2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及模拟押密卷13（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 填空题Economists are now realizing the full extent which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational A B Ccorporations take full

2、advantage of it. D【答案】A which改为to which【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】A部分到句尾是定语从句，从句原本为the communications revolution has affected the world economy to the full extent，其中to the full extent的意思为“充分地，最大程度地”，【句意】经济学家们现在认识到通讯革命很大程度地影响着世界经济。信息技术使贸易得以跨越地域和工业边界扩展，并且跨国公司已经充分利用信息技术。2. 单选题To say that the child learns by imi

3、tation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monke

4、y see, monkey do.”Look at it from the childs point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the

5、right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves

6、his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child l

7、earns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.In finding trial responses, the le

8、arner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may mo

9、st influence his approach to books.Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situation, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because im

10、itating them leads to success.1. For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is _.2. Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to _.3. Children tend to imitate their models _.4. “An identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person _.问题1选项A.the need to find an

11、 authorityB.the need to find a way to achieve the desired resultC.the need for more affection from his parentsD.the desire to meet the standards of his social group问题2选项A.behave properlyB.attain his goal as soon as possibleC.show his affection for his parentsD.talk quietly问题3选项A.who do not criticize

12、 themB.who bring them unexpected rewardsC.whom they want to be likeD.whose social status is high问题4选项A.who serves as a model for othersB.who is always successfulC.who can be depended uponD.who has been rewarded for his success【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】For a child the first element in his

13、 learning by imitation is _. 对孩子来说，模仿式学习的第一个因素是_。A. the need to find an authority A. 需要找到权威B. the need to find a way to achieve the desired result B. 需要找到达到预期结果的方法C. the need for more affection from his parents C. 需要从父母那里得到更多的爱D. the desire to meet the standards of his social group D. 希望达到所在的社会群体的标准

14、【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词first element定位到第三段第一句，该处讲到“还有第二个因素在起作用（second element）”，推测第一因素在第二段，结合第二段第三、四句，该处讲到“他在寻求（seeking）一种能达到特定目的的反应（gain certain ends）他观察到（observes）一个似乎能够得到正确结果（right result）的模型。”，可知模仿式学习的第一个因素是需要达到自己想要的结果，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“需要找到权威”：对应第二段最后一句，该处讲到“孩子们会寻找一个权威人士（authority）或专家来告

15、诉他们该做什么（what to do）”，可知寻求权威的建议是是方法，而不是原因，属于偷换概念；C选项“需要从父母那里得到更多的爱”：对应第三段倒数第三句，该处讲到“当父母喜欢他的反应时（when his parents like his response），他会得到更多的爱（affection）和认可。”，这是属于第二因素的内容，而非第一因素，属于张冠李戴；D选项“希望达到所在的社会群体的标准”：对应第三段最后一句，该处讲到“如果一个人想得到他人的持续支持和维持自己的自尊（support of others and his own self-respect），他必须以社会群体认可的方式回应（

16、responses his social group approves）。”，这是属于第二因素的内容，而非第一因素，属于张冠李戴。第2题:【选项释义】Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to _. 除了达到他想要的结果，一个孩子还应该学会_。A. behave properly A. 行为恰当B. attain his goal as soon as possible B. 尽快实现目标C. show his affection for his parents C. 对父母表达爱D. talk

17、quietly D. 小声说话【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第三段第四、五、六句，该处讲到“解决任何客观问题（solve any objective situation）的愿望就变成了正确解决问题（solve it properly）的愿望。孩子早期学到的一件事是，当父母喜欢他的反应时，他会得到更多的爱和认可。然后其他成年人奖励一些行为，批评其他行为。”，可知除了达到希望的结果，还需要行为恰当，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“尽快实现目标”：对应第三段第二句，该处讲到“孩子可能会达到他的即时目标（immediate goal），却发现他的方法受到了其观察者的批评。

18、”，这里表达的是孩子在实现当下想要实现的目标时，如果方式不符合社会标准，会受到批评，并没有鼓励孩子尽快实现目标，属于偷换概念；C选项“对父母表达爱”：文中没有提到对父母表达爱意，属于无中生有；D选项“轻言细语”：对应第三段第三句，该处讲到“他应该走到隔壁房间，小声说话（say his say quietly）”，这是针对吵闹的孩子说的，而不是所有的孩子，属于以偏概全。第3题:【选项释义】Children tend to imitate their models _. 孩子们倾向于模仿_的榜样。A. who do not criticize them A. 不批评他们B. who bring t

