2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第150期

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1、2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题I am sure that disease must propagate in such unsanitary and crowded areas.问题1选项A.eliminateB.transmitC.replaceD.isolate【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 eliminate “消除；排除”；B选项 transmit “传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传”；C选项 replace “取代，代替；替换，更换；归还，偿还；把放回原处”；D选项 isolate “（使）隔离，孤立；将剔出；（某物质、细胞等

2、）分离；区别看待（观点、问题等）”。句意：我相信疾病一定会在这样不卫生、拥挤的地方传播。结合此处关键词 propagate “传播；传送；繁殖；宣传”，得知B选项正确。2. 单选题Whoever said that victory has many fathers and defeat is an orphan, surely had never heard of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In the case of the hapless multilateral trade body and its long suffering repres

3、entatives, the total failure of the opening meeting of the so-called Millennium trade round has lots of people boasting of their roles in the violent physical struggle. Well. Thats just brilliant. They are proud of being part of a movement that wants to wreck the most important engine of economic gr

4、owth, prosperity and overall global rising living standards we have the freedom of trade and movement of people and goods between nations.The 135-members WTO is composed of sovereign of sovereign governments wishing to further this goal and ease the settlement of international trade disputes. From t

5、he sounds emanating from Seattle, though, it would now seem the WTO has now replaced the Trilateral Commission and the Freemasons as candidate No. 1 to take over the world.Everybody has his favorite Seattle story. The citys police chief will have plenty of time to think about his, having now resigne

6、d in disgrace over the loss of control of downtown Seattle. The Seattle business community may be more inclined to brood over theirs; the poor fools invested9 million to attract the meeting to their fine city. What stands out more? I would nominate the union of steel workers who were marching in pro

7、test. Its an image that will boggle the mind for years to come.The debate now is over just how effective this anti-globalist coalition will turn out to be. In the heat of the moment, it always looks as though the world as we know it is coming to an enD.But the overwhelming likelihood is that we have

8、 not actually seen a relay of the anti-Vietnam War movement, which had much clearer focus, obviously, though its consequences were far-reaching. How long, after all, can you protest against cheap imports when those same imports are all over you house?No, the real reason for the disaster in Seattle i

9、s political, and reports coming out of the meeting point to President Clinton as a major culprit. Which may be both good and baD.Taking the long view, other trade rounds have had difficult beginnings, too. It took years to get the Uruguay Round under way, which finally happened in 1986. Thankfully,

10、we will soon be electing another president, and it should be someone whose actions match his rhetoric.Still, it is a disgrace that the worlds greatest trading nation, i. e. the United States, is currently led by a man whose motivations are so narrowly political and egocentric that he has now wrecked

11、 any chance of entering the history books as a champion of free trade.1. According to the passage, the failure of the Seattle meeting is chiefly caused by_ .2. We can learn from the beginning of the passage that_ .3. One of the WTOs goals as mentioned in the passage is to_ .4. By saying that “Its an

12、 image that will boggle the mind for years to come.” (the last sentence in Paragraph 3) the author means that_.5. The author is obviously critical of President Clinton for_ .问题1选项A.anti-globalist and pro-globalist conflictsB.President Clintons wrong initiativesC.the strong protests from diverse grou

13、psD.the polices failure to maintain order问题2选项A.different forces contributed to the failure of the Millennium trade roundB.many people bragged of their presence at the Millennium trade roundC.there existed a range of violent debated as to the prospects of the WTOD.only a few members were proud of th

14、eir membership of the WTO问题3选项A.serve as arbiters in international trade disputesB.ensure cheap export and import of goods unnecessarilyC.bring about the globalization of worlds tradesD.encourage free trade and goods exchanges worldwide问题4选项A.the WTO is likely to have a negative image in peoples min

15、d in the futureB.the WTO will have trouble changing peoples way of thinking in the futureC.the startling scene will probably linger in peoples mind the years to comeD.people will lose whatever confidence they hold in the future of the WTO问题5选项A.his failing to match his words with his actionsB.his ha

