2022年考博英语-中国传媒大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第192期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国传媒大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题In light of all the recent developments around social technology, from the launch of Google + to s f8 conference launch of Timeline and Ticker last week, I felt it especially pertinent to share this interview with Sherry Turkle of MIT. What she invites us to co

2、nsider is the human cost of our social media engagement which seems all the more relevant as networks like Google+ and arm us with new tools to become even more effective online storytellers inspiring us to spend more time there.SM: Hi Im Simon Mainwaring, here at the IVOH World Summit in the Catski

3、lls, New York, and I have the great pleasure of being here with Sherry Turkle, who is the professor of Social Studies of Science and Technology at MIT, and the author of the critically acclaimed book. Alone Together. It is such a pleasure to chat with you, Sherry. Thank you for your time. Now, one o

4、f the things I talk about when it comes to social media is that I believe that technology is teaching us to be human again, yet the thesis of your book might actually go against that proposition. Do you think thats true or not?ST: I think thats a complicated story.1. That is to say, we are now using

5、 technology in some ways that are distancing us from each other, but Im optimistic because I think so many of us are starting to realize that something is going amiss when we have dinner with friends and everyone has a phone on the table and interrupts conversations in order to take those calls. Whe

6、n I walked the dunes of Cape Cod that Thoreau walked, and everybody is walking those dunes with their heads down to those devices, something is going amiss. When everyone is answering emails instead of talking to colleagues at work, something is going amiss. So its good, but we need to make it good

7、for us.SM: What would you say is being lost, and what is the cost of that?ST: Well, Ive interviewed hundreds of young people and hundreds of older people and I think that one of the things that is being lost is the ability to tolerate solitude. In my own studies I call it, “I share, therefore I am.”

8、 That is to say, you go from a position where you say “I have a feeling, I want to make a call,” to a position where you say “I want to have a feeling, I need to send a text.”2.So whats being lost is the ability to experience your thoughts and feelings without immediately sharing them and you lose t

9、he capacity to collaborate because collaboration is infusion. You need to come to collaboration with a sense of self, with your own ideas and confidence in yourself. You lose the capacity for certain kinds of leadership because, again, leadership requires an ability to lead, not just to poll.3. So y

10、ou feel like were losing the ability to be present because were in such a hurry to pass on that experience that we almost cut ourselves out of the equation.ST: Yes. And were substituting connection for conversation. I think thats very important. This move from conversation to connection, and were al

11、most forgetting how nurturing conversation is. Over and over Ive interviewed people who basically tell me “Dont call.” In Alone Together I have a chapter titled Please Dont Call. The last thing they want is a telephone call. It would take too much time. Its too dangerous. Too much might show. They d

12、ont want to be interrupted. Its easier to send an email or send a text and not have the risks of showing themselves in a conversation.SM: Would you characterize this as a function of the need to now live in public at all times, to always be “on”？ Is that the challenge that were all facing now, becau

13、se, given the opportunity to do it with social media and these other platforms, we feel obligated to do so?ST: There are several things. Weve given ourselves an opportunity to hide. Social media, for all of its bountiesand Im very enthusiastic of all the bounties of social mediait also gives us an o

14、pportunity to hide.4.We perform ourselves on social media, and that is different from being ourselves on social media. That ability to perform yourself is also an ability to hide. It leads to something that call “Fear of missing out.” Youre always watching what other people are doing and you being t

15、o be jealous because their showing their best selves and youre showing your best self. You almost become jealous of the life you live on . You have to remind yourself that its your life because youre showing your best self.SM: Let me ask you a question about that. How different is that to the versio

16、n of ourselves that we present in the real world, albeit only to one or two or five people at a time? Is it worse because we can reach a mass audience?ST: No, its worse because.were sitting here together and, of course, Im in a role and youre in a role, but because were here together, certain things

17、 show. Were animals, were human beings and, really, by the fact that were here together, we show ourselves to each other, we reveal ourselves to each other. On the network, we can fake it. We can perform ourselves in a way where there is a more polished self. I interview people who really describe t

18、o me the time and the care they take on what they present in their social media presence. Its like were playing avatars of ourselves.SM: 5. If you had to characterize it in two ways, the long term effects on this, what is the best case scenario, the upside, and the worst case scenario. Give us the s

19、pectrum of consequence.ST: Best case scenario. My favorite line in my book is, “Just because we grew up with the internet, we think the internet is all grown up, and it isnt, and its time to make the corrections.” I think were at a turning point now where were ready to reassess and live a saner and

20、healthier life. I think the corporate world is ready to be more attentive to the social and emotional needs of both its consumers and its workers. I think that people are ready to be more attentive to living a saner life in their online presence. We dont want to be interrupted. 6. So the plus side i

21、s that were at a moment where were going to be able to enjoy the bounties of this technology and minimize its cost. The downside is that we are somehow, just like theres a fog of war, theres a fog of technology. Teaching at MIT for 30 years, I can tell you that technology can make us forget what we

22、know about life, and one of the things that were forgetting right now is the importance of conversation and of truly being with each other in the ways that matter.SM: Yet youre still optimistic. Why are you optimistic? What gives you hope?ST: 7. Im optimistic because I think human beings want to be