19、hem unexpected rewards B. 给他们带来了意想不到的回报C. whom they want to be like C. 他们想要与之相像D. whose social status is high D. 社会地位高【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词imitate their models定位到第四段第二、三句，该处讲到“他模仿那些看起来不错的人（seems a good person）如果一个学生想成为一名优秀的小提琴家（wants to be a good violinist），他会观察和模仿（observe and try to copy）优

20、秀演奏者（capable players）的技巧。”，可知孩子们倾向于模仿有自己想要的品质的人，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“不批评他们”：文中没有提到模仿不批评他们的人，属于无中生有；B选项“给他们带来了意想不到的回报”：文中没有提到给他们带来意外回报的人，属于无中生有；D选项“社会地位高”：对应第四段第二句，该处讲到“他模仿那些看起来不错的人，而不是那些他希望避免其社会身份的人（whose social status he wishes to avoid）。”，这里表达的是孩子会模仿自己想成为的、具有某个社会身份的人，而不是模仿社会地位高的人，属于偷换概念。第4题:【选项释义】“A

21、n identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person _. “标志性人物”（第5段）是指_的人。A. who serves as a model for others A. 为他人树立榜样B. who is always successful B. 总是成功C. who can be depended upon C. 可以信赖D. who has been rewarded for his success D. 因他的成功而获益【答案】A【考查点】语义推断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词An identifying figure定位到第五段第一句

22、，该处讲到“对某一品质的崇拜（Admiration of one quality）往往会使我们对一个人的整体产生崇拜（admire a person as a whole），而这个人也就成为了_。”，结合该段第二句“很大程度地模仿（imitating much）他们所做的”，可知横线处是指对某个人有崇拜之情，并且模仿他，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“总是成功”：对应第五段第一句“对某一品质的崇拜（Admiration of one quality）往往会使我们对一个人的整体产生崇拜”和最后一句“因为模仿他们会通向成功的道路（leads to success）”，不是因为他们总是成功而模

23、仿他们，而是因为模仿他们的优秀品质会带来成功，属于偷换概念；C选项“可以信赖”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；D选项“因他的成功而获益”：对应文章最后一句，该处讲到“因为模仿他们会通向成功的道路（leads to success）”，通过模仿他们，自己可能会成功，而不是因为他们的成功自己获得直接的好处，属于偷换概念。3. 单选题A program to deregulate the economy involved the removal of many legal and governmental restrictions that were regarded as hindrances to

24、 free competition.问题1选项A.stimuliB.phasesC.parametersD.obstacles【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. stimuli 促进因素，激励因素，刺激物 B. phases 阶段，时期C. parameters 决定因素，规范 D. obstacles 阻碍，绊脚石【答案】D【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】hindrances的意思为“造成妨碍的人（或事物）”，指的是阻碍自由竞争的法律和政策，obstacles与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】解除经济管制的计划包括取消许多视为阻碍自由竞争的法律和

25、政策限制。4. 单选题But as the winter went on, I found it harder and harder to withdraweither from the events we read and heard about, or from the zeal that seized the students in the seminar.问题1选项A.enthusiasmB.motivationC.evidenceD.process【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. enthusiasm 热情，热忱 B. motivation 动力C. evidence 证明，证据

26、D. process （为达到某一目标的）过程，进程【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】zeal的意思为“热情，激情”，指的是研讨会上学生们的热情，enthusiasm与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】但随着冬天的到来，我发现自己越来越难以从我们读到和听到的事件中抽身，也越来越难以从研讨会上学生们的热情中抽身。5. 填空题For most people the sea was remote, and for the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earn

27、ed a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to askwhat lay beneath the surface. A B C D【答案】A for the exception of改为with the exception of【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】with the exception of为固定搭配，意思为“除了以外”，for the exception of用法错误，因此A部分应为with the exception of。【句意】除

28、了一些洲际旅行者和以大海为生的人，对于大多数人来说，大海远在天边，没有什么必要问太多关于大海的问题，更别说思考海底的东西了。6. 单选题Part of the motivation for exploring the Kuiper Belt was the recognition of just how little we know about this cold, dark region at the fringe of our solar system.问题1选项A.coreB.edgeC.visionD.formation【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. core （物体的）中心部分

29、B. edge边，边缘C. vision 视力，视野 D. formation 组成，形成【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】fringe的意思为“（地区或群体的）边缘”，这里指的是对太阳系的边缘了解不多，edge与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】探索柯伊伯带的部分动机是意识到我们对太阳系边缘这片寒冷、黑暗的区域知之甚少。7. 填空题In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses, each lasts for o

