2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第20期

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1、2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individu

2、al responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired-rented at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial offi

3、cer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By

4、 way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their e

5、mployees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job

6、rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (

7、as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can

8、 be employed. The result is as lower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half cant effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that to with these processes will di

9、sappear.1.Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?2.What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3.The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to（ ）.4. According to the passage, the decisive factor i

10、n maintaining a firms competitive advantage is（ ）.5.What is the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.B.They see the gaining of skills as their employees own business.C.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D.They only hire

11、skilled workers because of keen competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B.His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.C.He is directly under the chief financial executive.D.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.问题3选项A.worke

12、rs who can operate new equipmentB.technological and managerial staffC.workers who lack basic background skillsD.top executives问题4选项A.the introduction of new technologiesB.the improvement of workers basic skillsC.the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of imp

13、ortance to the bottom half of the employees问题5选项A.American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firms

14、 hierarchy.D.The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第一段“Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in United States. Skill acquisition is consid

15、ered an individual responsibility.在美国，人力资源管理传统上并不被视为企业竞争生存的核心。技能的获得被认为是个人的责任。”可知B项“技能的获得是自己的事情”正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic deci

16、sions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). 人力资源管理主管的职位通常是一个专门的工作，位于公司等级制度的边缘。人力资源高管在重大战略决策上从不被征求意见，也没有机会晋升为首席执行官(CEO)。”可知人力资源主管在做决策时没有发言权。故D项正确。3.细节事实题。由第三段“The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. 他们投资的钱也更集中在专业和管理人

17、员身上。”可知B项正确。4.推理判断题。由第一段“If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. 如果可持续的竞争优势依赖于劳动力的技能，美国公司就有问题了。”以及第四段“As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. 因此，当新的突破性技术出现时，问题就出现了。”可知保持公司竞争优势的决定性因素是员工的技能。故B项正确。5.主旨大意题。全文第一句指出如

18、果可持续的竞争优势依赖于劳动力的技能，美国公司就有问题了。接着说明美国公司的人力资源管理没有得到足够重视，不注重员工技能的培训，并提出对应的影响，即导致美国公司可持续的竞争优势受损。故D项正确。2. 单选题Before the interview, each candidate had to have a（ ）medical examination.问题1选项A.porousB.vigorousC.thesaurusD.rigorous【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。porous“能渗透的，有气孔的”；vigorous“精力充沛的”；thesaurus“宝库，辞典”；rigorous“严格的

19、，严厉的”。句意：在面试之前，每个候选人都必须进行严格的体检。D项符合题意。3. 单选题A knock at the door again! It was the third time someone（ ）me that evening.问题1选项A.has interruptedB.had interruptedC.to have interruptedD.would have interrupted【答案】B【解析】考查时态。由was和that evening可知事情发生在过去。在某个时刻为止已经在发生的事情，故用过去完成时。句意：又有人在敲门，那晚已经是第三次有人打扰我了。故B项正确。4

20、. 翻译题I remember a film, I forget what it was called, in which four people were interrogated about the character and life-style of a woman who had been murdered. All of them had known her well, but to each of them, she presented a different side. The man who loved her saw her as amusing, intelligent

21、and extravagant. The girl who had been at school with her said she was reserved, slow to make friends and inclined to be mean. Her boss, for whom she worked as a secretary, found her hardworking but dull, the last person to inspire passion, let alone murder. Her landlady said she was easy to get on

22、with, untidy and careless about money. “I always had to remind her of the rent,” she said, “but I like her she was always cheerful and willing to lend a hand if anyone was in trouble”. The interest of the film was not so much in who committed the murder, but in how it showed the way in which we all

23、show different sides of ourselves to different people.【答案】我记得有这样一部电影，我不记得它的名字了。讲述的是四个人被询问关于被谋杀者女性的性格和生活方式。这些人都很了解她，但是她对每个人展示了不同的一面。爱她的那个男人觉得她是一个有趣、聪明却有点浪费的女孩。她同学觉得她是一个保守、不善交友，倾向于自私的人。她当秘书的那个老板觉得她虽然勤奋却很沉闷，永远不会活跃气氛，更别说凶手会谋杀她了。她的房东却说她很好相处，不修边幅，不太在乎钱。“我总要提醒她交房租”她说道，“但是我很喜欢她。她总是那么欢乐，在别人有困难的时候总会伸出援手。”这部电影

24、有趣的地方不在于谁是行凶者，而在于我们都会在不同人面前展示不同的一面。5. 翻译题Im pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadnt been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life is going to hit you in the head with a brick. Dont lose faith. Im convinced that the only thing

25、that kept me going was that I loved what I did. Youve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do gr

