2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第22期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题If we all end up trying to be savers, the global economy will tilt more heavily towards protectionism and recession.问题1选项A.favorB.proceedC.leanD.extend【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. favor 优惠，特别照顾，偏袒 B. proceed 继续做（或从事、进行）C. lean 倾斜 D. extend 使伸长；扩大【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】til

2、t的意思为“使向倾斜，偏向”，指的是保护主义和经济衰退会变得更加严重的倾向，lean与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】如果我们最终都试图成为储蓄者，全球经济将更严重地偏向保护主义和衰退。2. 单选题The many rivers of Chile are relatively short, generally rising in the Andes and flowing west to the Pacific. In the northern and central regions the rivers are fed primarily by

3、the perpetual snow cover of the Andes.问题1选项A.everlastingB.expansiveC.outwardD.movable【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. everlasting 永久的，永恒的，经久不变的 B. expansive 广阔的，辽阔的C. outward 表面的，外表的 D. movable 可移动的，活动的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】perpetual的意思为“持续的，长久的”，用来形容snow，指的是安第斯山脉的永久性积雪，everlasting与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之

4、不符。【句意】智利的许多河流相对较短，大多发源于安第斯山脉，向西流向太平洋。在北部和中部地区，河流的主要水源是安第斯山脉的永久性积雪。3. 填空题Those Asian Americans whose families have been living in the United States for several generations resent to be singled out and stereotyped as part of a supermajority. They feel that their achievements are only comparable to wh

5、at other A B C Dimmigrant groups have done in the past.【答案】B to be singled out改为being singled out【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】根据短语resent doing sth.确定此处应为being singled out。【句意】那些已经在美国生活了好几代的亚裔美国人愤恨被孤立出来，并被定义为绝大多数的一部分。他们觉得自己的成就只能与其他移民群体过去的成就相媲美。4. 单选题The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of

6、 management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experience in the organization.Consider th

7、e novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T. Coca-Cola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what hes seen at

8、 big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases,

9、 it wont secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales (障眼物) have dropp

10、ed from their eyes. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,” says Kaleel Jamison, a New York-based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. “They think that if you work hard, youll get aheadthat someone in authority will reach down and give you a prom

11、otion.” She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down their visibility.” Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.1. Accord

12、ing to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Para. 1) probably refers to “_”.2. To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to _.3. The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they _.4. The best title for t

13、his passage would be _.问题1选项A.criticisms that shape everyones experienceB.the opinions which contradict the established beliefsC.the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD.the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization问题2选项A.perfor

14、m well your tasks given by your superiorsB.project a favorable image to the people around youC.work as a consultant to your superiorsD.let your superiors know how good you are问题3选项A.know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB.want to give people the impression that they

15、 work under false beliefsC.dont want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorD.believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color问题4选项A.Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementB.The Importance of Being VisibleC.Job Performance and AdvancementD.Sex and Career Succes

16、s【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】第1题:【选项释义】According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Para. 1) probably refers to “_”. 根据文章，“以前认为最好不要说的事情”（第一段）可能指的是“_”。A. criticisms that shape everyones experience A. 形成每个人的经验的批判B. the opinions which contradict the established beliefs B.

17、与既定信念相矛盾的观点C. the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eye C. 有助于新人用新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向D. the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization D. 在组织中通常会产生新型管理方式的想法【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词judged to be best left unsaid定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“她们似乎就越想谈

18、论以前认为最好不要说的事情（things formerly judged to be best left unsaid）”，结合该段第二句“新人倾向于用全新的眼光（fresh eye）来看待公司的事务，在这过程中，有时会对形成组织中每个人经验的力量进行批判性分析（critical analyses）。”，可知这里不能说的是和新观点相反的，并且之前在大环境中普遍赞同的观点，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“形成每个人的经验的批判”：对应第一段第二句，该处讲到“有时会对形成组织中每个人经验的力量（forces that shape everyones experience）进行批判性分析（cr

