2022年考博英语-东华大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第32期

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1、2022年考博英语-东华大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full _.问题1选项A.capacityB.strengthC.lengthD.possibility【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项capacity“能力、容量、资格”；B项strength“力量、力气”；C项length“长度”；D项possibility“可能性”；句意：不外出工作的家庭主妇感觉家务活不能让她们完全施展自己的能力。work to ones

2、 capacity“充分发挥才能”；因此该题A项正确。2. 单选题For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn Vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 the hig

3、hest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as,

4、 Whats the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence enco

5、mpasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though I

6、Q tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales(both come in adult and childrens version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, alt

7、hough variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Super high scores like Vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying b

8、y 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his articl

9、e “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ test do not necessarily predict so well onc

10、e populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will

11、testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.1. Which of the following may be required in an intelligent test?2. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?3. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as

12、Vos Savants because _4. We can conclude from the last paragraph that_5. What is the authors attitude towards IQ test?问题1选项A.Answering philosophical questions.B.Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C.Telling the difference between certain concepts.D.Choosing words or graphs similar to the g

13、iven ones.问题2选项A.People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.B.More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.C.The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.D.Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.问题3选项A.the sco

14、res are obtained through different computational procedures.B.creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.C.Vos Savants case is an extreme one that will not repeat.D.the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.问题4选项A.test scores may not be reliable indicators of ones ability.B

15、.IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.C.testing involves a lot of guesswork.D.traditional test are out of date.问题5选项A.Supportive.B.Skeptical.C.Impartial.D.Biased.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“下列哪一项在智力测试中可能需要？”。A项“回答哲学问题”，B项“把纸折成或剪成不同的形状”，C项“说明某些概念之间的区别”，D项“选择与所给相似的词

16、或图”。第一段第三句提到IQ test ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.（智商测试要求你完成口头和视觉分析，要求你在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，要求你推论数字的顺序，以及其他类似的项目）以及最后一段第二句Sternberg提到traditional tests best assess analytica

17、l and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.（传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，但没有测量创造性和实际知识，这些也是解决问题、在生活中取得成功的关键因素），由此可知智力测试中可能需要创造性和实际知识。A项和C项文中没有提及，属于无中生有；B项与题意不符，文中只是提到在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，不是折叠或剪纸张。因此该题只有D项正确。2.【试题解析】

18、判断推理题。题干意思是“从第三段关于智力测试的描述我们可以推断出？”。第三段的内容主要是描述智力测试的两种形式，斯坦福比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表，这两种都有成人和儿童测试类型；由于测试价格昂贵，通常只有心理学家才进行这些测试，现在一些测试的变种在网上流行。由此可知，儿童和成人的智力测试类型不同。A项“人们不再使用IQ分数作为智力的指标”，第三段最后一句提到Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE), capture the mai

19、n aspects of IQ tests.（其他标准测试，比如学术能力检测以及研究生入学考试，包含了智商测试的主要方面），因此A项错误。B项“现在网上有更多的IQ测试版本”，第三段第四行提到although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.（尽管这些测试的变种在书店和环球网上流行），可知网上流行的是上文提到的斯坦福比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表这两种测试的变种，而非更多的测试版本，B项与题意不符。D项“科学家们已经确定了人类智力的重要组成部分”文中无提及。因此该题C项“成人和儿童的测试内容和形式有所不同

20、”正确。3.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“现在的人们不能再达到像Vos Savant那样高的智商分数是因为？”。第三段第四行有提到Super high scores like Vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age pecks, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by

21、 100.（得到像Vos Savant这样的超高分数再也不可能了，因为现在的分数依据的是相同年龄者的统计学群体分布状况，而不是简单地通过实足年龄乘以100来划分智能年龄），由此得知，人们不能再达到像Vos Savant那样高的智商分数是因为计算方法与以前不同。A项“分数是通过不同的计算程序得到的”与题意符合；B项“现在强调的是创造力而不是分析能力”是第四段的信息，内容与题意不符；C项“Vos Savant的案例是一个极端的案例，不会重演”和 D项“智商测试的定义特征已经改变”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。4.【试题解析】判断归纳题。题干意思是“从最后一段我们可以推断出？”。文章

