2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库及模拟押密卷56（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 翻译题计算机病毒系一小撮存心不良的黑客所为，这些人纯属为了搞恶作剧而编造有毒软件。病毒是短行的软件代码，具有以下三个特征：第一，病毒把自己隐藏在合法的文件或程序之中；第二，病毒像细菌那样进行复制以在计算机之间传播；第三，病毒对计算机的所作所为可令你气得发疯。【答案】Computer viruses are created by a small group of evil hackers who write harmful software just for the sake of fun. The viruses are

2、 short-line software codes, witch have the following three features, first, they hide themselves among legal documents or programs; second, they can copy themselves like bacteria to be transferred among computers; third, their effect on your computers will drive you crazy and make you mad.2. 单选题The

3、health-care economy is replete with unusual and even unique economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or provider and purchaser or consumer in the typical doctor-patient relationship. In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to a

4、ttract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. Where circumstances permit the buyer no choice because there is effectively only one seller and the product is relatively essential, government usually asserts monopoly and p

5、laces the industry under price and other regulations. Neither of these conditions prevails in most of the health-care industry.In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to

6、 see a physician一and even then there may be no real choiceit is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return “next Wednesday,” whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who wil

7、l challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the ailment is regarded as serious.This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, a

8、nd announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctors judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real “consumer”. As a consequence, the medical st

9、aff represents the power center* in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participantsthe physician, the hospital, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government)the physician makes the ess

10、ential decisions for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician; the payer generally meets most of the bona fide bills generated by the physician/hospital; and for the most part the patient plays a passive role. In routine or minor illnesses, or just plain worries, the patients

11、options are, of course, much greater with respect to use and price. In illnesses that are of some significance, however, such choices tend to evaporate, and it is for these illnesses that the bulk of the health-care dollar is spent. We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures ar

12、e determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, economy measures directed at patients or the general public is relatively ineffective.1.The authors primary purpose is to （ ）.2. It can be inferred that doctors are able to determine hospital policies because（ ） .3.According to the author, w

13、hen a doctor tells a patient to return next Wednesday, the doctor is in effect （ ） .4.The author is most probably leading up to（ ）.5.The tone of the passage can best be described as（ ） .问题1选项A.urge hospitals to reclaim their decision-making authorityB.criticize doctors for exercising too much contro

14、l over patientsC.analyze some important economic factors in health careD.speculate about the relationship between a patients ability to pay and the treatment received问题2选项A.it is doctors who generate income for the hospitalB.most of a patients bills are paid by his health insuranceC.a doctor is ulti

15、mately responsible for a patients healthD.hospital administrators lack the expertise to question medical decisions问题3选项A.advising the patient to seek a second opinionB.instructing the patient to buy more medical servicesC.taking advantage of the patients concern for his healthD.warning the patient t

16、hat .a hospital stay might be necessary问题4选项A.a proposal to control medical costsB.a discussion of a new medical treatmentC.an analysis of the causes of inflation in the United StatesD.a study of lawsuits against doctors for malpractice问题5选项A.cautiousB.defiantC.inquisitiveD.analytical【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第

17、3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.A项意为“为了敦促医院收回他们的决策权力”；B项意为 “批判医生太多控制病人”；C项意为“为了分析在健康医疗中的一些重要的经济因素”；D项意为“猜测病人支付的能力和接受的治疗之间的关系”。文章从第一段开始引入经济关系中的“提供者”与“消费者”之间的关系，然后引出医疗健康中的医患关系，到后面讲述医生在医院的经济中拥有绝对的权利；所以文章是分析 了 economic relationship即医患关系中的经济因素，选项C符合题意。2.由第二段中it is the physician who usually makes all significant purc

18、hasing decisions: whether the patient should return “next Wednesdav， whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc.通常是由医生来决定病人什么时候来复诊、是否需要照X光以及需要哪种药，而病人是无法也不会去质疑医生的决定的；再由第三段最后 As a consequence, the medical staff represents the power center in hospital policy and decision-making,

