2022年考博英语-安徽大学考试题库及模拟押密卷14（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-安徽大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are ferried is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course extremely interes

2、ted in these types of question. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no dear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect the two approaches are very different from one another and t

3、heres a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature/nurture”.Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factor. That

4、 our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Proponents of the “n

5、urture” theory, or as they are often called behaviors claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. Behaviorists see humans as being whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. Their view of the human being is

6、 quite mechanistic; they maintain that like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.The social and political implications or these two theories are profound In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test. T

7、his leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists in contrast say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that white enjoy, and that, as a

8、 result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.46. The aut

9、hor is mainly concerned about solving the problem（ ）.47. The word “proponents” can best be replaced by（ ）.48. Which of the following statements may be supported by the “nature” school?49. What can we learn about the behaviorists?50. The “nature” theorists believe that the blacks low scores（ ）.问题1选项A

10、.why ones behaviors differ from othersB.what makes different stages of intelligenceC.how social scientists form different theoriesD.what causes the “nature/nurture” controversy问题2选项A.approachesB.advocatesC.principlesD.characters问题3选项A.We are born with certain personalities and behaviors.B.Environmen

11、t has nothing to do with our personalities.C.Abilities and characteristics are revealed by behaviors.D.Only extreme behaviors are determined by instinct.问题4选项A.They believe human beings are mechanical.B.They compare our behaviors to the machines.C.They suggest that we react to the environment as the

12、 machines do.D.They uphold that the mechanistic theory can be applied on us as well.问题5选项A.are the result of the educational disadvantagesB.are a manifestation of the blacks poor intelligenceC.have nothing to do with their true intelligenceD.have nothing to do will factors other than heredity【答案】第1题

13、:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】46. 主旨大意题。第一段先提出“人们一直很想知道个性和行为是怎样形成的”，然后每段都提出一个理论，最后一段得出总结这两种理论都不能完全解释人类行为，关于个性是先天的还是后天的这场争论肯定会持续很长一段时间。因此D选项“是什么导致了先天/后天的争论”正确，符合题意。A选项“为什么一个人的行为与别人不同”，B选项“是什么造就了智力的不同阶段”，C选项“社会科学家如何形成不同的理论”均不符题意，可排除。故选D。47. 词义推测题。定位在原文As one might expect the two approaches are very differ

14、ent from one another and theres a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory.（正如人们预想的那样，这两种方法是非常不同的，各理论的之间存在大量争论）因为两种理论是截然相反的，所以所持不同理论的人会存在大量的争论。因此proponents指人，指这两种理论的支持者。因此B选项“拥护者；倡导者”正确，符合题意。A选项“方法；办法”；C选项“原则”；D选项“特性”均与题意不符，可排除。故选B。48. 推理判断题。根据第三段首句Those who support the “nature” side o

15、f the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factor.（那些支持自然派的人们认为，我们的个性和行为模式在很大程度上是由生物和遗传因素决定的。）由此可判断自然派认为我们具有一定的个性和行为模式是先天具备的，因此A选项“我们生来就有特定的个性和行为”，正确，符合题意。B选项“环境与我们的个性无关”，说法过于绝对，定位在原文That our environment has little, if anythin

16、g to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.（我们的环境与我们的能力、特征和行为几乎没有关系，这是这一理论的核心。）错误，可排除。C选项“能力和特征是由行为表现出来的”与题意无关，可排除。D选项“只有极端的行为是由本能决定的”，错误，定位在原文Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almo

17、st completely governed by our instincts.（极端地说，这一理论认为，我们的行为在很大程度上是先天决定的，以至于我们几乎完全受本能的支配。）可排除。故选A。49.客观细节题。由第四段第一句找到关键词定位Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or as they are often called behaviors（后天理论的支持者，或者通常被称为行为主义者）再由第四段最后一句Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that like

18、machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.（他们对人类的看法相当机械的；他们认为，人类像机器一样对环境刺激做出回应，这些刺激是他们的行为的基础。）因此C选项“他们认为我们像机器一样对环境做出反应”正确，符合题意。A选项“他们相信人类是机械的”太过绝对，原文说的是quite“相当”，只能够说明极度相似，并不完全等同，可排除。B选项“他们把我们的行为比作机器”，依照原文，他们是将human being“人类”比作机器，可排除。D选项“他们坚持认为机械论也适用于我们”原文未提及，可

19、排除。故选C。50. 客观细节题。定位到第五段This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists in contrast say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whi

20、te enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.（这导致一些“自然”派支持者认为黑人基因不如白人。与之相反的行为学家说，成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了许多教育和其他白人所享有的环境优势，因此他们不与白人做出相同的反应。）由此可知，在“自然”派支持者看来黑人的低分数是因为基因的不同。因此D选项“除了遗传与意志因素无关”正确。A选项“是教育劣势的结果”为行为主义者的观点，可排除。B选项“是黑人智力低下的表现”，C选项“与他们的真正智慧无关”与题意无关，可排除。故选D。2.