16、ndling the matter in a wrong perspectiveC.his lacking historical knowledge about the WTOD.his overemphasizing the economic role of the WTO【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词“Seattle meeting”可以定位到文章第五段中“No, the real reason for the disaster in Seattle is political, and reports coming out o

17、f the meeting point to President Clinton as a major culprit.” 中文翻译为：不，西雅图灾难的真正原因是政治，会议的报告指出，总统克林顿是主要的罪魁祸首。可以得知B选项“克林顿总统的错误举措”正确。2.主旨大意题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段，中文翻译为：谁说胜利有许多父亲，失败是一个孤儿，肯定没有听说过世界贸易组织(WTO)。以不幸的多边贸易组织及其长期受苦受难的代表们为例，所谓的千年贸易回合(Millennium trade round)开幕式的彻底失败，让很多人吹嘘自己在这场激烈的斗争中扮演的角色。好，这就是灿烂的。他们为自己是一场

18、运动的一部分而感到自豪，这场运动希望摧毁我们所拥有的经济增长、繁荣和全球整体生活水平不断提高的最重要引擎贸易自由以及国与国之间人员和货物流动。A选项“不同的力量促成了千年贸易谈判的失败”符合题意。B选项“许多人吹嘘他们出席了千年贸易谈判” 不符合题意，故排除。C选项“关于世贸组织的前景存在着一系列激烈的争论”不符合题意，故排除。D选项 “只有几个成员国为他们是世贸组织的成员而感到自豪”不符合题意，文中很多人吹嘘自己在这场激烈的斗争中扮演的角色，故排除。3.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段“They are proud of being part of a movement that wa

19、nts to wreck the most important engine of economic growth, prosperity and overall global rising living standards we have the freedom of trade and movement of people and goods between nations.” 中文翻译为：他们为自己是一场运动的一部分而感到自豪，这场运动希望摧毁我们所拥有的经济增长、繁荣和全球整体生活水平不断提高的最重要引擎贸易自由以及国与国之间人员和货物流动。 D选项“鼓励世界范围内的自由贸易和商品交流

20、”符合题意，故选D。A选项“在国际贸易争端中担任仲裁者”不符合题意，故排除。B选项“确保不必要的廉价进出口”不符合题意，故排除。C选项 “带来世界贸易的全球化”不符合题意，故排除。4.作者意图题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句 “Its an image that will boggle the mind for years to come. ”中文翻译：这是一个在未来几年里会让人难以置信的画面。A选项“WTO在未来很可能在人们的脑海中有一个负面的形象”与题干句子意思相符，因此A选项正确。5.细节事实题。通读题干定位到文章第五段最后一句“Thankfully, we will soon b

21、e electing another president, and it should be someone whose actions match his rhetoric.”中文大意：值得庆幸的是，我们很快将选出另一位总统，而这位总统应该是言行一致的人。根据前文“No, the real reason for the disaster in Seattle is political, and reports coming out of the meeting point to President Clinton as a major culprit.”中文大意：不，西雅图灾难的真正原因是政

22、治，会议的报告指出，总统克林顿是主要的罪魁祸首。前文批判克林顿为 “罪魁祸首”，后文笔者说值得庆幸的是将选出另外一位言行一致的总统。A选项“他言行不一致”最符合题意，因此选A。3. 单选题A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the_ shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.问题1选项A.disclosedB.createdC.disguisedD.distinguished【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项disclosed

23、 “揭露的”；B选项 created “创造的”；C选项 disguised “伪装的”；D选项 distinguished “辨别的”。句意：一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了革命性的理论，即梦是人们潜意识中欲望和恐惧后的预示。A选项disclosed（揭露的）不符合题意，可排除。B选项created （创造的）不符合题意，可排除。C选项正确。4. 单选题It is Mr. York who bangs the drum in John Kirkpatricks apparently authentic, and certainly suitable band music.问题1选项A.genuin

24、eB.reliableC.honestD.automatic【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 genuine “真实的，真正的；诚恳的”；B选项 reliable “可靠的；可信赖的”；C选项 honest “诚实的，实在的；可靠的；坦率的”；D选项 automatic “自动的；无意识的；必然的”。句意：约克先生在约翰柯克帕特里克(John Kirkpatrick)的音乐中敲起了鼓，这显然是真实的，当然也是合适的乐队音乐。结合此处关键词 authentic “真正的，真实的；可信的”，得知A为正确答案。5. 单选题Sometimes it can be shown that th