19、 not the administration. 因此，在医院的政策和决策中，医务人员代表的是“权力中心”，而不是行政部门。确定A选项正确。3.A选项意为：建议病人寻找第二意见；B选项意为：指导病人买更多的医疗服务；C选项意为：利用病人对自己健康的关心；D选项意为：警告病人住院时很有必要的。文章从一开始在分析医患关系，提到医生和病人之间的关系就是经济中 的生产者与消费者之间的关系的一个缩影，医生在医患关系中占主导地位，而医生对于 医院的经济起到重要的作用，因此作者更倾向医生这么做是为了让病人花费更多的钱来 达到自己的经济利益，故应选B项更符合作者的看法；此处C项是一个干扰项，不可 否认医生也是

20、为了病人的健康考虑所以会安排复诊，但是作者在本文中更多的是揭露医 患之间的经济关系，故应选B。4.题目的意思是：根据作者的说法，当医生告诉病人“下周三再来”时，医生实际是说 A项意为“控制医疗成本的一项提议”；B项意为“对一种 新的医学治疗的一次讨论” C项意为“对美国通货膨胀原因的分析”；D项意为“针对医生的玩忽职守诉讼的研究”。文章主要是以医患关系中医生作为主导这一论点开展的，在文章的最后也提到We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians, not

21、patients. For this reason, economy measures directed at patients or the general public is relatively ineffective.70-80%的医疗开支都是由医务人员决定的，而不是病人。正因为这个原因，针对病人或者大众的经济措施是相对无效的。所以A选项“控制医疗成本的一项提议”正确。5.A选项 “谨慎的”；B选项“蔑视的；C选项“好奇的”；D选项“分 析的”。作者一开始阐述了经济关系中的两大主体-生产者和消费者， 然后进一步提到了医患关系是这一经济关系的缩影，从而揭露出医生在医疗经济中占有绝对的主导

22、地位，最后再给予建议，因此这篇文章主要是针对社会现象的本质的分析性文章， D选项正确。3. 翻译题You cant buy happiness. But it looks like you can at least inherit it. British and Australian researchers said.A study of nearly 1000 pairs of identical and non-identical twins found genes control half the personality traits that make people happy whi

23、le factors such as relationships, health and careers are responsible for the rest of our well-being. We found that around half the differences in happiness were genetic, said Tim Bates, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh who led the study. It is really quite surprising.*The researchers aske

24、d the volunteers-ranging in age from 25 to 75 - a series of questions about their personality, how much they worried and how satisfied they were with their lives.Because identical twins share the same genes and fraternal twins do not, the researchers could identify common genes that result in certai

25、n personality traits and predispose people to happiness.People who are sociable, active, stable, hardworking and conscientious tend to be happier, the researchers reported in the journal Psychological Science. What this study showed was that the identical twins in a family were very similar in perso

26、nality and in well-being, and by contrast, the fraternal twins were only around half as similar, Bates said, That strong implicates genes.The findings are an important piece of the puzzle for researchers trying to better understand depression and what makes different people happy or unhappy, Bates s

27、aid.People with positive inherited personality traits may, in effect, also have a reserve of happiness to draw on in stressful times, he said. An important implication is that personality traits of being outgoing, calm and reliable provide a resource, we called it effective reserve that drives futur

28、e happiness Bates said.【答案】快乐买不到，但英国和澳大利亚的研究人员称，快乐至少可以遗传得到。一项对近千对同卵及异卵双胞胎开展的研究发现，在快乐的性格特征中，有一半是由基因控制的，而另一部分则受到人际关系、健康、职业等因素的影响。研究负责人爱丁堡大学的蒂姆贝茨说：“我们发现，研究对象在快乐方面的差异约有一半受到遗传基因的影响。这个结果实在令人惊讶。”研究人员向年龄在25岁至75岁之间的志愿者提出了一系列问题，问题涉及他们的性格特点、焦虑程度以及对目前生活的满意度。由于同卵双生的双胞胎基因完全相同，而异卵双胞胎不完全相同，所以研究人员可以分辨出决定某些性格特征及使人容易快