26、eat work is to love what you do. If you havent found it yet, keep lookingand dont settle. As with all matters of the heart, youll know when you find it. And like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep lookingdont settle.【答案】我非常确定，如果苹果公司没有开除我的话，这一切不会发生。这贴

27、药很苦，但我认为病人需要它。有时候，生活会用砖头敲你的脑袋。不要失去信心。我确信唯一让我不断前进的就是我喜欢我所做的事情。你需要找到你喜爱的东西，对于工作是如此，对于你的爱人也是一样。你的工作将占据你生活的很大部分，唯一能使你满意的方法便是做你认为伟大的工作，而做伟大工作的唯一方法便是去喜爱你做的事情。如果你还没有找到你喜欢的事情，继续寻找，不要停下来。只要你全心全意去找，当你找到时，你就会知道的。就像其他任何真诚的感情一样，随着岁月的流逝，这种关系只会越来越紧密。所以继续寻找，不要停下来。6. 单选题Water will continue to be（ ）it is todaynext in

28、 importance to oxygen.问题1选项A.howB.whichC.asD.what【答案】D【解析】考查语法。后面破折号的内容是对前一句做进一步的补充说明，空格处所在句子为表语从句，所填词引导表语从句且在句中做宾语。故D项正确。句意：水将依然处于仅次于氧气的重要地位。7. 翻译题As a fashionable leisure activity, traveling is favored by a growing number of people. Due to the rapid development of economy, the improvement of livin

29、g standard and the governments support of tourism, traveling is becoming more and more popular in China. Traveling has gradually become an essential part of peoples daily life. On holidays, numerous Chinese tourists would swarm into scenic spots across the world. When traveling, people can broaden t

30、heir horizons, enrich their knowledge and appreciate beautiful natural landscapes, which would eventually help to relax themselves physically and mentally.【答案】旅游作为一种时尚的休闲活动，为越来越多的人所喜爱。经济的迅猛发展、生活水平的提高，以及政府对旅游业的支持使得旅游在中国越来越流行。旅游已逐步成为人们日常生活必不可少的部分。每逢假期，大批的中国游客就会涌入世界各地的景点。旅游时人们可以开阔视野，增长知识，欣赏大自然的美丽风光，最终得

31、以放松身心。8. 单选题The plot to assassinate Martin Luther King had started _ he was actually killed.问题1选项A.before longB.long beforeC.so longD.go along【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. before long没过多久 B. long before 很早以前C. so long这么长时间 D. go along 进行；支持；赞同【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】“刺杀计划”（The plot to assassinate）和空白处后“他真的被杀了”的逻辑可知：刺杀计

32、划在他真正死后之前就开始了。同时，空白处之前的时态为过去完成时，空白处后的时态为过去时。这也说明了两者之间的先后关系。综上所述，B选项long before“很早以前”可引申为此句所需的逻辑“之前”以满足上述条件。【干扰项排除】A选项before long意为“不久以后”；long before是“很久以前”。Before long用作时间状语，常与将来时、过去时态连用；long before体现过去时态，常用于过去时或过去完成时；C、D选项不符合句子结构，无法与句子结合。【句意】刺杀马丁路德金的计划在实施前酝酿已久。9. 单选题He is well acquainted with many

33、of the（ ）Jesus Christ told to his followers.问题1选项A.anecdotesB.parablesC.legendsD.myths【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。anecdotes“奇闻轶事”；parables“比喻，尤指圣经里的寓言故事”；legends“传说，传奇”；myths“神话”。句意：他对许多耶稣告诉其追随者的故事很熟悉。故B项正确。10. 写作题Directions: For this part, you are allowed to write a composition on the topic of “On the Aging Po

34、pulation”. You should write at least 160-180 words.【答案】略11. 单选题A well-funded national organization would be able to _ more influence in Parliament.问题1选项A.evaluateB.performC.recommendD.exert【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. evaluate 评价；估价 B. perform 执行；完成；演奏C. recommend 推荐，介绍 D. exert 运用，发挥；施以影响【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意，

35、应该是组织对国会有影响。选D. exert施以影响，符合句子逻辑。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】一个资金充足的全国性组织将能够在议会中发挥更大的影响力。12. 单选题Remember that only a few of the living things that are produced can live. In general, thoselive that are best fitted for living（ ）they do.问题1选项A.whereB.whatC.whyD.how【答案】A【解析】考查语法。where引导定语从句，即thos

36、e live that are best fitted for living where they do (will live).句意：记住只有少数被生产出来的生物才能生存。一般来说，只有那些生活在最适合它们生活的地方的生物才能生存。13. 单选题As it is known to the world, _ a mother-daughter business venture wont be easy.问题1选项A.breath life intoB.breathing life intoC.breathe life intoD.breath the living into【答案】B【解析】【

