2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第177期

《2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第177期》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第177期（29页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Bob was not a （ ）man who never made a quick decision about anything.问题1选项A.boldB.recklessC.deliberateD.rash【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。bold “大胆的，英勇的”；reckless “鲁莽的，不顾后果的”； deliberate “故意的，深思熟虑的”；rash “轻率的，鲁莽的”。句意：Bob不是那种在做决定之前多加思考的人。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题The history of film refle

2、cts the（ ） inherent in the medium itself: film combines still photographs to represent continuous motion and, while seeming to present life itself, can also offer impossible and dreamlike unrealities.问题1选项A.trivialitiesB.biasesC.constraintsD.paradoxes【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。triviality “浅薄，轻浮，琐事”；bias “偏见，

3、偏爱”； constraint “约束，局促”；paradox “悖论，反论，似非而是的论点，自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：电影的历史反映了这种媒体本身具备的矛盾：电影将静止的照片结合在一起区别表现连续的动作，而当呈现生活时，也经常提供一些不可能的和不真实的东西。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题The Indian wars greatly（ ） the dangers of frontier life.问题1选项A.accumulatedB.challengedC.multipliedD.enriched【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。accumulate “积聚；堆积”；challenge“挑

4、战”；multiply “繁殖，乘，增加”；enrich “使丰富”。句意：印度战争极大增加了边境生命的危险性。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题In 1915 Einstein made a trip to Gottingen to give some lectures at the invitation of the mathematical physicist David Hilbert. He was particularly eager too eager, it would turn （1）to explain all the intricacies of relativity to h

5、im. The visit was a triumph, and he said to a friend excitedly. “I was able to（2） Hilbert of the general theory of relativity.” （3）all of Einsteins personal turmoil at the time, a new scientific anxiety was about to （4）. He was struggling to find the right equations that would （5） his new concept of

6、 gravity, （6）that would define how objects move（7）space and how space is curved by objects. By the end of the summer, he（8）the mathematical approach he had been （9）for almost three years was flawed. And now there was a（10）pressure. Einstein discovered to his （11）that Hilbert had taken what he had le

7、ctures and was racing to come up （12）the correct equations first.It was an enormously complex task. Although Einstein was the better physicist, Hilbert was the better mathematician. So in October 1915 Einstein （13）himself into a month-long-frantic endeavor in（14）he returned to an earlier mathematica

8、l strategy and wrestled with equations, proofs, corrections and updates that he（15）to give a lecture to Berlins Prussian Academy of Sciences on four（16）Thursdays.His first lecture was delivered on Nov.4.1915, and it explained his new approach, （17）he admitted he did not yet have the precise mathemat

9、ical formulation on it. Einstein also took time off from（18）revising his equations to engage in an awkward fandango with his competitor Hilbert. Worried （19）being scooped, he sent Hilbert a copy of his Nov.4 lecture. “I am（20）to know whether you will take kindly to this new solution”. Einstein noted

10、 with a touch of defensiveness.问题1选项A.upB.overC.outD.off问题2选项A.convinceB.counselC.persuadeD.preach问题3选项A.AboveB.AroundC.AmidD.Along问题4选项A.emitB.emergeC.submitD.submerge问题5选项A.imitateB.igniteC.describeD.ascribe问题6选项A.onesB.thoseC.allD.none问题7选项A.intoB.beyondC.amongD.through问题8选项A.resolvedB.realizedC.

11、acceptedD.assured问题9选项A.pursuingB.protectingC.contestingD.contending问题10选项A.complexB.compatibleC.comparativeD.competitive问题11选项A.humorB.horrorC.excitementD.extinction问题12选项A.toB.forC.withD.against问题13选项A.threwB.thrustC.huddledD.hopped问题14选项A.howB.thatC.whatD.which问题15选项A.dashedB.dartedC.rushedD.reel

12、ed问题16选项A.successiveB.progressiveC.extensiveD.repetitive问题17选项A.soB.sinceC.thoughD.because问题18选项A.casuallyB.coarselyC.violentlyD.furiously问题19选项A.afterB.aboutC.onD.in问题20选项A.curiousB.consciousC.ambitiousD.ambiguous【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C第6题:A第7题:D第8题:B第9题:A第10题:D第11题:B第12题:C第13题:A第14题:D第15题:C第

