitimately often overstay

21、their legal welcome without being punished. But since Sept.11, its become clear that terrorists have been shrewdly factoring the weaknesses of our system into their plans. In addition to their mastery of forging passports, at least three of the 19 Sept. 11 hijackers were hear on expired visas. Thats

22、 been a safe bet until now. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) lacks the resources, and apparently the inclination, to keep track of the estimated 2 million foreigners who have intentionally overstayed their welcome.But this laxness toward immigration fraud may be about to change. Cong

23、ress has already taken some modest steps. The U.S.A. Patriot Act, passed in the wake of the Sept. 11 tragedy, required the FBI, the Justice Department, the State Department and the INS to share more data, which will make it easier to stop watch-listed terrorists at the border.But whats really needed

24、, critics say, is even tougher laws and more resources aimed at tightening up border security. Reformers are calling for a rollback of rules that hinder law enforcement. They also want the INS to hire hundreds more border patrol agents and investigators to keep illegal immigrants out and to track th

25、em down once theyre here. Reformers also want to see the INS set up a database to monitor whether visa holders actually leave the country when they are required to.All these proposed changes were part of a new border-security bill that passed the House of Representatives but died in the Senate last

26、week. Before Sept. 11, legislation of this kind had been blocked by two powerful lobbies, universities, which rely on tuition from foreign students who could be kept out by the new law, and business, which relies on foreigners for cheap labor. Since the attacks, theyve backed off. The bill would hav

27、e passed this time but for congressional maneuverings and is expected to be reintroduced and to pass next year.Also on the agenda for next year a proposal, backed by some influential law-makers, to split the INS into two agencies-as good cop that would tend to service functions like processing citiz

28、enship papers and a bad cop that would concentrate on border inspections deportation and other functions. One reason for the division, supporter say, is that the INS has in recent years become too focused on serving tourists and immigrants. After the Sept. 11 tragedy, the INS should pay more attenti

29、on to serving the millions of ordinary Americans who rely on the nations border security to protect them from terrorist attacks.1.Terrorists have obviously taken advantage of（ ）.2.We learn from the passage that coordinated efforts will be made by various U.S. Government agencies to（ ）.3.It can be in

30、ferred from the passage that before Sept, 11, aliens with expired visas（ ）.4.It is believed by many that all these years the INS（ ）.5.Before Sept，11，the U.S. Congress had been unable to pass stricter immigration laws because （ ）.问题1选项A.the legal privileges granted to foreignersB.the excessive hospit

31、ality of the American peopleC.the irresponsibility of the officials at border checkpointsD.the low efficiency of the immigration and Naturalization Service问题2选项A.Refuse the renewing of expired visas.B.ward off terrorist suspects at the borderC.prevent the forgery of immigration papersD.limit the num

32、ber of immigrants to the U.S问题3选项A.might have them extended without troubleB.would be closely watched by FBI agentsC.might stay on for as long as they wishedD.would live in constant fear of deportation问题4选项A.has been serving two contradictory functionsB.has been too liberal in granting visas to tour

33、ists and immigrants indiscriminatelyC.has over-emphasized its service functions at the expense of the nations securityD.has ignored the picas of the two powerful lobbies问题5选项A.they might have kept away foreign students and cheap laborB.it was difficult to coordinate the efforts of the congressmenC.e

34、ducation and business circles cared little about national securityD.resources were not available for their enforcement【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段第三句提到“但是自911事件以来，很明显的是恐怖分子们狡猾地利用了美国移民系统的弱点来实施他们的计划”（But since Sept.11, its become clear that terrorists have been shrewdly factoring the

35、 weaknesses of our system into their plans），选项D“移民规划服务的低效率”符合题意。2.细节事实题。文章第二段最后一句提到“更容易将黑名单上的恐怖分子挡在国境之外”（which will make it easier to stop watch-listed terrorists at the border），选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第一段第二句提到“合法到美国的游客经常超过其合法停留时间而不受处罚”（and visitors who arrive in the U.S. legitimately often overstay their

36、 legal welcome without being punished），因此选项C“能一直待下去”符合题意。4.细节事实题。文章最后一段最后两句话提到“支持者认为造成这种分歧的一个原因是移民规划局近来过于关注游客和移民服务。911事件后，移民管理局应该为数百万依赖美国边境安全的普通美国人服务”（One reason for the division, supporter say, is that the INS has in recent years become too focused on serving tourists and immigrants. After the Sept