37、选项释义】A. breath life into 呼吸生活 B. breathing life into 给某事带来活力C. breathe life into 给某事带来活力 D. breath the living into 把活着的人呼入【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】固定短语breathe life into 给某事带来活力。该句谓语动词是wont be该句缺少主语。因此，这里是动名词短语做主语。B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】众所周知，给母女企业注入活力并非易事。14. 单选题The local government is plann

38、ing to make（ ）for the elderly people in a housing program.问题1选项A.provisionB.admittanceC.assistanceD.condition【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。provision“准备，规定，条款”；admittance“进入，入场权，通道”；assistance“帮助，援助”；condition“条件，情况，环境”。make provision for “为将来需要、困难做准备”。句意：当地政府计划在住房项目上给老年人提供帮助。A项符合题意。15. 单选题Walter Anderson_ the Hor

39、atio Alger Society the same year I did.问题1选项A.joins the ranks ofB.join the rank ofC.joined the rank ofD.joined the ranks of【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. joins the ranks of 成为的一员 B. join the rank of 加入的阶层C. joined the rank of 加入了的阶层 D. joined the ranks of 成为了的一员【考察点】固定搭配。【解题思路】根据句意，这个人应该是加入了某个团体组织的成员。所以用ranks of

40、，表示加入了（团体或组织的成员）。句中the same year I did是一个时间状语，I did 做时间状语中的定语，因此该句应该为过去式。所以选D【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均无法与空格前后进行搭配。【句意】沃尔特安德森在我加入的同一年加入了霍雷肖阿尔杰协会。16. 单选题If you keep on overworking yourself, your health will（ ）.问题1选项A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.degradeD.deform【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。degenerate“使退化，恶化，堕落”；deteriorate “恶化”；

41、degrade“贬低，使丢脸”；deform“使变形，使成畸形”。句意：如果你继续过度工作，你的健康状况会变坏。B项符合题意。17. 单选题The firemen（ ）the abandoned warehouse for potential fire hazards.问题1选项A.scannedB.inspectedC.scrutinizedD.audited【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。scan“浏览，扫视”；inspect“检查，仔细挑剔”；scrutinize“细看，仔细阅读，仔细挑剔地检查”；audit“审计，查账”。句意：消防员检查了废弃仓库是否存在潜在的火灾隐患。B项符合题意。

42、18. 单选题Many people who formerly backed him now have _ about his ability to do the job.问题1选项A.presentationsB.issuesC.reservationsD.likelihoods【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. presentations 演讲 B. issues 问题C. reservations 保留意见；疑惑 D. likelihoods 可能性【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】当back做动词时，表示支持的意思。空格前who引导一个定语从句修饰many people，表示许多以前支持

43、他的人。空格后表示对他做这项工作的能力。此处用了formerly“以前地”，根据逻辑关系，应该与现在做对比。根据两者间逻辑关系，应该是许多以前支持他的人现在对他做这项工作的能力产生了怀疑。C选项reservations保留意见；疑惑，表示对他的工作能力有所保留，可引申为此句所需的逻辑“产生怀疑”以满足上述条件。【干扰项排除】A选项presentations “演讲”，不符合逻辑；B选项issues“问题”，指议题，通常比较正式，与政治方面有些关系，很官方；D选项likelihoods“可能性”，不符合逻辑。【句意】许多以前支持他的人现在对他的工作能力持保留态度。19. 单选题She didnt

44、 do very well when she first went to school, but she has _ in the last two years.问题1选项A.cut throughB.forged aheadC.cut down onD.forged about【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. cut through 刺穿；抄近路走过 B. forged ahead 继续进行；取得进展C. cut down on 削减；减少 D. forged about 建立关于【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】But前句意为她刚进学校时表现得不好，由于but表转折关系，所以空格处的句子应

45、为在学校表现得好或者取得进步。B选项forged ahead“继续进行；取得进展”，满足句子所需逻辑“取得进步”。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】她刚上学时成绩不太好，但在过去两年里她取得了进步。20. 单选题The most important divide in America today is class, not race, and the place where it matters most is in the home. Conservatives have been banging on about family breakdown for

46、 decades. Now one of the nations most prominent liberal scholars has joined the chorus.Robert Putnam is a former dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government and the author of Bowling Alone(2000), an influential work that lamented the decline of social capital in America. In his new book, Our Kids,

47、 he describes the growing gulf between how the rich and the poor raise their children.Among the educated elite the traditional family is thriving: fewer than 10% of births to female college graduates are outside marriagea figure that is barely higher than it was in 1970. In 2007 among women with jus

48、t a high-school education, by contrast, 65% of births were non-marital. Race makes a difference: only 2% of births to white college graduates are out-of-wedlock, compared with 80% among African-Americans with no more than a high-school education, but neither of these figures has changed much since t