23、with each other and realize the nurturance and the sustaining effects of being with each other and communicating with each other. I think that theres a movement I see in the resonance in my work and in the work of other people who are starting to have this kind of message, including yourself actuall

24、y, that theres starting to be a convergence in the corporate world and consumer world of realizing that these two worlds have interests that are starting to come together by using this technology in more humane ways, in ways that are better for the social good.SM: I cant tell you how excited I am by

25、 the book. That fifteen-year study on the impact of science and technology is absolutely incredible. I highly recommend it to everyone. Where else can people find you online?ST: For the book, go to , or google Sherry Turkle and my web page with all my writings and research will be on that.SM: Thank

26、you for giving us the gift of all your thinking. A real pleasure to meet you, Sherry.【答案】1. 也就是说,我们现在使用的技术在某些方面正是我们相互疏远。但对此我很乐观。我们和一群朋友一起吃饭时，每个人都带着手机，电话铃响起时却不得不中断交谈。已经有一些人认识到其中的问题了2. 因此，你失去的是一种无需立即分享就独自体验你的想法和感受的能力，且由于合作需要融入，你也失去了合作的能力。3. 所以你会觉得我们正在失去活在当下的能力，因为我们太急于将这种体验传递下去，以至于我们几乎把自己隔离起来。4.我们在社交媒体

27、上表现自己，这和在社交媒体前做自己是不同的。这种自我表现的能力也是一种隐藏的能力，这最终会变成我说的“害怕错过”。5.如果你必须用两种方式来描述它的长期影响，那就是最好的情况与最坏的结果。给出结果可能出现的范围。6.因此，好的一面是，我们现在能够享受这项技术的好处并将其代价降到最低。坏的一面是，就像战争一样，我们需要面对“科技的迷雾”。7.我很乐观，因为我认为人们想要同彼此在一起，且清楚互相关系和交流的持续影响。2. 单选题Students with（）problems may apply for student loans.问题1选项A.economicB.financialC.nabobe

28、ryD.economical【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项economic “经济上的”。B选项financial “财政的”。C选项nabobery “财主常去的地方”。D选项 economical“节约的，合算的”。句意：有财务问题的学生可以申请学生贷款。 因此B选项符合题意 。3. 单选题We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people

29、 on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the

30、current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable o

31、r growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live pas

32、t forty, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important

33、 to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused

34、high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 BC. till approximately AD. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the pre

35、sent, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more m

36、anageable. Between 8000 BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the worlds population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.1. Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitabl

37、e for the long, thin powder fuse analogy?2. During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinction because （）.3. Which statement is true about population increase?4. The author of the passage intends to（）.5. The word “demographic”, in the first paragraph means（）

38、.问题1选项A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B.A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C.Too many people on earth and a few rapid increase in the number added each year.D.A long period when death rates exceeds

39、birthrates and then a short period with higher fertility and lower mortality.问题2选项A.only one in ten persons could live past 40.B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.C.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.D.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more ch

40、ildren.问题3选项A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B.About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 persons each year.D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 16

41、50 than between 1650 and the present.问题4选项A.warn people against the population explosion in the near future.B.compare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650.C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent years.D.present us a clear and complete picture of the

42、 demographic growth.问题5选项A.statistics of humanB.surroundings studyC.accumulation of humanD.development of human【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。第一段如此描述“the long, thin powder fuse(细长的火药引线)”: burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes，“它一直断断续续地燃烧，直到最后爆发”。第二段中

43、说到人类在以前的时期增长并不高，有时出生率还低于死亡率，到了近期才出现快速增长，对应A选项“一段几乎稳定或略微减少的时期，然后人口突然暴增”。2.细节事实题。文章第二段说到“Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates” 可知通常，社会处于灭绝的明显危险之中的原因是死亡率可能超过出生率，B选项“大多数地方的死亡率都比出生率要高”符合文意。3.推理判断题。A选项“从现在到2000年可能会增加22亿人”对应最后一段第三句与第四句“Betwee

44、n 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world”，从1650年到现在，人口从5亿增长到40多亿。据估计，到2000年，全世界将有62亿人。通过数字相减可得A选项正确；B选项“目前，每6个小时大约有5万个婴儿出生”，文中说到“Between 8000 BC and 16

45、50, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the worlds population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours”，在公元前8000年到1650年之间，世界人口每年平均只增加5万人。目前，这个数字每六个小时增加一次。但本句中只是说population人口增加，并不是婴儿出生多少；C选项“从公元前8000年到现在，人口每年大约增加8000万人”对应最后一句，但句中指的是新增人口8000万，而不是每年会增加8000万；

46、D选项“公元前8000年到1650年之间的人口增长速度比1650年到现在的人口增长速度快”属于反向干扰，现在的人口增长速度显然更快。4.作者意图题。本文从历史的角度出发，讲解了各个历史时期人口增长的变化，并列出了详细数据，因此D选项“向我们展示一幅清晰而完整的人口增长图景”符合文意。5.词义推测题。第一段第一句说到“population problem（人口问题）”即“too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year”, increase 即对应growth，因此demographic