19、itical analyses）”，这里指的不是批判塑造经验，而是批判形成经验的力量，属于偷换概念；C选项“有助于新人用新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向”：对应第一段第二句，该处讲到“新人倾向于用全新的眼光来看待公司的事务（tend to see office matters with a fresh eye）”，这里描述的是这件事本身，而不是说要推动这件事，属于偷换概念；D选项“在组织中通常会产生新型管理方式的想法”：文中没有提到这些会产生新的管理方式，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】To achieve success in your career, the most important fa

20、ctor, according to the passage, is to _. 根据这篇文章，想要在你的职业生涯中取得成功，最重要的因素是_。A. perform well your tasks given by your superiors A. 出色完成上级交代的任务B. project a favorable image to the people around you B. 在周围人面前树立良好形象C. work as a consultant to your superiors C. 做你上司的顾问D. let your superiors know how good you ar

21、e D. 让你上司知道你有多优秀【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词the most important factor定位到第二段第一句，该处讲到“长期职业成功的不同要素（different elements）如下：业绩仅占10%，形象占30%，而曝光率高达60%（exposure, a full 60%）。”，结合该段第六句“晋升往往取决于（advancement more often depends on）有多少人了解（how many people know）你和你的工作，以及他们的职位高低”，可知在事业成功上，让上司知道自己的优秀最重要，因此D选项正确。【干扰项

22、排除】A选项“出色完成上级交代的任务”：对应第二段第一句“业绩仅占10%（performance counts a mere 10%）”，可知这不是最重要的因素，属于反向干扰；B选项“在周围人面前树立良好形象”：对应第二段第一句“形象占30%（image, 30%）”，可知这不是最重要的因素，属于反向干扰；C选项“做你上司的顾问”：对应第三段第三句“帮助企业处理这些问题的管理顾问（management consultant）卡列尔贾米森”，这里只是提到此人及其职业，和取得职业生涯的成功无关，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】The reason why women and blacks pla

23、y down their visibility is that they _. 女性和黑人减少自己曝光率的原因是他们_。A. know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotion A. 知道权威人士会向下视察，给他们升职B. want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefs B. 想给人一种他们抱着错误信念工作的印象C. dont want people to think that their promotions

24、 were due to sex or color C. 不希望人们认为他们晋升是由于性别或肤色D. believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color D. 认为他们能因性别或肤色而晋升【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词play down their visibility定位到第三段第五句，该处讲到“大多数女性和黑人害怕人们认为（so frightened that people will think）他们是因为性别或肤色而晋升，因此他们减少了自己的曝光率（that they play down

25、 their visibility）。”，可知其原因是不希望别人认为他们只因为性别或肤色而晋升，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“知道会有上级向下视察，给他们升职”：对应第三段第四句，该处讲到“他们认为（They think）权威人士会向下视察，给你升职（someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion）。”，这是在解释前一句提到的错误信念，而非减少曝光率的主要原因，属于张冠李戴；B选项“想给人一种他们在错误信念下工作的印象”：对应第三段第三句，该处讲到“列尔贾米森说（says Kaleel Jamison），女性和

26、黑人抱着错误的信念工作。”，这句话是别人对他们的评价，而非他们自己想要这样做，属于偷换概念；D选项“认为他们能因性别或肤色而晋升”：他们不希望别人认为自己因性别或肤色而晋升，自己也不认为这样的事情会发生，属于反向干扰。第4题:【选项释义】The best title for this passage would be _. 这篇文章最好的标题是_。A. Role of Women and Minorities in Management A. 女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用B. The Importance of Being Visible B. 被看见的重要性C. Job Performanc

27、e and Advancement C. 工作表现与晋升D. Sex and Career Success D. 性别与事业成功【答案】B【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出女性、少数族裔（women and minorities）和新人对于公司原有观点的冲击（talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid）；第二段点出自己和自己工作被上级看到（exposure, a full 60%）是在职场中成功最重要的因素；第三段建议女性和黑人让自己成为焦点（find their way into the spotlight）。综

28、上所述，这篇文章层层递进，最终要表达的是在职场中，成为焦点、被看到很重要，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用”：文中没有提到女性和少数族裔在管理中如何发挥作用，属于无中生有；C选项“工作表现与晋升”和D选项“性别与事业成功”：只是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全。5. 单选题Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?问题1选项A.senselessB.unimportantC.indifferentD