22、最后一段指出，有专家认为，标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素，随后解释了这种观点，指出传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，而且一旦人口或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确，并且应试能力也很重要。这说明智商测试不可能真实反映一个人的能力。A项“考试成绩可能不是一个人能力的可靠指标”符合题意；B项“智商分数和SAT成绩高度相关”与文意相反；C项“测试涉及大量的猜测”属于夸大其词；D项“传统测试过时了”属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。5.【试题解析】主观态度题。题干意思是“作者对智力测试的态度是怎样的？”。A项“支持的”，B项“怀疑的”，C项“公平的”，

23、D项“有偏见的”。文章最后一段，作者引用了Sternberg的话，IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change（一旦人口或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确），以及后面提到IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated wi

24、th leadership that is, it predicted the opposite（如果在低压力状况下进行智商测试，那么这种测试就可以预测领导才能，但是，在高压力状况下，智商测试所得的结果与领导才能的关系是否定的，也就是说，它预测的结果是相反的），由此可以看出作者对IQ测试是持有怀疑态度的。A项与作者态度相反，因此错误；D项和C项不符合作者态度，因此只有B选项正确。3. 单选题_ the wall, we decided that we should need three tins of paint.问题1选项A.Making upB.Doing upC.Putting upD.

25、Sizing up【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配的用法。A项make up“构成、化妆”；B项do up“扎、捆”；C项put up“举起、建造”；D项size up“判断、估量”；句意：我们估量了一下这面墙，决定需要三罐油漆。因此该题D项正确。4. 单选题When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed l

26、ike to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “Im a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollar

27、s.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too”, she says.Even before Alan Greenspans admission that Americas red-hot economy is cooling, lots of wor

28、king folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is comin

29、g at a crucial time. Already, expels say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. But dont sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Con

30、sumers say theyre not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says

31、 broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broke. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and kee

32、p a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient

33、to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattans hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.1. By “Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means _2

34、. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?3. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about _4. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic showdown?5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?

35、问题1选项A.Spero can hardly maintain her business.B.Spero is too much engaged in her work.C.Spero has grown out of her bad habit.D.Spero is not in a desperate situation.问题2选项A.Optimistic.B.Confused.C.Carefree.D.Panicked.问题3选项A.gold market.B.real estate.C.stock exchange.D.venture investment.问题4选项A.They w

36、ould benefit in certain ways.B.The stock market shows signs of recovery.C.Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.D.The purchasing power would be enhanced.问题5选项A.A now boom, on the horizon.B.Tighten the belt, the single remedy.C.Caution all right, panic not.D.The more ventures, the more chances.【答案】

37、第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“通过说艾伦斯佩罗还不至于咬手指（第一段第一行），作者的意思是？”。根据本题题干直接定位到第一段第一、二句话When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either（谈到经济放缓，艾伦斯佩罗

38、还不至于咬手指。但这位47岁的美甲师也没能随心所欲地修剪、填充或打磨指甲），再结合后文可知，她不再去高档商场而是去中档商场了，所以可知这里是指斯佩罗的经济状况还没有到绝望的境地。A项“斯佩罗几乎无法维持自己的生意”说法过于绝对，虽然遭受到经济放缓的影响，但是生意还是在继续，只是没有之前好了；B项“斯佩罗过分投入于自己的工作”说法没有原文依据；C项“斯佩罗已经戒掉了坏习惯”说法错误，该处为习语理解。所以该题D项正确。2.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“公众对当前的经济形势有何看法？”。根据本题关键词“public”定位到第二段关键词“Consumers”以及最后一句Consumers see

39、m only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening（消费者似乎只是担心，并没有惊慌失措，许多人说，他们对经济的长期前景仍然乐观，即使他们稍微勒紧裤腰带）可知，公众没有感到恐慌，甚至还是保持乐观的态度。B项“困惑的”；C选项“无忧无虑的”；C项“恐慌的”三个选项描述错误。所以该题A项正确。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“当提及400万到1,

40、000万美元之间（第三段第二、三行）时，作者在谈论？”。根据本题题干直接定位到第三段第三句In Manhattan, “theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran（经纪人芭芭拉科克伦说，在曼哈顿，“由于华尔街奖金丰厚，400万至1000万美元的黄金市场掀起了新一轮淘金热”）再结合开头一二句可知这里是指房价，所以这里是指掀起了投资房产的淘金热。A项“黄金

41、市场”说法不准确，应该是与房地产相关内容；C选项“证券交易所”不符合本题题意；D项“风险投资”在本文没有提及。所以该题B项正确。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“为什么许多人能够在经济放缓中看到银色的边？”。根据本题关键词“silver linings”定位到最后一段第二、三、四句Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have bee