47、就是指the number of population，A选项正确。4. 单选题We developed a high degree of trust and a considerable personal（）.问题1选项A.supportB.rapportC.exportD.apport【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项support“支持；帮助”；B选项rapport“ 密切关系，交往”；C选项export“输出，出口”；D选项apport“物体显形；幻想”。句意：我们发展了高度的互相信任和不错的私人密切关系。因此B符合题意。5. 翻译题As Technology Gets Bette

48、r, Will Society Get Worse?Imagine that two people are carving a six-foot slab of wood at the same time. One is using a hand-chisel, the other, a chainsaw. If you are interested in the future of that slab, whom would you watch?This chainsaw/chisel logic has led some to suggest that technological evol

49、ution is more important to humanitys near future than biological evolution, nowadays, it is not the biological chisel but the technological chainsaw that is most quickly redefining what it means to be human The devices we use change the way we live much faster than any contest among genes，Were the b

50、lock of wood，even if, as I wrote in January, sometimes we dont even fully notice that were changing.1. Assuming that we really are evolving as we wear or inhabit more technological prosthetics-like ever-smarter phones, helpful glasses, and brainy carsheres the big question: Will that type of evoluti

51、on take us in desirable directions, as we usually assume biological evolution does?Some, like the Wired founder Kevin Kelly, believe that the answer is a resounding “yes”. In his book “What Technology Wants”. Kelly writes: 2. “Technology wants what life wants; Increasing efficiency; Increasing oppor

52、tunity; Increasing emergence; Increasing complexity; Increasing diversity; Increasing specialization; Increasing ubiquity; Increasing freedom: Increasing mutualism: Increasing beauty: Increasing sentience: Increasing structure increasing evolvability.”We can test the “Increasing” theory by taking a

53、quick trip up north, to an isolated area south of the Hudson Bay. Here live the Oji-Cree, a people, numbering about thirty thousand, who inhabit a cold and desolate land roughly the size of Germany. For much of the twentieth century, the Oji-Cree lived at a technological level that can be described

54、as relatively simple. As nomads, they lived in tents during the summer, and in cabins during the winter. Snowshoes, dog sleds, and canoes were the main modes of transportation, used to track and kill fish, rabbits, and moose for food. A doctor who worked with the Oji-Cree in the nineteen-forties has

55、 noted the absence of mental breakdowns or substance abuse within the population observing that “the people lived a rugged, rigorous life with plenty of exercise.” the Oji-Cree invariably impressed foreigners with their vigor and strength. Another visitor，in the nineteen-fifties, wrote of their “ing

56、enuity, courage, and self-sacrifice,” nothing that, in the North, “only those prepared to face hardship and make sacrifices could survive.”The Oji-Cree have been in contact with European settlers for centuries, but it was only in the nineteen-sixties, when trucks began making the trip north, that ne

57、wer technologies like the internal combustion engine and electricity really began to reach the areas. The Oji-Cree eagerly embraced these new tools. In our lingo, we might say that they went through a rapid evolution, advancing through hundreds of years of technology in just a few decades.The good n

58、ews is that, nowadays, the Oji-Cree no longer face the threat of winter starvation, which regularly killed people in earlier times. They can more easily import and store the food they need, and they enjoy pleasures like sweets and alcohol. Life has become more comfortable. The constant labor of cano

59、eing or snowshoeing has been eliminated by outboard engines and snowmobiles. Television made it north in the nineteen-eighties, and has proved enormously popular.But, in the main, the Oji-Cree story is not a happy one. 3. Since the arrival of new technologies, the population has suffered a massive i

60、ncrease in morbid obesity，heart disease，and Type 2 diabetes. Social problems are rampant; idleness, alcoholism，drug addiction, and suicide have reached some of the highest levels on earth. Diabetes, in particular, has become so common (affecting forty per cent of the population) that researcher thin

61、k that many children，after exposure in the womb, are born with an increased predisposition to the disease. Childhood obesity is widespread, and ten-year-olds sometimes appear middle-aged. Recently, the Chief of a small Oji-Cree community estimated that half of his adult population was addicted to Ox

62、yContin or other painkiller.Technology is not the only cause of these changes, but scientists have made clear that it is a driving factor. In previous times, the Oji-Cree lifestyle required daily workouts that rivaled those of a professional athlete. “In the early 20th century,” writes one researche

63、r, walking up to 100 km/day was not uncommon.” But those days are over, replaced by modem comforts. Despite the introduction of modem medicine, the health outcomes of the Oji-Cree have declined in ways that will not be easy to reverse. The Oji-Cree are literally being killed by technological advance

64、s.The Oji-Cree are an unusual case. It can take a society time to adjust to new technologies, and the group has also suffered other traumas, like colonization and the destruction of cultural continuity. Nonetheless, the story offers an important warning for the human race. The problem with technolog

65、ical evolution is that it is under our control and, unfortunately, we dont always make the best decisions.4.This is also the principal difference between technological and biological evolution, Biological evolution is driven by survival of th fittest, as adaptive traits are those that make the survival and reproducti