25、e tissue not only looks homogeneous, but actually is so, because, if the tissue is cut in half, each half will regulate to give rise to the same pattern as would otherwise have been produced by the whole.问题1选项A.createB.occurC.emergeD.deteriorate【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 create “创造，创作；造成”；B选项 occur “发生；出

26、现；存在”；C选项 emerge “浮现；摆脱；暴露”；D选项 deteriorate “恶化，变坏”。句意：可以证明，组织不仅看起来是均匀的，而且实际上是均匀的，因为如果组织被切成两半，每一半将调节以产生与整体相同的图案。结合此处关键词 give rise to “造成；引起；导致”，得知A为正确答案。6. 单选题The president of the board always gives his directions so _ that everyone can understand them.问题1选项A.simplyB.explicitlyC.largelyD.shortly【答案】

27、A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项simply“简单地；朴素地；坦白地”；B选项 explicitly“明确地；明白地”；C选项 largely“主要地；大部分；大量地”；D选项 shortly“立刻；简短地；唐突地”。句意：总统总是使他的方向，让每个人都能理解他们。根据everyone can understand them.（每个人都能够理解他们），可推测，要使每个人都能理解他们，总统会让他的方向通俗易懂。结合句意，A选项正确。7. 单选题The shell-covered animals without backbones have a nasty tendency to devour

28、their neighbors.问题1选项A.developB.endeavorC.deludeD.consume【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 develop“开发；进步；使成长”；B选项 endeavor “努力；尽力”；C选项 delude“欺骗；哄骗；诱惑”；D选项consume“消耗，消费；着迷”。句意：这些没有脊骨、壳覆盖的动物有一种令人讨厌的倾向，它们会吃掉它们的邻居。根据此处关键词their neighbors（他们的邻居）可排除A选项及B选项，C选项delude（欺骗）主要侧重于虚伪的意见或信念欺骗，因此也可排除。结合语境，得知D选项正确。8. 翻译题中国园林是经

29、过三千多年演化而形成的独具一格的园林景观，是中国建筑不可分割的一部分。从建园者身份来看，中国园林主要分为两类：皇家园林和私家园林。皇家园林是为皇 室成员享乐而建造，大多数皇家园林在北方。私家园林主要由学者、商人和政府官员为摆脱 嘈杂的外部世界而建造，南方比较多见。典型的中国园林周围有围墙，院内有池塘、假山、 树木、花草以及各种各样由弯曲的小路和走廊衔接的建筑，构成了一种人与自然和谐相处的 微缩景观。【答案】Chinese garden is a unique landscape formed after more than three thousand years of evolution.

30、It is an inseparable part of Chinese architecture. From the identity of the gardeners, Chinese gardens are mainly divided into two categories: imperial gardens and private gardens. The imperial gardens were built for the pleasure of the members of the royal family, most of them in the north. Private

31、 gardens were built mainly by scholars, merchants and government officials to escape from the noisy outside world, especially in the South. Typical Chinese gardens are surrounded by walls, surrounded by ponds, rockery, trees, flowers and plants, as well as various buildings connected by winding path

32、s and corridors, which constitute a miniature landscape of harmony between man and nature.9. 单选题She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor.问题1选项A.operateB.contributeC.monitorD.send【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项operate“操作；经营；引起；行动”

33、；B选项 contribute “贡献，出力；投稿；捐献”；C选项 monitor “监控”；D选项send“发送，寄；派遣；使进入；发射”。句意：然后，她可以在电脑屏幕上操纵3d图像，绘制出最短、侵袭性最小的肿瘤手术路径。结合此处关键短语map the shortest, least invasive surgical path “绘制出最短、侵袭性最小的肿瘤手术路径”，得知A选项最符合句意。10. 单选题Three labour economists suggest that effort at work is correlated with race. After rejecting a