13、16题:A第17题:C第18题:D第19题:B第20题:A【解析】（1）考查动词词组辨析。turn up “出现”；turn over “打翻，移交”；turn out to “被证明是”；turn off “关掉”。空格处所在句子的句意是：结果证明，他极其渴望向希尔伯特解释相对论的所有错综复杂的关系。选项C符合题意。（2）考查动词词义辨析。convince “说服，使确信”；counsel “建议，劝告”；persuade “劝说，劝某人相信”；preach “说教，传道”。空格处所在句子的句意是：我成功地让希尔伯特相信了相对论。convince sb. of sth. “说服某人相信某事”

14、。选项A符合题意。（3）考查介词词义辨析。amid意为“在 中”；above意为“ 在 上面”；around意为“在 周围”；along意为“顺着，沿着”。空格处所在句子的句意是：那时在爱因斯坦的所有焦躁之中，一种新的科学上的焦虑将要显现出来。选项C符合题意。（4）考查动词词义辨析。emit “发出，放射”；emerge “出现，形成，浮现”；submit “提交，服从”；submerge“浸没，把 浸入”。空格处所在句子的句意参考第33题，选项B符合题意。（5）考查动词词义辨析。imitate “模仿，效仿”；ignite “点火，点燃，使激动”；describe “描述，形容”；ascri

15、be“ 归因于，归咎于”。空格处所在句子的句意是：他正试图找到正确的方程式来解释他的引力的新概念。选项C符合题意。（6）考查替代词的用法。空格处的替代词所代替的内容是前文的 the right equations,因此在选项A与B中选择。Those 与 that 通常用作指示代词，用作替代词时，总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语，此处用those不符合。所以选项A符合题意。（7）考查固定搭配。move through “在 范围内运动”。选项D符合题意。（8）考查动词词义辨析。resolve “决心，决定”；realize “意识到，体会到”；accept“接受，认可”；assure “确保，保证”

16、。空格处所在句子句意是：在夏末之际，他意识到他追寻了三年之久的数学方法存在缺陷。选项B符合题意。（9）考查动词词义辨析。pursue “从事，追求”；protect “保护”；contest “争辩，竞赛”；contend“斗争，竞争”。空格处所在句子的句意参考第38题。选项A符合题意。（10）考查形容词词义辨析。complex “复杂的，综合的”；compatible “兼容的，能共处的”；comparative “比较的，相当的”；competitive “竞争的”。空格处所在句子的句意是：竞争压力很大。选项D符合题意。（11）考查名词词义辨析。humor “幽默，诙谐”；horror “

17、惊骇，恐惧”；excitement“激动，兴奋”；extinction “消失，消灭”。空格处所在句子的句意是：让他感到恐惧的是，希尔伯特采取了从他讲座中学到的知识正在试图最先得出正确的方程式。选项B符合题意。（12）考查固定搭配。come up with “提出，想出”。选项C符合题意。（13）考查固定搭配。throw oneself into “投身于 ”，选项A符合题意。（14）考查从句的连接词。通过分析句子可知，in _44_ he returned to an earlier mathematical strategy在句子中充当定语，来修饰endeavor。定语从句的连接词从选项B

18、与D中选，其中 that 不放在介词后面，所以选项D符合题意。（15）考查动词词义辨析。dash “猛冲”；dart “投掷”；rush “匆忙地做，冲进”；reel“ 旋转，退缩”。空格处所在句子的句意是：他急切地去普鲁士科学院做了四个连续的星期四的讲座。选项C符合题意。（16）考查形容词词义辨析。successive “连续的，继承的”；progressive “前进的，进步的”；extensive “广泛的，广阔的”；repetitive “重复的，反复性的”。空格处所在句子的句意参考第45题。选项A符合题意。（17）考查前后逻辑关系。空格处所在句子的句意是：尽管他还没有精确的数学公式。

19、与前文存在让步的逻辑关系，选项C符合题意。（18）考查副词词义辨析。casually “偶然地，随便地”；coarsely “粗俗地，鄙俗地”；violently “猛烈地，激烈地”；furiously “激烈地，猛烈地”。空格处所在句子的句意是：在近乎疯狂的学术研究过程中，爱因斯坦还抽出一些时间和他的竞争对手希尔伯特调侃。选项D符合题意。（19）考查固定搭配。worry about “为 担心”。选项B符合题意。（20）考查形容词词义辨析。curious “好奇的，求知的”；conscious “有意识的，故意的”；ambitious “野心勃勃的，有雄心的”；ambiguous “含糊的，