29、.uninteresting【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. senseless 无意义的，无目的的 B. unimportant 不重要的C. indifferent 漠不关心，不感兴趣 D. uninteresting 不吸引人的，无趣的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】of no account的意思为“不重要的”，这里在问在美国，知识分子是否被认为无足轻重，unimportant与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】美国知识分子在他所处的社会中被排斥，被认为无足轻重，这是真的吗？6. 单选题For perplexed policym

30、akers in Washington, they meant scrambling from one policy to another in an effort to respond to a highly confusing economic situation.问题1选项A.disturbedB.puzzledC.irritatedD.enchanted【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. disturbed 有精神病的，心理不正常的 B. puzzled 困惑的，迷惑不解的C. irritated 烦恼的，恼怒的 D. enchanted 中魔法的，着了魔的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨

31、析。【解题思路】perplexed的意思为“困惑的，迷惑不解的”，修饰policymakers，指的是这些制定政策的人很困惑，自己也没搞清楚状况，puzzled与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】对于华盛顿困惑的决策者来说，这意味着匆忙地从一项政策转向另一项政策，以应对高度混乱的经济形势。7. 单选题Many had become so caught up in their own lives that they had let golden friendships _ by over the years.问题1选项A.slipB.stickC.sh

32、iftD.skip【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. slip 悄悄疾行，溜 B. stick 粘贴，粘住C. shift 快速移动；转移，挪动 D. skip 蹦蹦跳跳地走【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】golden friendships和横线处构成主谓搭配关系，这里指的是美好的友谊因为无暇顾及而_，slip符合语境，指的是友谊在不知不觉间消失，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语境。【句意】许多人一心扑在自己的生活上，以至于美好的友谊随着时间的流逝而溜走。8. 翻译题Most people would agree that, although our age e

33、xceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define “wisdom” and consider means of promoting it.There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of them I should put first a sense of proportion: the capac

34、ity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach each its due weigh. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of techniques. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in researc

35、h in scientific medicine. The work is likely to absorb the whole of your mind. You have no time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed in enormously lowering the infant death-rate in the world. This has the entirely unintended

36、result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the parts of the world that have the greatest populations. To take an even more dramatic example, you study the makeup of the atom from a disinterested (无利害关系的) desire for knowledge, and by chance place in the hands of

37、a powerful mad man the means of destroying the human race.Therefore, with every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments our capacity for realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise.【答案】【参考译文

38、】大多数人会认同，虽然我们现在的时代在知识方面超过了以前的任何一个时代，但在智慧方面并没有相应的增长。但是，一旦我们试图给智慧下定义并想办法提升智慧，达成一致的意见就不复存在。有几个因素有助于增长智慧。其中，我首先要讲的是一种比例感，即在一个问题中考虑到所有重要因素，并给予每个因素应有的份量的能力。这比过去更加困难，因为各种技术需要更加广泛和复杂的专业知识。例如，假设你正在参与医学科学的研究，这工作很可能需要你全身心投入，你没有时间考虑你的发现或发明在医学领域之外可能产生的影响。你大幅度地降低了世界上婴儿的死亡率，这也造成了完全意想不到的结果：世界上人口最多的地区粮食供应不足，生活水平降低。再

39、举一个更生动的例子，你研究原子的组成是出于对知识的渴望，无关利害，却无意中让势力强大、又丧心病狂的人掌握了毁灭人类的方法。因此，随着知识和技能的每一次增长，智慧就变得越发必要，因为知识和技能的每一次增长都会提高我们实现目标的能力。因此，如果我们动机不纯，也会提高我们作恶的能力。9. 单选题Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily

40、increasing consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only ef

41、fective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of a massive shift away from the private automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas is ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternati

42、ves are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules bum more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molec

43、ules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photo chemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternati

44、ve fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanksa serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiencyand liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantage

45、s over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have a higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost o

46、f which is one of its attractive features. Methanols most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that from ozone, the most serious urban pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use

47、of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal,

48、the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less-fuel. Vehiclesincorporating only the simplest of the engine improvem

49、ents that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _.2. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because _.3. The

50、 author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methanol?4. It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticism of methanol in the last paragraph as _.问题1选项A.reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problemB.identifying