34、 number of 1 explanations for why this might be, they finally 2 the discrepancy to unexplained “cultural differences”. Acutely 3 of the sensitivity of these findings, they delayed publication until after the 4 election. The paper may yet be 5 on by those who are keen to root out “political correctne

35、ss” and are unhappy with current anti-discrimination laws. The studys method is straightforwarD.The data come from nearly 36,000 “daily diaries”, self-reporting on how Americans spent their working hours, 6 from 2003 to 2012. Relying on the 7 that workers are equally honest in admitting sloth, the a

36、uthors calculate the fraction of time spent not working while on the job-spent-relaxing or eating, say- and find that it varies by race to a small but 8 significant degree. The gap remains, albeit in weaker form, even with the addition of extensive controls for geography, 9 and union status, among o

37、thers. Non-white male workers spend an 10 1.1% of the day not working while on the job, or an extra five minutes per day.问题1选项A.excusableB.plausibleC.rationalD.accountable问题2选项A.subscribeB.conferC.dueD.attribute问题3选项A.awareB.consciousC.knowingD.ignorant问题4选项A.presidentB.presidencyC.presidentialD.pre

38、siding问题5选项A.attackedB.seizedC.criticizedD.pin-downed问题6选项A.respondedB.documentedC.gatheredD.collected问题7选项A.assumptionB.resumptionC.thesisD.hypothesis问题8选项A.datumB.statisticC.presumablyD.statistically问题9选项A.industryB.provinceC.facultyD.discrepancy问题10选项A.addingB.additionalC.deductionD.induction【答案】

39、第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B第6题:D第7题:A第8题:D第9题:A第10题:B【解析】1.考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 excusable“可原谅的；可辩解的；可免除的”；B选项 plausible“看似可信的；花言巧语的，巧言令色的”；C选项rational“合理的；理性的”；D选项accountable“有责任的；有解释义务的”。根据上下文，以及关键字explanations（解释），可推测经济学家拒绝了许多合理的解释，由此可推测C选项正确。2.考查动词词义辨析。A选项subscribe“签署；赞成；捐助”；B选项 confer “授予；给予”；C选项 due to“

40、由于；应归于”；D选项 attribute“归属；把归于”。根据上下文，以及关键字 discrepancy“矛盾”，可排除A、B选项，C选项due不能作为动词使用，也可排除。由此D选项正确。3.考查形容词词义辨析。A选项aware“意识到的；知道的”；B选项 conscious “意识到的；故意的；神志清醒的”；C选项knowing“明知的，故意的；认知的”；D选项ignorant“无知的；愚昧的”。根据关键字sensitivity（敏感性）判断出这几位科学家意识到这类发现有“敏感性”，以及后文they delayed publication（他们推迟出版）可排除C、D选项，B选项consci

41、ous（指内心的感觉，强调深刻的心理活动）因此也可排除，A选项aware（侧重感知，多与of连用），因此A选项正确。4.考查近义词词义辨析。A选项 president “总统；董事长；校长”；B选项 presidency “总统（或董事长、会长、大学校长等）的职位（任期）”；C选项 presidential“总统的；首长的；统辖”；D选项 presiding“主持；担任（会议）主席”。根据关键词theelection （选举）可排除D选项，B选项presidency（总统的职位）强调职位，也可排除，A选项president（总统）为名词，也可排除，中文翻译为：直到总统选举结束。判断出此处C选项

42、正确。5.考查名词词义辨析。A选项 attacked “攻击；侵害”；B选项seized“逮住；咬住”；C选项 criticized“批评”；D选项 pin-downed“发现，查明；确定；使受约束”。句意：这份报告可能会被那些热衷于根除“政治正确性”并对现行反歧视法不满的人所利用。判断出B选项正确。6.考查动词词义辨析。A选项 responded“回答，回报；反应”；B选项 documented “记录”；C选项 gathered“聚集”；D选项 collected“收藏；聚集；聚积”。句意：他的数据来自于2003年至2012年收集的近36000份“每日日记”，这些日记是关于美国人如何度过工