20、不确定的”。空格处所在句子的句意是：我很好奇你是不是会友好地对待这一个新的解决方案。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Every student must（ ） the library rules.问题1选项A.conceive ofB.compensate forC.concentrate onD.comply with【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。conceive of “设想，想象”；compensate for “赔偿，补偿”; concentrate on “集中精力于，全神贯注于”；comply with “照做，遵守”。句意：每个学生都必须遵守图书馆的规则。选项D符合题意。6. 单选

21、题It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals, for example, gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight, but

22、at the cost of requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals, with their relatively low metabolic rates, can survive well on a sporadic food supply, but can generate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered, therefore, one

23、 might assume that smaller, more active, animals could prey on larger ones, at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer.Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of mus

24、cle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles net weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a verte

25、brate are proportional to the size of the animal. If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ten dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy product

26、ion. This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their more active neighbors: the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.There are limitations, however, to this compensation. The glycogen reserves of any animal are good, at most, for only about two minute

27、s at maximum effort, after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable toattack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the li

28、ver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller

29、 ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort, for example, the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem that this interminably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival. Fortun

30、ately, muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ） .According to the author, a major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis

31、is that it can（ ） .The passage suggests that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrates size because（ ） .The author is most probably addressing which of the following audiences?Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?问题1选项A.refu

32、te a misconception about anaerobic glycolysisB.explain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survivalC.describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysisD.analyze the chemistry of anaerobic glycolysis and its similarity to oxidative metabolism问题2选项A.produce in large animals more lactic acid t

33、han the liver can safely reconvertB.necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in large animalsC.produce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animalsD.consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need问题3选项A.larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebratesB.large

34、r vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebratesC.the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its sizeD.the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size问题4选项A.College students in an introductory course on animal physiologyB.Historians

35、 of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysisC.Graduate students with specialized training in comparative anatomyD.Zoologists interested in Prehistoric animals问题5选项A.The disadvantage of a low oxidative metabolic rate in large animals can be offset by their ability to convert substa

36、ntial amounts of glycogen into energy.B.The most significant problem facing animals that have used anaerobic glycolysis for energy is the resynthesis of its byproduct, glucose, into glycogen.C.The benefits to animals of anaerobic glycolysis are offset by the profound costs that must be paid.D.The ma

37、jor factor ensuring that a large animal will triumph over a smaller animal is thelarge animals ability to produce energy via anaerobic glycolysis【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】文章第一段提到动作的氧化代谢率对它们生存方式造成的影响（in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns）；第二段解释无氧糖酵解（Anaerobic glycolysis is

38、 a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider）；第三段提到了无氧糖酵解的不足以及对动物的生存产生的影响。综上所述，选项B符合题意。文章第三段第一句提到了补偿的局限性（there are limitations, however, to this compensation），指出动物由于无氧糖酵解所导致的大量能

39、量消耗必须得到补偿，然后又通过小松鼠为例来说明小型动物补偿的时间短，而大型动物则需要很长的时间才能完成补偿，这就是补偿的局限性。选项B 符合题意。文章第二段第二句话The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles net weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebra

40、te are proportional to the size of the animal提到了无氧糖酵解与动物体型的关系。随后举了恐龙的例子来解释说明肌肉越多，糖原质的含量就越多，体型大，肌肉多，选项D符合题意。文章主要介绍无氧糖酵解对动物的生存产生的影响，没有使用一些非常晦涩难懂的专业知识，因此作者最可能针对的是刚刚接触相关学科的人群。选项A符合题意。文章主要提及了氧化代谢率较低的大型动物的不利原因。作者通过举了恐龙这种大型动物来说明自己的观点，比如一只100吨重的恐龙可以通过无氧糖酵解产生3000个人进行氧化新陈代谢（via anaerobic glycolysis, the energ

41、y of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production.）产生的最大的能量，从而保证大型动物能在激烈的丛林中生存。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题It was essential that the application forms（ ） back before the deadline.问题1选项A.must be sentB.would be sentC.be sentD.were sent【答案】C【解析】考查虚拟语气。由 it is vital (necessary, important等) + that 引导的