37、. 11 tragedy, the INS should pay more attention to serving the millions of ordinary Americans who rely on the nations border security to protect them from terrorist attacks）。选项C“以国家安全为代价来过分重视它的服务功能”符合题意。5.细节事实题。文章第四段第二句提到“在911事件之前，这类法案被两个强大的游说团体阻扰：一个是依赖外国留学生缴纳学费的各大高校，一个是依赖廉价劳动力的工商界，而留学生和劳动力都有可能因此而被拒

38、绝入境”（Before Sept. 11, legislation of this kind had been blocked by two powerful lobbies, universities, which rely on tuition from foreign students who could be kept out by the new law, and business, which relies on foreigners for cheap labor），选项A“可能组织留学生和外国廉价劳动力”符合题意。3. 单选题The forest from which Man

39、takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant community on Earth. In terms of Mans brief life it appears permanent and unchanging, save for the seasonal growth and fall of the leaves, but to forester it represents the climax of a long succession of events. No wooded landscape we see toda

40、y has been forest for all lime. Plants have minimum requirements of temperature and moisture and, in ages past, virtually every part of Earths surface has at some time been either too dry or too cold for plants to survive. However, as soon as climatic conditions change in favor of plant life, a fasc

41、inating sequence of changes occurs, called a primary succession.First to colonize the barren land are the lowly lichens, surviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock surface, plant debris accumulates, and mosses establish a shallow root hold. Ferns may follow

42、and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually from a covering of plant life. Roots probe even deeper into the developing soil and eventually large shrubs give way to the first tress. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete domination-closing thei

43、r ranks and forming a climax community which may endure for thousands of years.Yet even this community is not everlasting. Fire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it down to gain land for pasture or cultivation. If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developi

44、ng much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the early invaders, their seeds carried by the wind, by birds and lodged in the coats of mammals. For as long as it stands and thrives, the forest is a vast machine, storing energy and many elements essential for life.1.What does

45、 the forest strike mankind as permanent?2.What has sometimes caused plants to die out of the past?3.In a “primary succession”，what makes it possible for mosses to take root?4.What conditions are needed for shrubs to become established?5.Why is a “secondary succession” quicker?问题1选项A.The trees are in

46、 community.B.The forest is renewed each season.C.Mans life is short in comparison.D.It is an essential part of our lives.问题2选项A.Interference from foresters.B.Variations in climate.C.The absence of wooded land.D.The introduction of new type of plants.问题3选项A.The type of rock.B.The amount of sunlight.C

47、.The amount of moisture.D.The effect of lichens.问题4选项A.Ferns must take root.B.The ground must be covered with grass.C.More soil must accumulate.D.Smaller plants must die out.问题5选项A.The ground is more suitable.B.There is more space new plants.C.Birds and animals bring new seeds.D.It is supported by t

48、he forest.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“对于人类来说，森林的永恒之处在于”。文章第一段第二句提到“对于人类短暂的生命来说，森林似乎是永恒不变的”（In terms of Mans brief life it appears permanent and unchanging），因此选项C“相比之下，人类生命很短暂”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“以前有时导致植物灭绝的因素是什么”。文章第一段提到“在过去，地球表面每个部分都曾因为太干或者太冷而使植物无法生存”（in ages past, virtually every

49、 part of Earths surface has at some time been either too dry or too cold for plants to survive），由此可知气候原因导致某些植物灭绝，选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“在初级演替中，什么是苔藓生长成为可能”。文章第二段第一二句提到“首先在贫瘠土地上生长的是地衣，它们生长在光秃秃的岩石上。慢慢地，这些微生物产生的酸性物质破坏了岩石的表面，植物碎屑堆集，苔藓会建立一个很浅的根系”（First to colonize the barren land are the lowly lichens, su

50、rviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock surface, plant debris accumulates, and mosses establish a shallow root hold），由此可知是因为有地衣，才有苔藓成长的可能。选项D符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“灌木稳固生长需要什么条件”。文章第二段第三句提到“紧接着可能出现的是蕨类植物，短草和灌木逐渐从植物覆盖的土壤中开始生长”（Ferns may follow and, with short gra