30、ne semester. While attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses duringeach semester. A B C D【答案】B lasts改为lasting【解析】【考查点】非谓语动词。【解题思路】根据句子中的逗号，可知each lasts for one semester不是完整独立的句子，动词last应该用非谓语动词，这部分对thirty-six courses进行修饰，指的是这36门课程的每一门课程持续一个学期，each和last是主动关系，用现在分词表示，因此

31、B部分应为lasting。【句意】在美国的许多大学，获得学位全部需要学习的有36门课程，每门课程持续一个学期。上大学的时候，学生每学期可能要上四、五门课。8. 翻译题Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero?Despite immense differences in cu

32、ltures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame.Heroes serve powers or principles larger t

33、han themselves. Like high-voltage transformers heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would

34、-be heroes is what or whom they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?【答案】【参考译

35、文】就像大多数我的同龄人一样，我也有英雄崇拜的弱点。然而，在某些时候，我们都开始质疑我们的英雄，以及我们究竟是否需要他们。这让我们不禁发问：什么是英雄？尽管文化差异巨大，但世界各地的英雄通常都有一些共同的特点，那就是他们可以指导和激励人们。英雄总会做一些值得谈论的事。英雄有要讲出来的冒险故事，有愿意倾听的团体。但英雄不仅仅是一个名号。英雄服务于比自己更强大的力量或原则。就像高压变压器一样，英雄将更高的能量向下拉，于是普通人就可以使用。英雄的生活值得模仿。那些模仿真正英雄的人会以新的深度、热情和意义体验生活。对于想要成为英雄的人，需要问为什么或为谁服务？愿意为什么而生，为什么而死？如果答案或证据

36、表明他们只为自己的名声服务，他们可能是名人，但不是英雄。麦当娜和迈克尔杰克逊都很有名，但谁会说他们的粉丝因此而发现自己的生活更加丰盛呢？9. 单选题Vince Cables decision not to come to Oxford because of a peaceful protest is one of the most cowardly acts by a British politician in living memory.问题1选项A.sensibleB.effectiveC.fearfulD.cautious【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. sensible 明智的，理智

37、的 B. effective 有效的C. fearful 惧怕的，胆怯的，担心的 D. cautious 小心的，谨慎的（谨慎说话和行事，尤其是为了避免危险或错误）【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】cowardly的意思为“胆小的，怯懦的”，指的是因为和平示威而决定不去牛津大学是懦弱的行为，fearful与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】文斯凯布尔因为和平示威而决定不去牛津大学，这是人们记忆中英国政治家最懦弱的行为之一。10. 单选题Experts said that many ailments associated with a los

38、s of normal tissue may be treatable in this manner.问题1选项A.symptomsB.faultsC.risksD.disorders【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. symptoms 症状 B. faults 责任，过错C. risks 危险，风险 D. disorders 不适，疾病【答案】D【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】ailments的意思为“轻病，小恙”，指的是这种方式或许可以治好某些疾病，disorders与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】专家说，许多与正常组织损失相关的疾病或许可以

39、用这种方式治疗。11. 填空题In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation more than by the “battle of the sexes”. A B C D【答案】D more than改为rather than【解析】【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】

40、by cooperation和by the “battle of the sexes”相对应，形成对立的逻辑关系，rather than符合逻辑。【句意】在这样的家庭中，成长中的男孩和女孩比他们的父母更容易接受平等的观念，并为参与一个以合作为特征的世界做好充分准备，而不是“性别之战”。12. 单选题Despite the recession in Brazil, many job hunters are taking their last savings and investing in English lessons because so many _ employers want work

41、ers with a knowledge of English.问题1选项A.prevalentB.proficientC.prospectiveD.prominent【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. prevalent 普遍存在的，盛行的 B. proficient 熟练的，娴熟的，精通的C. prospective可能的，潜在的 D. prominent 著名的，杰出的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词job hunters，可知这些求职者学英语是为了找工作，雇主是谁还没有确定，prospective符合语境，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境。【

42、句意】尽管巴西经济衰退，许多求职者还是把最后的积蓄花在了英语课程上，因为很多潜在雇主都想要会英语的员工。13. 填空题Higher interest rates make it more expensive to borrow money, _ people from buying new homes or starting new construction projects. (courage)【答案】discouraging【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】逗号前为完整的句子，横线所在内容应为非谓语动词。逗号前说到借贷更加昂贵，后面说_人们购买新房或开工建设新项目，可知前者打击后者积极性