43、作时间的。根据关键词data（数据），A选项可排除。B选项，文中不是他本人所记录的，也可排除。C选项“gathered”，表示由少到多的收集，不符合题意，可排除。D选项“collect”表示有目的或有挑选的收集，可知D选项正确。7.考查名词词义辨析。A选项 assumption“假定；设想；担任”；B选项 resumption“恢复；重新开始；取回；重获”；C选项 thesis“论文；论点”；D选项 hypothesis“（凭空的）猜想”。根据下文workers are equally honest in admitting sloth（工人们同样坦诚地承认自己懒惰）可排除B、C选项。D选项h

44、ypothesis（凭空的）猜想也可排除，可知A选项正确。8.考查词义辨析。A选项 datum“数据，资料；基准点”；B选项statistic“统计资料；统计学”；C选项presumably“大概；推测起来；可假定”；D选项statistically“统计地；统计学上”。根据关键词significant（有意义的）可知前面应填副词，可排除A、B选项，C选项与文中significant不匹配，因此D选项正确。9.考查名词词义辨析。A选项 industry“产业；工业；勤勉”；B选项province“省；领域；职权”；C选项faculty“科，系；能力”；D选项discrepancy“不符；矛盾；

45、相差”。根据关键词geography（地理）以及union status（工会地位）可推测，中间应填一个与其意思相近的名词，根据上下文，可知A选项正确。10.考查词义辨析。A选项 adding“增加”；B选项 additional“附加的，额外的”；C选项 deduction“扣除，减除；推论”；D选项induction“感应；归纳法；感应现象”。根据关键词“an”可排除C选项，根据1.1%可知应填形容词进行修饰，因此可排除A、D选项。可知B选项正确。11. 单选题There are many ways to recycle used materials, for example, _ rub

46、ber from old tires.问题1选项A.detectingB.declaringC.reclaimingD.requiring【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 detect “察觉；发现；探测”；B选项 declare “宣布，声明；断言，宣称”；C选项 reclaim “开拓；回收再利用；改造某人，使某人悔改；抗议，喊叫”；D选项 require “需要；要求；命令”。句意：有很多方法回收使用过的材料，例如，从旧轮胎中回收橡胶。结合此处语境，C选项正确。12. 翻译题将模糊性(fuzzy,adj)和定性评价合理地转化为定量评价，进而选择最优设计解，是产品设计的关键。论文

47、运用模糊综合评判与比较的方法，以 Microsoft Visual Basic 5.0 为软件平台，建立了计算机辅助的设计方案择优系统。提供了对产品设计方案定量评价和择优、将结果存档、调用和打印等功能。【答案】It is a very important procedure of product design to transform rationally fuzzy and qualitative evaluation into quantitative evaluation for optimum solution. This paper introduces a computer-aid

48、ed selection system for optimum solution to produce design. The system is established on the platform of Microsoft Visual Basic 5.0 with the method of fuzzy comprehensive judgments and comparison. It has the functions of quantitative evaluation, selection of the optimum design solution, filling, con

49、sulting and printing of the optimized results.13. 单选题It was already known that at least some genetic abnormalities are caused by the absence of specific proteins.问题1选项A.irregularitiesB.similaritiesC.activitiesD.qualities【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项 irregularity “不规则；无规律；不整齐”；B选项 similarity “类似；相似点”；C选项 act

50、ivity “活动；活动区；活动性”；D选项 quality “质量，统计 品质；特性；才能”。句意：人们已经知道，至少有些基因异常是由缺乏特定蛋白质引起的。结合此处关键词 abnormalities “异常；畸形”，得知A为正确答案。14. 单选题He tops among the best car racing of the past fifty years.问题1选项A.projectsB.showsC.displaysD.rates【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项projects“计划；设计”；B选项 shows“展示，表演”；C选项 displays“显示”；D选项 rat

51、es“比率；等级”。句意：他在过去五十年最好的赛车比赛中名列前茅。结合此处关键短语the best car racing（最好的赛车比赛），B，C选项意思相近可以排除，A选项projects（设计）也可排除，D选项 rates（等级）最符合词义。15. 单选题He quickly movedaside behind the trees to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.问题1选项A.duckedB.evadedC.escapedD.dodged【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项ducked“躲避”，强调快