21、 单选题At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence, but at this age the likelihood of death is least. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later,

22、we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigor and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us.This decline in vigor with the passing of time

23、 is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually “die of old age”, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy

24、odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longeron into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.Normal people

25、 tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigor with time, of becoming more likely to die the odder we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot

26、 kettle or the wearing out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things “wear out”.Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough;

27、and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (热力学)(whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch a

28、nd can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable what it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itselfit does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. We could, at one time, repair ourselveswell enough, at least, t

29、o overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power, an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700

30、 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.36. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?37. The word “it” in the last sentence of Paragraph Two refers to（ ）.38. What is ageing?39. What do the example of watch show?40. Which of the following best

31、 fits the style of this passage?问题1选项A.Our first twelve years represent the peak of human development.B.People usually are unhappy when reminded of ageing.C.Normally only a few of us can live to their eighties and nineties.D.People are usually less likely to die at twelve years old.问题2选项A.remaining

32、alive until 65B.remaining alive after 80C.dying before 65 or after 80D.dying between 65 and 80问题3选项A.It is usually a phenomenon of dying at an old age.B.It is a fact that people cannot live any longer.C.It is a gradual loss of vigor and resistance.D.It is a phase when people are easily attacked by i

33、llness.问题4选项A.Normally people are quite familiar with the ageing process.B.All animal and other organisms undergo the ageing process.C.The law of thermodynamics functions in the ageing process.D.Humans ageing process is different from that of mechanisms.问题5选项A.ArgumentationB.ExpositionC.NarrationD.D

34、escription【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】36. 推理判断题。定位到第一段At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence, but at this age the likelihood of death is least.（人长到12岁时，身体处于最旺盛时期。虽然身材、力量和智力都还有

35、待发展和完善，但这时候死亡的几率最小。）因此可排除A选项“我们头一个12年代表了人类发展的巅峰”。D选项“人们通常不太可能在12岁时死亡”符合原文，正确。B选项“当人们想到衰老时，通常会不高兴”，定位到第二段It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way.（人类发现的最不愉快的一个事实是人必然会衰老。）由此可知，B选项符合题意。C选项“通常我们中只有少数人能活到八九十岁”，定位到第二段Some of us will die sooner, a few

36、will live longeron into a ninth or tenth decade.（我们中的一些人会死得早一些，少数人会活得更长活到九十、一百岁。）由此可知，C选项也符合题意。故选A。37. 词义推测题。定位在第二段Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longeron into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive,

37、however lucky and robust we are.（我们中的一些人将死得早，很少人会活得更长，到第九个或第十个十年。但是这样的几率很小，我们所能期望的寿命实际上是有限度的，无论我们多幸运多强健。）由此可知it应该指代前一句的内容，很少人能够活到第九个十年或者第十个十年。因此B选项“80岁后还活着”正确，符合题意。A选项“活到65岁”，C选项“在65岁前或80岁后死亡”，D选项“在65到80岁之间死去”均不符合题意，可排除。故选B。38. 客观细节题。由关键词ageing定位到第二段This decline in vigor with the passing of time is

38、called ageing.（这种活力随着时间的流逝而衰退的现象叫作衰老。）和第一段中的we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigor and resistance which, though imperceptible at first.（我们将经历精力和抵抗力逐渐衰退的过程，虽然在开始时难以觉察。）可知C选项“衰老是一种逐渐丧失活力和抵抗力的过程”正确，符合题意。A选项“衰老通常是一种老年死亡的现象”，B选项“人们不能再活下去了，这是一个事实”，D选项“衰老是一个人们容易受到疾病攻击的阶段”均不符合衰老的定义描述，可排除。故选C。39. 推

39、理判断题。定位到第四段and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (热力学)(whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages.（机械系统，如一块上发条的表，或者太阳，实际上的确

40、会遵循热力学第二定律耗尽能量（整个宇宙是否如此，目前是一个有争议的问题）。但是这些和人类老化的情况并不相同。）可以推理出，人类的老化与机械装置的老化是不同的。手表不能像人类的身体那样进行自我修复，而人类的自我修复还可以在一定程度上缓解病痛、延长生命，所以D选项“人的衰老过程不同于机械的衰老过程”正确，符合题意。A选项“通常人们对衰老过程相当熟悉”，B选项“所有动物和其他生物都要经历老化过程”，C选项“热力学定律在老化过程中起作用”均与题意不符，故选D。40. 推理判断题。本文从衰老起始时间（十二岁）入手，主要介绍了衰老过程的相关内容。文中通过引用一些数据和使用对比等手段，说明了衰老的过程、必然