29、乐的共同基因。研究报告在心理科学期刊上发表。研究人员指出，善于交际、活泼、踏实、勤 奋、有责任心的人更加快乐。贝茨说：“该研究表明，同卵双胞胎的性格特征和快乐程度十分相似，然而，异卵双胞胎仅有约50%的相似度。这充分说明了基因的作用。”贝茨说，研究人员一直在努力寻找有关“人为什么会郁闷”的更为合理的解释及影响不同的人快乐与否的因素，这一发现无疑为这一难题提供了一个重要解释。他说，具有积极遗传性格特征的人实际上同时拥有一种“快乐储备”，供他们在郁闷的时候“支取”。贝茨说：“这说明了很重要的一点，外向、冷静和可靠的性格特点能形成一种“情感储备”，为将来的快乐提供保障。”4. 翻译题While it

30、 is true that living organisms are profoundly affected by their environment, it is equally important to remember that many organisms are also capable of altering their habitat significantly, sometimes limiting their own growth. The influence of the biological component of an ecosystem is often great

31、er in fresh waters than in marine or terrestrial systems, because of the small size of many freshwater bodies. Many of the important effects of organisms are related to their physiology, especially growth and respiration. By their growth many species can deplete essential nutrients within the system

32、, thus limiting their own growth or that of other species.【答案】尽管确实环境对生物有巨大影响，但是同样重要的是，我们要记住很多生物也能有能力去改变它们的居住环境，有时甚至限制了自身的生长。由于许多淡水水体的体积较小，淡水生态系统的生物成分的影响往往比海洋或陆地系统的影响大。生物的很多重要影响都与它们的生理有关，特别是与生长和呼吸有关。由于自身的生长，很多物种耗尽了系统中的基本营养物质，从而限制了自身的生长或者其它物种的生长。5. 翻译题The method of scientific investigation is nothing

33、but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of scienc

34、e and those of an ordinary person., as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the

35、scales in the one case, and the balance in other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.【答案】科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动的必要方式的表达；它只是对所有现象进行推理并给予精确和准确解释的方式。科研人员与普通人在思考

36、方面的差别与下面的差别类似：如面包师或屠夫用普通的秤来秤量商品，而化学家用精密的天平和砝码来进行复杂的分析。关键不是使用的秤和天平在构造原理和工作方式上有什么差别，而是后者是一个更精密的仪器，当然测量结果就更准确。6. 单选题In 1923 the innovative Russian filmmaker Dziga Vertov described filmmaking as a process that leads viewers toward a “fresh perception of the world.” Vertovs description of filmmaking shou

37、ld apply to films on the subject of art. Yet films on art have not had a powerful and pervasive effect on the way we see.Publications on art flourish, but these books and articles do not necessarily succeed in teaching us to see more deeply or more clearly. Much writing in art history advances the d

38、iscourse in the field but is unlikely to inform the eye of one unfamiliar with its polemics. Films, however, with their capacity to present material visually and to reach a broader audience, have the potential to enhance visual literacy (the ability to identify the details that characterize a partic

39、ular style) more effectively than publications can. Unfortunately, few of the hundred or so films on art that are made each year in the United States are broadcast nationally on prime-time television.The fact that films on art are rarely seen on prime-time television may be due not only to limitatio

40、ns on distribution but also to the shortcomings of many such films. Some of these shortcomings can be attributed to the failure of art historians and filmmakers to collaborate closely enough when making films on art. These professionals are able, within their respective disciplines, to increase our

41、awareness of visual forms. For close collaboration to occur, professionals in each discipline need to recognize that films on art can be both educational and entertaining, but this will require compromise on both sides. A filmmaker who is creating a film about the work of an artist should not follow

42、 the standards set by rock videos and advertising. Filmmakers need to resist the impulse to move the camera quickly from detail to detail for fear of boring the viewer, to frame the image for the sake of drama alone, to ad music for fear of silence. Filmmakers are aware that an art object demands co