42、n influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom（潜在的购房者会为较低的利率而欢呼。许多消费者似乎受到了股市波动的影响，投资者现在认为股市波动是持续繁荣的必要因素）可知经济放缓也是有好处的，他们可能以某些其他的方式受益。B项“股票市场显现了复苏的迹象”、C选项“经济繁荣之前通常会有这样的滑坡”不符合本题题意、D项“购买力会增强”均在原文没有体现。所以该题A项正确。5.【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“以下说法作者有可能会同意哪一

43、个？”根据最后一段第二、三、四句Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom（潜在的购房者会为较低的利率而欢呼。许多消

44、费者似乎受到了股市波动的影响，投资者现在认为股市波动是持续繁荣的必要因素）可知经济放缓也是有好处的，他们可能以某些其他的方式受益，且第三段提到的公众的反应也是保持乐观的，所以作者的态度与C选项符合。A项“新的繁荣，即将出现”说法过于乐观，没有提到出现了新的繁荣；B选项“勒紧裤带，别无它法”说法过于悲观，文章只是提到公众勒紧裤带，但他们依然是乐观的；C项“谨慎无碍，恐慌无需”；D项“风险越多，机会越多”在原文中没有提及。所以该题C项正确。5. 单选题If a couple are divorced and their child lives with his mother, he is said

45、 to suffer from lace of _ love.问题1选项A.maternalB.fraternalC.paternalD.parental【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项maternal“母亲的、母性的”；B项fraternal“兄弟般的、友好的”；C项paternal“父亲的、父亲般的”；D项parental“父母亲的”；句意：如果一对夫妇离婚了，他们的孩子和他的母亲住在一起，那么他被认为缺乏父爱。因此该题C项正确。6. 单选题I didnt say anything like that at all. You are purposely _ my idea to pr

46、ove your point.问题1选项A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项revise“修正、复习、校订”；B项contradict“反驳、否定”；C项distort“扭曲、曲解”；D项distract“转移、分心”；句意：我根本没有那样说，你故意曲解我的观点以证明你的论点。因此该题C项正确。7. 单选题_ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the Germ

47、an economy actually is.问题1选项A.To giveB.GivenC.GivingD.Having given【答案】B【解析】考查given的用法。A项to give不定式；B项given 过去分词作介词放句首，表“考虑到”；C项giving现在分词；D项having given现在完成时；句意：考虑到有关德国经济实力的说法，德国经济实际上是相对较小的，这多少有些令人惊讶。因此该题B项正确。8. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms hav

48、e a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as on

49、e buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off

50、at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is centralusually the second most important executive, afte

51、r the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional a

52、nd managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when

53、 new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required

54、before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the popula

55、tion affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources inAmerican companies?2. Wh

56、at is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3. The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to_.4. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firms competition advantage is_.5. What is the main idea of the Passage?问题1选项A.They hire

57、people at the lowest cost regardless of their skill.B.They see the gaining of skills as their employees own business.C.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B

58、.His post is likely to disappear when new technologic are introduced.C.He is directly under the chief financial executive.D.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.问题3选项A.workers who can operate new equipmentB.technological and managerial staffC.workers who lack basic background skil

59、lsD.top executives问题4选项A.the introduction of new technologiesB.the improvement of workers basic skillsC.the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees问题5选项A.American firms are different from Japanese and German firm

60、s in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firms hierarchy.D.The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.【答

61、案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是哪一个符合美国公司的人力资源管理。可定位到文章首段中的第二句，本句提到美国的人力资源管理“is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States”。第三句说到“Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility”，技能获取被认为是一种个人责任，与B选项“他们把技能的获得看作是员工自己的事”

62、符合，因此B 选项正确。A选项“他们以最低成本雇佣员工，而不考虑他们的技能”来自第四句“Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment”，可知劳动力与原材料或设备一样，只是以尽可能低的成本租用，但本句并未提到忽视员工技能这一点，可排除；C和D选项在原文中未提及，可排除。“Labor is simply another factor of production to be hir

63、edrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys materials or equipment.”，这句话的意思是美国的企业是以最低的成本去雇佣劳动力，就跟购置材料和设备一样。由此可知，选项C以及选项D的说法错误，而选项B原文并没有提及，为无关选项。因此，答案为A。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是人力资源管理管理负责人在美国的企业中的地位，根据关键词“the head of human-resource management”定位到原文第一段的“The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy.， The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).”可得知，人力资源管理者处理企业中的边缘位置，在做重大决策前，