51、sses and shrubs, gradually from a covering of plant life），蕨类生长的前提是苔藓形成的土壤层，因此可知灌木要生长需要累积更多的土壤，选项C符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“第二次演替较快的原因是”。文章最后一段提到“如果这篇土地被废气了，就会发生第二次演替，在更适合生长的土壤将发展得更快”（If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil），因此

52、选项A符合题意。4. 单选题Nowadays, a cell-phone service is available to everyone, everywhere. Probably thousands of people have already been using it, but I just discovered it, so Im going to claim it and also name it: Fake Foning.The technology has been working well for me at the office, but there are infinit

53、e applications, virtually in any public space.Say you work at a big university with lots of talky faculty members buzzing about. Now, say you need to use the restroom. The trip down the hall will take approximately one hour, because a person cant walk into those talky people without getting pulled a

54、side for a question, a bit of gossip, a new read on a certain line of Paradise Lost.So, a cell-phone. Any cell-phone. Just pick it up. Dont dial. Just hold that phone to your face and start talking. Walk confidently down the hall engaged in fake conversation, making sure to tailor both the topic and

55、 content to the person standing before you whom you are trying to evade.For standard colleague avoidance, I suggest fake chatting about fake business: “Yes, Im glad you called, because we really need to hammer out the details. Whats that? Yes, I read Page 12, but if you look at the bottom of 4, I th

56、ink you can see the problem begins right there.”Be animated. Be engaged in your fake fone conversation. Make eye contact with the people passing nod to them, gesture keen interest in talking to them al a later time, point to your Phone, shrug and move on.Shoppers should consider fake foning anytime

57、they spot a talky neighbor in the produce department pinching(用手捏)unripe peaches. Without your phone at your face, youd be in for a 20-minute speech on how terrible the world is.One important caution about fake foning. The other day I was fake foning my way past a colleague, and he was actually foll

58、owing me to get my attention. I knew he wanted to ask about a project I had not yet finished. I was trying to buy myself some time, so 1 continued fake foning with my doctor. So I dont need the operation? Oh, doctor, that is the best news.”And then: Biirnig! Binurg! Bnnrrg! My phone started ringing,

59、 right there while it was planted on my face. My colleague looked at me, and I at him, and naturally I gasped. “What is the matter with this thing?” I said, pulling the phone away to look at it, and then putting it back to my car. “Hello? Are you still there?” Oops1.Which of the following statements

60、 is INCORRECT?2.What is fake foning?3.In the authors opinion, in order to make fake foning look real one has to（ ）.4.What does the last example show?5.After his phone suddenly began ringing, the author（ ）.问题1选项A.Cell-phone service is popular among people.B.Cell-phone has much use in office.C.Fake fo

61、ning is a new cell-phone service.D.Fake foning is a new discovery.问题2选项A.A strategy to avoid people.B.A device newly produced.C.A service provided everywhere.D.A skill of communication.问题3选项A.talk about interesting mattersB.behave politely to people passing byC.hold the phone while walkingD.appear a

62、bsorbed in conversation问题4选项A.One effective way is to fake fone ones doctor.B.One has to be careful while fake foning.C.Fake foning may not deceive people.D.Fake foning is always quite successful.问题5选项A.immediately started talking to the callerB.immediately started talking to his colleagueC.put the

63、phone away and stopped talkingD.continued with his fake conversatio【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“下列表述哪个是不正确的”。文章第一段提到“也许成千上万人已经开始使用，但是我刚刚才知道”（Probably thousands of people have already been using it, but I just discovered it, so Im going to claim it and also name it: Fake Foning），由此可

64、知，fake foning已经出现很久了，并不是才出现，所以选项C的陈述“新功能”是不正确的，符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“假装打电话是什么”。文章第五段提到“ 去避开同事的标准的假打电话，我建议假聊业务”（For standard colleague avoidance, I suggest fake chatting about fake business），由此可知选项A“避开人的一个策略”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“在作者看来，为了让假装打电话看起来逼真，应该”。文章第六段前面两句提到“假装打电话要逼真与专注”（Be animated. Be engaged in yo