41、性及其与机械装置损耗的区别所在。由此可知，本文属于说明文体。因此B选项“说明文”正确，符合题意。A选项“议论文”，C选项“记叙文”，D选项“描述文”，均不符合题意，故选B。3. 翻译题As the pace of life continues to increase in modern society, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is very ha

42、rd to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide one with motivation and give purpose to lif

43、e. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives, we need to find ways to deal with it in order to stay healthy in mind and body.【答案】随着现代社会生活节奏的不断加快，我们正在迅速失去放松的艺术。一旦你习惯了匆匆忙忙的生活，从早到晚忙个不停，就很难慢下来。但是放松对健康的

44、身心是必不可少的。压力是日常生活中无法避免的一部分。实际上，有压力并不是人们习惯认为的坏事。一定的压力会给人的生活提供动力，让人有生活的目标，所以是必不可少的。只有当压力失控时它才可能导致人们表现不佳，身体不好。既然我们在生活中无法摆脱压力，我们就需要找到办法来应对它，才能在身体和心理上保持健康。4. 单选题Charles Wheelers paintings often（ ）the sharp edges and geometrical shapes of machines.问题1选项A.highlightB.reviveC.visualizeD.upgrade【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析

45、。A选项highlight“突出；强调”；B选项revive“复兴；复活”；C选项visualize“设想；形象化”；D选项upgrade“升级；改善”。句意：查尔斯惠勒的作品机器的锋利的边缘和几何形状。句中的主语是paintings“绘画；画作”，可知是在谈论这位画家作品的风格，会着重强调哪些部分。因此A选项符合题意。5. 单选题An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by（ ）b

46、uyers.问题1选项A.perspectiveB.prospectiveC.prosperousD.prevalent【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项perspective“透视的”；B选项prospective“潜在的；预期的”；C选项prosperous“繁荣的；兴旺的”；D选项prevalent“流行的；普遍的”。句意：拍卖通常事先做广告，详细说明要出售的物品以及买家何时何地可以看到这些物品。拍卖会前提前打好广告，目的是想要有意向的买家注意到物品，从而参与进来。所以这里是指潜在的买家。因此B选项符合题意。6. 单选题Most people left and the（ ）sat

47、down to wait.问题1选项A.remnantsB.remedyC.remainsD.remainder【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项remnants“残余；残留物”；B选项remedy“补救；解决办法”；C选项remains“残余物；剩饭菜”；D选项remainder“残余；剩余物”。句意：大部分人都离开了，坐着等。remnants一般是指残余部分、残迹。remains一般是指古迹，遗迹；遗骸等。句中的主语是人，大部分都走了，还有一部分剩下的人坐着等。remainder做名词时侧重于人和钱的剩余。因此D选项符合题意。7. 单选题George was（ ）from milita

48、ry service while he was still in school.问题1选项A.preventedB.restrainedC.exemptedD.stopped【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项prevented“阻止；避免”；B选项restrained“抑制；约束”；C选项exempted“免除；豁免”；D选项stopped“停止；终止”。句意：乔治还在学校的时候就被服兵役。military service“兵役”，服兵役是一项责任。exempt做形容词有被免除责任和义务的意思，而且exempt sb. from sth.为固定搭配，意为“免除某人某事”。因此C选项符合题意

49、。8. 单选题We talk about the “memory” of a computer by（ ）with the brain of a human being.问题1选项A.contrastB.analogyC.analysisD.correspondence【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项contrast“对比；差别”；B选项analogy“类比”；C选项analysis“分析”；D选项correspondence“一致”。句意：我们谈论电脑的“记忆”，是通过与人类的大脑作的方式。填入的名词受其后的介词短语with the brain of a human being “与人

50、类的大脑”修饰，我们会常把计算机的memory“记忆”比作人类的大脑。因此B选项符合题意。9. 单选题Tidal action is a very complicated phenomenon involving many factors all of which must be considered to predict tide in any one place and at any one time. The alternate rise and fall of the surface of the seas and the ocean is mainly caused by the a

51、ttractive force of the moon alone. When the attraction is great, the tide is high; and conversely when the attraction is minimal, the tide is low. Between the high tide and the low tide is a period of a little over six hours, being called during its rise a flood tide, and during its fall an ebb tide

52、.The sun also exerts its effect on the tide, being a little less than half as much as the moon, although its mass is so much greater. When the moon and the sun are horizontal, the highest high tide occurs and when they are vertical the lowest low tide takes place.The wind also plays an important par

53、t in the modification of the normal rise and fall of the tide. Thus these factors affect each other, either distracting or adding to the attractive forces to add or subtract from the height of the tide. But the tides still move inexorably on, rising twice a day, getting little later each day and pos