43、ncentration and, at the same time, are concerned that it may not be compelling enough-and so they hope to provide relief by interposing “real” scenes that bear only a tangential relationship to the subject. But a work of art needs to be explored on its own terms. On the other hand, art historians ne

44、ed to trust that one can indicate and analyze, not solely with words, but also by directing the viewers gaze. The specialized written language of art history needs to be relinquished or at least tempered for the screen. Only an effective collaboration between filmmakers and art historians can create

45、 films that will enhance viewers perceptions of art.1. The passage suggests that a filmmaker desiring to enhance viewers perceptions of art should do which of the following?2.The author of the passage refers to Vertov in the first paragraph most probably in order to3.Which of the following best desc

46、ribes the organization of the passage?4.The passage is primarily concerned with（ ） .5.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about film and visual literacy?6. According to the passage, art historians desiring to work with filmmakers to enhance the publics appreciat

47、ion of art need to acknowledge which of the following?7.Which of the following would describe the authors most likely reaction to a claim that films on art would more successfully promote visual literacy if they followed the standards set for rock videos?问题1选项A.Rely on the precise language of art hi

48、story when developing scripts for films on art.B.Rely on dramatic narrative and music to set a films tone and style.C.Recognize that a work of art by itself can be compelling enough to hold a viewers attention.D.Depend more strongly on narration instead of camera movements to guide the viewers gaze.

49、问题2选项A.provide an example of how films can be used to influence perceptionsB.present evidence to support the argument that films have been used successfully to influence viewers perceptionsC.introduce the notion that film can influence how viewers seeD.contrast a traditional view of the uses of film

50、 with a more modem view问题3选项A.An observation about an unsatisfactory situation is offered, the reasons for the situation are discussed, and then ways to change it are suggested.B.Two opinions regarding a controversial phenomenon are contrasted, supporting evidence for each is presented, and then the

51、 two opinions are reconciled.C.Criticism of a point of view is discussed, the criticism is answered, and then the criticism is applied to another point of view.D.A point of view is described, evidence supporting the view is provided, and then a summary is presented.问题4选项A.discussing why films potent

52、ial as a medium for presenting art to the general public has not been fully realized and how film might be made more effective in this regardB.discussing the shortcomings of films on art and the technological innovations required to increase the impact of film on visual literacyC.discussing the adva

53、ntages and the disadvantages of using films rather than publications to present works of art to the general publicD.presenting information to support the view that films on art must focus more on education and less on entertainment in order to increase visual literacy.问题5选项A.Reading a publication ab

54、out a work of art and then seeing a film about the same work is the most effective way to develop visual literacy.B.An increase in a viewers awareness of visual forms will also lead to an increased attention span.C.Film has a great but not yet fully exploited capacity to increase viewers awareness o

55、f visual forms.D.A film that focuses on the details of a work of art will hinder the development of visual literacy.问题6选项A.The art historians role in the creation of a film on art is likely to be a relatively minor one.B.Film can use nonverbal means to achieve some of the same results that a spoken

56、or written discourse can achieve.C.An in-depth analysis of a work of art is not an appropriate topic for a film on art.D.Although silence may be an appropriate back-ground when viewing a work of art in a museum, it is inappropriate in a film.问题7选项A.AmbivalenceB.IndifferenceC.SympathyD.Disdain【答案】第1题

57、:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C第6题:B第7题:D【解析】1.根据文章第三段：Filmmakers are aware that an art object demands concentration.制片人要意识到艺术的目标就是吸引注意力。确定C选项承认艺术作品本身有足够的魅力可以吸引观众的注意正确。A选项在创作艺术类电影时，需要 精准的艺术史语言、B选项设计电影基调与风格时，需要戏剧性的叙事与音乐和D选项要抓住观众的注意力，更多的依靠的是叙事，而不是移动的镜头与原文不符，排除。2.根据文章第一段：.described filmmaking as a process that