43、，是主动关系，一方面动词应为现在分词，一方面动词discourage的意思为“使灰心，使泄气”，符合题意。因此此处应为discourage的现在分词discouraging。【句意】利率更高让借贷更加昂贵，使人们不愿购买新房或开工建设新项目。14. 单选题Clinton denied the more serious allegations that he had lied under oath about the relationship and had entreated Lewinsky to do the same.问题1选项A.pleadedB.flatteredC.deceived

44、D.scared【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. pleaded 乞求，恳求 B. flattered 奉承，讨好C. deceived 欺骗，蒙骗 D. scared 惊吓，使害怕【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】entreated的意思为“恳求，乞求”，指的是克林顿恳求莱温斯基同他一起在两人的关系上撒谎，pleaded与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】克林顿否认了更严重的指控，即他在宣誓后就两人的关系撒了谎，并恳求莱温斯基也这样做。15. 单选题The first two decades of this century were do

45、minated by the microbe hunters. These hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there remained some terrible diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, ric

46、kets, beriberi. Then it was discovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920s and 1930s, nutrition became a science and the vit

47、amin hunters, replaced the microbe hunters.In the 1940s and 1950s，biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with ene

48、rgy for growth and function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied center stage.You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of hunters who are tracking genesthe blueprints for each of the enzymesand are discovering the defective genes that cause inherited diseasesdiabetes, c

49、ystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells and plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechno

50、logy has become a multibillion-dollar industry.In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades of the

51、 next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the brain. What to call them? The head hunters. I will return to them later.1. What is the main topic of the passage?2. How do vitamin

52、s influence health?3. Which of the following best describes the authors tone in the last paragraph of the passage?4. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?问题1选项A.The microbe hunters.B.The potential of genetic engineering.C.The progress of modern medical rese

53、arch.D.The discovery of enzymes.问题2选项A.They are necessary for some enzymes to function.B.They protect the body from microbes.C.They keep food from spoiling.D.They are broken down by cells to produce energy.问题3选项A.Critical.B.Speculative.C.Appreciative.D.Emotional.问题4选项A.The focus of medical research

54、will change in the next two decades.B.Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck.C.Medical research throughout the twentieth century has been dominated by microbe hunters.D.Most diseases are caused by defective genes.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】What is the main topic of the passage? 这篇文章的主

55、题是什么？A. The microbe hunters. A. 微生物猎人。B. The potential of genetic engineering. B. 基因工程的潜力。C. The progress of modern medical research.C. 现代医学研究的进展。D. The discovery of enzymes. D. 酶的发现。【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段提出为了探究一些可怕疾病的成因，二十世纪二十年代前，医学研究的焦点是微生物（dominated by the microbe hunters），到20年代和30年代，变成维生素（v

56、itamin hunters, replaced the microbe hunters）；第二段提出，在40年代和50年代，酶成了研究重点（enzyme hunters occupied center stage）；第三段提出焦点变成了基因（gene hunters）；最后一段提出基因也会被取代（the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight）。综上所述，作者根据时间顺序，介绍了在不同时间段，现代医学研究的进程，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“微生物猎人”，B选项“基因工程的潜力”和D选项“酶的发现”：是文章部分内容，不足以概括全文

57、，属于以偏概全。第2题:【选项释义】How do vitamins influence health? 维生素如何影响健康？A. They are necessary for some enzymes to function. A. 它们是某些酶发挥作用所必需的。B. They protect the body from microbes. B. 他们保护身体免受微生物的侵害。C. They keep food from spoiling. C. 它们防止食物变质。D. They are broken down by cells to produce energy. D. 它们被细胞分解产生能

58、量。【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词vitamins influence health定位到第二段第一句，该处讲到“生物化学家努力研究为什么每种维生素对健康都必不可少（vitamins was essential for health）”，结合下一句“新陈代谢中关键酶（key enzymes）依赖于某种维生素（vitamins）作为辅酶进行化学反应（as coenzymes to perform the chemistry）”，可知有的酶发挥作用需要维生素的配合，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们保护身体免受微生物的侵害”：文中没有提到微生物侵害身体的情况，属于无中生有；C选项“它们防止食物变质”：文中没有提到食物变质的问题，属于无中生有；D选项“它们被细胞分解产生能量”：对应第二段第二句“关键酶（key enzymes）执行化学反应，为细胞的生长和发挥功能提供能量（provides cells with energy）。”，可知这里讲的是酶，而不是维生素，属于张冠李戴。第3题:【选项释义】Which of the following best describes the authors tone in the last paragraph of th