42、主语从句中的谓语动词应该用虚拟语气的形式，动词应该用动词原形或 should +动词原形，选项C符合题意。8. 单选题Many old houses have been（ ） in order that new big buildings may be built.问题1选项A.leveledB.collapsedC.demolishedD.felled【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。level “使同等；对准；弄平”；collapse “倒塌；瓦解”，一般做不及物动词，无被动形式；demolish “拆除；破坏”；fell “砍伐；打倒；击倒”。句意：为了修建新的建筑，很多老房子被拆除了

43、。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the court in effect supported the medic

44、al principle of “ double effect”，a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high dose

45、s of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patien

46、ts sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as good doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses th

47、e drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery, he says. “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide. ”On another level, ma

48、ny in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS)

49、 released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The prof

50、ession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a

51、key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “A large number of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”，to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing

52、boards “must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.1.We learn from the passage that （ ）2.George Annas may agree that （ ）.3.According to the NASs report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is（ ） .4.Whats t

53、he possible meaning of “ aggressive”( Line 3, Para. 7) ?5.According to George Annas，which of the following medical behaviors should be punished?问题1选项A.doctors never increase drug dosages to control their patients painB.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC.the Supreme Co

54、urt strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide问题2选项A.a doctors medication shouldnt be justified by his intentionsB.doctors cannot give patients large dosages of medication on any accountC.high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribe

55、dD.doctors should be held guilty if they risk their patients death问题3选项A.prolonged medical proceduresB.inadequate treatment of painC.systematic drug abuseD.insufficient hospital care问题4选项A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Positive.D.Energetic.问题5选项A.Treating patient impatiently.B.Giving patients more medicine than

56、needed.C.Reducing drug dosages for patients.D.Prolonging the needless suffering of the patients.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段和第二段的第一句话提到最高法院关于医生协助自杀的裁决有重要的意义，最高法院支持流传了几个世纪的道德准则，这说明最高法院认为医生没有协助病人自杀的权利，所以选项B符合题意。2.文章在第五段和最后一段提到了George Annas。在第五段中，他认为只要医生开药是出于合理的医疗目的，即使这些药会加速病人的死亡，医生也没有违法。最后

57、一段最后一句他提出如果病人痛苦死去是医生护理不好的表现，从两段可以看出，他支持医生大剂量用药，所以选项C符合题意。3.文章第七段第二句话提及临终护理存在的问题，一个是 the undertreatment of pain (没有对病人的疼痛采取有效的措施)，一个是ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying （强行使用无效的治疗方法来延长病人的生命，使其失去最后的尊严）。选项B符合题意。4.单词出现的句子是：It identifies the un

58、dertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 句意：对病人疼痛处理不力和_无效的治疗方法来延长病人的生命，使其失去最后的尊严。由这句话中的ineffectual，forced, dishonor这些词推出这样的治疗是没有效果的，是不积极的。选项A符合题意。harmful

59、 与use搭配不符合语意。5.文章最后一段George Annas否定了大量医生无视病人的痛苦，用药延长病人痛苦这些做法。选项D符合题意。10. 单选题That machine was very useful; but he was definitely（ ） when he said it was the greatest machine ever invented.问题1选项A.lyingB.bluffingC.exaggeratingD.overreacting【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。lie “躺”；bluff “虚张声势”；exaggerate “夸大”；overreact

60、 “反应过度”。句意：那台机器用处非常大，但是当他声称它曾经是最伟大的机器时，明显是在夸大。选项C符合题意。11. 单选题The appearance of this used car is quite （ ）, and it is much newer than it really is.问题1选项A.descriptiveB.impressiveC.deceptiveD.indicative【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。Descriptive “描述性的”；impressive “令人印象深刻的”；deceptive “欺骗性的，迷惑的”；indicative “指示的”。根据句意

61、“这辆旧车看起来比实际上要新”可知前文是说车的外表有迷惑性，所以选项C符合题意。12. 单选题The committee is （ ）a decision from the headquarters before it takes any action.问题1选项A.waitingB.awaiting forC.awaitingD.anticipating【答案】C【解析】考查动词和动词词组辨析。wait “等候”；await for这个词组不常见；await “等候”；anticipate “预期；期望”。句意：采取任何行动之前，委员会正在等待总部的一个决定。wait 后面要接一个介词 fo

62、r 再加等待的对象；await可以直接接宾语。选项C符合题意。13. 单选题Banking is about money; and no other familiar commodity arouses such excesses of passion and dislike. Nor is there any other about which more nonsense is talked. The type of thing that comes to mind is not what is normally called economics, which is inexact rather tha