58、leads viewers toward a “fresh perception of the world”. Vertovs description of filmmaking should apply to films on the subject of art. 认为电影制作是一个让观众重新感知世界的过程。托夫影制作的描述是把电影看成是一种艺术。确定C选项阐述一个概念：电影是如何影响观众的视觉正确。A选项举个例子说明电影可以影响感知力、B选项为以下论点提供论据：电 影已经成功影响了观众的感知力和D选项将对电影作用的传统观点与现代观点进行比较与原文不符，排除。3.整个文章是按照先讲问题，再

59、分析原因，最后提出解决办法这一模式行文的，所以A选项先提出观察到的令人不满意的现状，再分析原因，最后给出解决方法正确。B选项先提出两个矛盾的观点，再提出各自支持的论据，最后将两个矛盾综合、C选项先批驳一个观点，再反驳回去，然后再批驳另一个观点和D选项先提出一个观点，再给支持该观点的论据，最后总结不符合原文的写作结构，排除。4.根据文章第二段：Films.have the potential to enhance visual literacy more effectively than publications can:电影比出版物更具有提高观众视觉认识能力的潜 力。第三段：The fact

60、that films on art are rarely seen on prime-time television may be due not only to limitations on distribution but also to the shortcomings of many such films.艺术类电影很少在黄金时段播出，究其原因，一方面是因为分配的限制，另一方面就是许多这类影片本身的不足之处。由确定B选项讨论艺术类电影本身的不足之处以及技术创新， 要求提高对视觉认识能力的影响力符合题意。A选项讨论电影作为媒体，其向大众传播艺术的潜力没有得到充分发挥的原因，以及电影在这方

61、面或许有着更大的效应、C选项讨论与出版物相比，运用电影这一方式向大众宣传艺术作品的优势与劣势和D选项为以下观点提供论据： 艺术类电影为了提高观众的视觉认识能力，把重点放在教育意义上而非娱乐性不符合原文，排除。5.根据文章第三段：A filmmaker who is creating a film about the work of an artist should not follow the standards set by rock videos and advertising. 创作艺术类影片的制片人不应当遵循拍摄摇滚影片和广告的标准。But a work of art needs to

62、 be explored on its own terms. On the other hand, art historians need to trust that one can indicate and analyze, not solely with words. 艺术作品需要开发出属于自己的特色语言或术语。艺术历史学家也要相信观众有能力去辨析，而不是仅仅依靠言语。确定C选项电影在提高观众的视觉形式意识方面，大有潜力可挖正确。A选项阅读有关艺术作品的出版物，然后看一场同类型的电影，这是提高观众视觉认识能力最有效的方法、B选项观众视觉认识能 力的扩大将扩大观众注意力的范围和D选项以艺术类

63、作品为题裁的电影将会阻碍视觉认识能力的发展不符合原文。6.根据文章第三段：A filmmaker who is creating a film about the work of an artist should not follow the standards set by rock videos and advertising. 创作艺术类影片的制片人不应当遵循拍摄摇滚影片和广告的标准。But a work of art needs to be explored on its own terms. On the other hand, art historians need to trus

64、t that one can indicate and analyze, not solely with words.：艺术作品需要开发出属于自己的特色语言或术语。艺术历史学家也要相信观众有能力去辨析，而不是仅仅依靠言语。由此确定B选项演讲或书面言语所 取得的效果，电影可以通过非言语的方式获得同样的效果正确。A选项艺术历史学家创作艺术类电影的作用相对降低了、C选项进一步分析艺术类作品不适合成为艺术类电影的主题的原因和 D选项在博物馆欣赏艺术作品时，寂静与之最为相村，可是这一点并不适合用在电 影中不符合原文，排除。7.根据文章第三段：A filmmaker who is creating a film about the work of an artist should not follow the standards set by rock videos and advertising.合作艺术类影片的制片人不应当遵循拍摄摇滚影片和广告的标准。But a work of art needs to be explored on it