52、速闪躲，后面一般接宾语；B选项evaded“逃避；规避；逃脱”；C选项escaped“逃离，逃脱；避开；泄出”；D选项 dodged“搪塞”，表示躲避时，目的是免受伤害，可作及物动词，也可以加副词或介词。句意：他迅速躲到树后，以免被朝他这个方向扔来的石头弄伤。结合此处关键词 behind（到后面），得知D选项正确。16. 翻译题China Dream is the guiding ideology put forward by President Xi Jinping. He believes that it is the greatest dream of the Chinese natio

53、n in modern times, and states that the dream can definitely be realizeD.The core objective of China Dream is to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. To be more specific, that is to realize national prosperity and rejuvenation, as well as the well-being of people. And its fundamental

54、 requirement is to build a well-off society in an all-round way. Only when the country is developed comprehensively and scientifically, can individuals realize their dreams. Similarly, only when everyone is full of passion, can China Dream be beautiful.【答案】中国梦，是习近平主席提出的指导思想。他认为，这是近代以来中华民族最伟大的梦想，这个梦想

55、一定能够实现。中国梦的核心目标是实现中华民族伟大复兴。具体来说，就是要实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。其根本要求是全面建设小康社会。只有国家全面科学发展，个人才能实现自己的梦想。同样，只有每个人都充满激情，中国梦才会美丽。17. 单选题Mr. Obama is the first president since Richard M. Nixon to be _ and elected while living in a city neighborhood.问题1选项A.appointedB.nominatedC.representedD.positioned【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析

56、。A选项 appointed“任命；约定；命令；受权处置的”；B选项 nominated“提名为候选人；任命的”；C选项 represented“代表；表现；描写”；D选项 positioned “放置；确定的位置”。句意：奥巴马是自理查德M尼克松（Richard M. Nixon）以来，第一位居住在城市社区并被提名和选举的总统。根据句意，C项以及D项都可排除，A项appointed的意思是“任命；委任”，指不经过选择的官方委任，也可排除。B选项nominated通常指为某一公职的候选人，因此B选项正确。18. 单选题When I am on vacation, I like to explo

57、re new cities by walking randomly through the downtown streets.问题1选项A.lazilyB.reflectivelyC.aimlesslyD.deliberately【答案】C【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项 lazily “懒洋洋地；怠惰地，懒散地”；B选项 reflectively “反映地；反照地”；C选项 aimlessly “漫无目的地，无目标地”；D选项 deliberately “故意地；缓慢而谨慎地”。句意：度假时，我喜欢在市中心的街道上随意走动，探索新的城市。结合此处关键词 randomly “随便地，任意地；无

58、目的地，胡乱地；未加计划地”，得知C为正确答案。19. 单选题Already in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there had been a powerful alignment between rural cultural ethics and church teaching.问题1选项A.allianceB.agreementC.conflictD.contradiction【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项 alliance “联盟，联合；联姻”；B选项 agreement “协议；同意，一致”；C选项 conflict

59、“冲突，矛盾；斗争；争执”；D选项 contradiction “矛盾；否认；反驳”。句意：早在18和19世纪，乡村文化伦理和教会教义之间就已经有了强有力的结合。结合此处关键词 alignment “结盟”，得知A为正确答案。20. 单选题Tesco is preparing a legal battle to clear its name of involvement in the dairy price-fixing scandal that has cost consumers 270 million. Failure to prove that it had no part in co

60、llusion with other supermarkets and dairy processors may land it with a fine of at least 80 million. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) said yesterday that Asda, Sainsburys and the former Safeway, plus the dairy companies Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company, had admitted being in a cartel to fix p

61、rices for milk, butter and cheese. They were fined a total of just over 116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behavior.Officials at the OFT admitted privately that they did not think they would ever discover which compan

62、y or individual had initiated the pricing formulA.But the watchdog recognizes that at the time supermarkets were under pressure from politicians and farmers to raise the cost of milk to save dairy farming, though it is not certain that money found its way to farmers. The OFT claimed in September that it had found evidence that the retail chains had passed future milk prices to dairy companies, which then reached a fixed price among themselves.The average cost to each household is thought to be 11.25 over