49、he 1970s. However the non-marital birth proportion among the high-school-educated whites has quadrupled, to 50%, and the same figure for college-educated blacks has fallen by a third, to 25%. Thus the class divide is growing even as the racial gap is shrinking.Upbringing affects opportunity. Upper-m

50、iddle-class homes are not only richer (with two professional incomes) and more stable: they are also more nurturing. In the 1970s, there were practically no class differences in the amount of time that parents spent talking, reading and playing with toddlers. Now the children of college-educated par

51、ents receive 50% more of what Mr. Putnam calls “Goodnight Moon” time (after a popular book for infants).Working-class parents, who have less spare capacity, are more likely to demand that their kids simply obey them. In the short run this saves time, in the long run it prevents the kids from learnin

52、g to organize their own lives or think for themselves. Poor parenting is thus a barrier to social mobility, and is becoming more so as the world grows more complex and the rewards for superior cognitive skills increase.Stunningly, Mr. Putnam finds that family background is a better predictor of whet

53、her or not a child will graduate from university than 8th grade test scores. Kids in the richest quarter with low test scores are as like to make it through college as kids in the poorest quarter with high scores.Mr. Putnam suggests a grab-bag of policies to help poor kids reach their potential such

54、 as raising subsidies for poor families, teaching them better parenting skills, improving nursery care and making after-school baseball clubs free. He urges all 50 states to experiment to find out what works. A problem this complex has no simple solution.1.Which of the following statements is TRUE a

55、ccording to Mr. Putnams new book?2.“Goodnight Moon” time (Line 5, Para. 4) refers to the time of（ ）.3.We can infer that working-class parents（ ）.4.What does Mr. Putnams finding about test scores suggest?5.In the passage, the author mainly discusses（ ）.问题1选项A.Marital birth rate almost keeps unchanged

56、 among college graduates.B.Non-marital births have been decreasing among high-school graduates.C.African-Americans have given birth to more non-marital children.D.More high-school-educated whites have children before marriage.问题2选项A.providing opportunity for kidsB.giving more nourishment to kidsC.be

57、ing involved in the education of kidsD.reading popular books to infants问题3选项A.tend to be more strict with childB.forbid kids to think independentlyC.overlook changes of the societyD.need training for education问题4选项A.Students from rich families dont need to study hard.B.Parental education affects kid

58、s academic results greatly.C.Kids in poor families can hardly graduate from colleges.D.Family background can make up for academic flaws.问题5选项A.how parents should bring up their childrenB.how family background influences schoolingC.what the greatest barrier to social mobility isD.various classes educ

59、ate kids differently【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。由第三段“Among the educated elite the traditional family is thriving: fewer than 10% of births to female college graduates are outside marriagea figure that is barely higher than it was in 1970. 在受过良好教育的精英阶层中，传统家庭正在蓬勃发展:女性大学毕业生的非婚生育比例不到10%这一数字

60、仅比1970年高了一点点。”可推知大学毕业生结婚后生育率几乎没有太大变化。故A项正确。B项“在高中毕业群体中，非婚生子女一直在减少”，文章只是在第三段第四句中提到高中教育程度的白人生育非婚生子女的情况增加了，故排除；C项“非裔美国人非婚生子女更多”，作者主要从不同教育阶层比较非婚生子女的比例，并没有整体比较白人和非裔美国人的非婚生子女情况，故排除；D项“更多高中教育程度的白人在婚前生子”，作者在本段第四句提到高中教育程度的白人非婚生子女率有所提高，这与婚前生子概念不同，因此D项与原文意思不符，故排除。2.词义题。由第四段“In the 1970s, there were practically

61、 no class differences in the amount of time that parents spent talking, reading and playing with toddlers. Now the children of college-educated parents receive 50% more of what Mr. Putnam calls Goodnight Moon time (after a popular book for infants). 在20世纪70年代，父母花在与幼儿交谈、阅读和玩耍上的时间几乎没有阶级差异。现在，受过大学教育的父母

62、的孩子得到的时间比帕特南所说的晚安，月亮多了50%。”可推断出Goodnight Moon time是指父母参与孩子教育的时间，故C项正确。3.推理判断题。由第五段“Working-class parents, who have less spare capacity, are more likely to demand that their kids simply obey them. In the short run this saves time, in the long run it prevents the kids from learning to organize their own lives or think for themselves. 工薪阶层的父母，他们的空闲时间更少，更有可能要求他们的孩子简单地服从他们。从短期来看，这样做节省了时间，但从长远来看，这样做会阻碍孩子们学会安排自己的生活或独立思考。”可知工薪阶层父母对孩子的养育方式不正确，他们应该接受教育培训。故D项正确。4.由倒数第二段“Stunningly, Mr. Putnam finds that family background is a better predictor of whet