54、ing a problem of correctly predicting their heights and lows.46. The principal ideas of the article concerns（ ）.47. Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as affecting the tide?48. It can be concluded from the article that the attraction of the sun is（ ）.49. If the first high tide takes pla

55、ce at 1:00 a. m. the next high tide will probably take place at（ ）.50. According to the article, it is clear that the role of the moon（ ）.问题1选项A.the attraction of the sun and the moonB.tidal wavesC.the sun, the moon and the windD.features which affect the tide问题2选项A.The sunB.The moonC.The windsD.The

56、 depth of the ocean问题3选项A.less than half that of the moonB.more than half that of the moonC.more than that of the moonD.less than twice that of the moon问题4选项A.7:20 a.m.B.8:00 a. m.C.1:45 p. m.D.high noon问题5选项A.is not as important as that of the windB.is less than that of the sunC.causes the alternat

57、e rise and fall of the surface of the seasD.has little influence on the tide【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】46. 主旨大意题。根据本文的第一句Tidal action is a very complicated phenomenon involving many factors all of which must be considered to predict tide in any one place and at any one time.（潮汐运动是一个非常复杂的现象，涉及了

58、很多必须考虑的因素，来预测在任何地方和任何时间发生的潮汐运动。）接着详细介绍了产生潮汐的主要因素。A选项“太阳和月亮的引力”；B选项“潮汐波”；C选项“太阳、月亮、风”，ABC选项只是文中讲到的一些片面信息，不能作为整体概述。D选项“引起潮汐的特征”正确，本文主要列举了引起潮汐的一些因素。故选D。47. 客观细节题。影响潮汐的因素可以看到第一段的第二句The alternate rise and fall of the surface of the seas and the ocean is mainly caused by the attractive force of the moon a

59、lone.（海洋表面的交替上升和下降主要是由月球的吸引力引起的。）第二段第一句The sun also exerts its effect on the tide.（太阳也会对潮汐有影响。）第三段第一句The wind also plays an important part in the modification of the normal rise and fall of the tide.（风也在影响潮汐正常上升和下降的过程中起着重要的作用。）唯独D选项“海洋的深度”并未有提及，故选D。48. 推理判断题。定位在第二段第一句The sun also exerts its effect o

60、n the tide, being a little less than half as much as the moon, although its mass is so much greater.（太阳对潮汐也发挥了作用，虽然它的体积狠大，但是，它的作用还不及月亮作用的一半。）由此可知，太阳对潮汐的影响比月亮的少了一半。由此可知A选项“不及月球的一半”正确。即可排除B选项“超过月亮的一半”和C选项“比月球还要多”，D选项“比月球的影响少两倍”错误。故选A。49. 推理判断题。定位在第一段的最后一句Between the high tide and the low tide is a per

61、iod of a little over six hours, being called during its rise a flood tide, and during its fall an ebb tide.（高潮和低潮之间的时间差超过六小时，上升时被称之为涨潮，下降时被称之为退潮。）题目中第一次的高潮发生在上午1点，那么接下来会有超过6个小时的低潮期，下次高潮的时间就还需要再加上6个小时。由此推理，时间要超过12个小时。同理可排除ABD选项。故选C。50. 客观细节题。定位在第一段的第二句The alternate rise and fall of the surface of the

62、 seas and the ocean is mainly caused by the attractive force of the moon alone.（海洋表面的交替上升和下降主要是由月球的吸引力引起的。）A选项“不像风那么重要”，B选项“比太阳的影响小”，D选项“对潮汐的影响很小”均表述有误。选项C“导致海平面交替上升和下降”正确。故选C。10. 翻译题西部开发中国改革开放以来，国民经济年均增长速度达到9.7%。中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的大市场。世界各国和地区不少有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国投向了西部并从投资活动中获得了丰厚的回报。中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国

63、西部开发的机会将越来越多。西部大开发一定能成为沟通世界各国和中国的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济共同发展、共同繁荣。【答案】Western Development11. 单选题For passengers, ships have the advantage of（ ）cheaper than trains or airplanes.问题1选项A.having beenB.to have beenC.beingD.to be【答案】C【解析】考查介词搭配。介词后大多接名词，接动词时需要用动词的现在分词形式。不可接不定式。故排除BD选项。A选项having been“用来表示完成时态”，和本句的时态不符，故排除A。句意：对于乘客来说，轮船的优势是比火车和飞机便宜。这是一个事实陈述，故使用一般现在时，C选项being动名词可做介词of的宾语。故选C。12. 填空题A. Save more by less using a store loyalty cardB. Know you are being trackedC. You may pay a premium if you are a lazy shopperD. Note the original priceE. St