51、the strengths of possible solutions to a problemC.discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to itD.outlining a plan of action to solve a problem and discussing the obstacles blocking that plan问题2选项A.combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactionsB.the combustion of g

52、asoline releases photo chemically active hydrocarbonsC.gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structureD.gasoline is composed of small molecules问题3选项A.It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.B.it has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.C.Its use would make design improve

53、ments in individual vehicles feasible.D.Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.问题4选项A.flawed because of the assumptions on which it is basedB.inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics argumentsC.misguided because of its exclusively technological focusD.inaccurate because it ig

54、nores consumers concerns【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _. 本文作者主要关注的是_。A. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem A. 调和关于问题本质的矛盾观点B. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem B. 确定问题解决方案的优点C

55、. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it C. 讨论某个问题并提出解决方案D. outlining a plan of action to solve a problem and discussing the obstacles blocking that plan D. 列出解决问题的行动计划，并讨论阻碍该计划的障碍【答案】B【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出人们日益认识到减轻汽车对环境的污染（reductions in vehicle emissions），唯一有效的方法是把传统燃料换成清洁

56、燃料（replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels）；第二段总体对比了传统燃料和清洁燃料的优缺点；第三段讲了甲醇和乙醇的优势（Ethanol and methanol.have important advantages）；第四段通过反驳甲醛批评者，来说明甲醛的优点。综上所述，作者提出了使用清洁能源来解决车辆对环境的污染问题，并且通过各个角度阐述其优点，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“调和关于问题本质的矛盾观点”：文中没有提到问题本质的矛盾观点，属于无中生有；C选项“讨论某个问题并提出解决方

57、案”：这是第一段的内容，后文是在讲述解决方案的优点，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全；D选项“列出解决问题的行动计划，并讨论阻碍该计划的障碍”：文中没有列出一步一步的行动计划，以及该计划的阻碍，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because _. 根据文章，与替代燃料相比，汽油更容易不完全燃烧，原因是_。A. combustion of gasoline involv

58、es an intricate series of reactions A. 油的燃烧涉及一系列复杂的反应B. the combustion of gasoline releases photo chemically active hydrocarbons B. 油燃烧释放出光化学活性碳氢化合物C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure C. 油分子的分子结构简单D. gasoline is composed of small molecules D. 油由小分子组成【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词

59、incomplete combustion定位到第二段第三、四句，该处讲到“有多个碳碳双键的大分子燃烧涉及更复杂的一系列反应（complex series of reactions）。这些反应增加了不完全燃烧的可能性（These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion）。”，可知汽油不容易完全燃烧的原因是涉及一系列复杂的反应，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“油燃烧释放出光化学活性碳氢化合物”：对应第二段第四句“这些反应增加了不完全燃烧的可能性，并且更有可能（and are more likely）将未燃烧的和

60、光化学活性碳氢化合物释放到大气中。”，本选项说的是汽油不完全燃烧导致的后果，而不是原因，属于本末倒置；C选项“油分子的分子结构简单”：对应第二段第一句“所有这些替代品都是碳基燃料（carbon-based fuels），它们的分子比汽油的更小、更简单（simpler than those of gasoline）。”，可知分子结构简单的是汽油替代燃料，而不是汽油，属于张冠李戴；D选项“油由小分子组成”：对应第二段第一句“所有这些替代品都是碳基燃料（carbon-based fuels），它们的分子比汽油的更小、更简单（smaller and simpler than those of gaso

61、line）。”，可知分子小的是汽油替代燃料，而不是汽油，属于张冠李戴。第3题:【选项释义】The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methanol? 作者描述以下哪项是甲醇最吸引人的特性？A. It is substantially less expensive than ethanol. A. 比乙醇便宜得多。B. it has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels. B. 比其他替代燃料能量含量更高。C. It

62、s use would make design improvements in individual vehicles feasible. C. 其使用将使改进个别车辆设计成为可能。D. Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels. D. 其使用将大大降低臭氧水平。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词most appealing feature定位到第三段最后一句，该处讲到“甲醇最吸引人的特点（Methanols most attractive feature）是，它可以减少约90%的车辆臭氧排放（reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that from ozone）。”，可知甲醇最吸引人的是可以降低臭氧排放，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除