2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第106期

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1、2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetations, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits c

2、ontinuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelleda far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the healt

3、h aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in

4、nature. As the Earth developed, the concentrations of these pollutants were altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycle. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil on a global basis, natures

5、output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities. However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city.In this localized regions, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycle. The result is an incr

6、eased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact

7、 the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon mono

8、xide, however, has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_.3. Natural pollutants can play an important role in controlling air pollution for which of th

9、e following reasons?4. According to the passage, the numerical value of the concentration level of a substance is only useful if_.5. Which of the following is best supported by the passage?问题1选项A.The economic impact of air pollution.B.What constitutes an air pollutant.C.How much harm air pollutants

10、can cause.D.The effects of compounds added to the atmosphere.问题2选项A.water vapor is an air pollutant in localized areasB.most air pollutants today can be seen or smelledC.the definition of air pollution will continue to changeD.a substance becomes an air pollutant only in cities问题3选项A.They function a

11、s part of a purification process.B.They occur in greater quantities than other pollutants.C.They are less harmful to living beings than are other pollutants.D.They have existed since the Earth developed.问题4选项A.the other substances in the area are knownB.it is in a localized areaC.the naturally occur

12、ring level is also knownD.it can be calculated quickly问题5选项A.To effectively control pollution local governments should regularly review their air pollution laws.B.One of the most important steps in preserving natural lands is to better enforce air pollution laws.C.Scientists should be consulted in o

13、rder to establish uniform limits for all air pollutants.D.Human activities have been effective in reducing air pollution.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.【选项释义】1. What does the passage mainly discuss? 1.文章内容主要是什么？A. The economic impact of air pollution. A. 空气污染对经济的影响。B. What constitutes an air pol

14、lutant. B. 什么构成了空气污染物。C. How much harm air pollutants can cause. C. 空气污染物能造成多大的影响。D. The effects of compounds added to the atmosphere. D. 添加到大气中的化合物的影响。【考查点】主旨大意题【解题思路】第一步，定位首尾两段核心句，首段的中心句是第一段第二句话“空气污染需要一个非常灵活的定义（definition），允许不断变化。”最后一段的中心句是第三段第四句“一种物质作为污染物的实际浓度不需要很大；事实上，如果我们不知道这个数值相对于该地区自然发生的浓度增加了

15、多少，它就告诉不了我们什么。”由此可知文章是在讨论空气污染物的定义是什么，作者认为空气污染物没有具体的定义，应该随着实际情况来定义，所以答案应该选B选项“什么构成了空气污染物”。【干扰项排除】A选项“空气污染对经济的影响”，文中没有提及经济问题，属于无中生有；C选项“空气污染物能造成多大的影响”，文中没有提空气污染物的具体影响，只是讲到空气污染物这个词怎么定义，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“添加到大气中的化合物的影响”，这个只是在第二段有提及，属于以偏概全。2. 【选项释义】2. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_. 2. 从第一段可

16、以推断出_。A. water vapor is an air pollutant in localized areas A. 水汽在局部地区是一种空气污染物B. most air pollutants today can be seen or smelled B. 现在大多数的空气污染物都可以看见或闻到C. the definition of air pollution will continue to change C. 空气污染的定义将继续改变D. a substance becomes an air pollutant only in cities D. 一种物质只有在城市里才会成为空气

17、污染物【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第一段第二句，“空气污染需要一个非常灵活的定义，允许不断变化”。第二步寻找上下文线索，定位到文章第一段倒数第二句话“随着技术的发展和对各种化学品健康方面的知识的增加，空气污染物的清单也加长了”，综上可以推测出，污染的定义会随着各方面的知识增加而有所改变，所以C选项“空气污染的定义将继续改变”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“水汽在局部地区是一种空气污染物”，定位到第一段第五句“将来，在某些条件下，甚至水蒸气也可能（might be）被认为是空气污染物。”，这里只是作者的一种假设，是否成真还有待考察，这里属于偷换概念；B选项“现在大多数

18、的空气污染物都可以看见或闻到”，定位到文章第一段第三句，“14世纪（in the fourteenth century），当第一部空气污染法在英格兰建立时，空气污染物仅限于可以看到或闻到的化合物这与今天已知的广泛的有害物质清单相去太远了”这是14世纪英国一项法律，现在法律已经改了，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“一种物质只有在城市里才会成为空气污染物”，定位到第二段最后一句“然而，人类生产通常发生在局部地区，如城市”，这里说的是污染物通常是人类生产活动产生，而人类生产活动通常出现在城市，不是说出现在城市的才是污染物，这里属于偷换概念。3. 【选项释义】3. Natural pollutants ca

19、n play an important role in controlling air pollution for which of the following reasons? 3. 自然污染物可以在控制空气污染中发挥重要作用，是以下哪个原因?A. They function as part of a purification process. A. 它们是净化过程的一部分。B. They occur in greater quantities than other pollutants. B. 它们比其他污染物的数量更多。C. They are less harmful to living

20、 beings than are other pollutants. C. 与其他污染物相比，它们对生物的危害更小。D. They have existed since the Earth developed. D. 自从地球发展以来它们就存在了。【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第二三句“随着地球的发展，各种化学反应改变了这些污染物的浓度；它们成为生物地球化学循环的组成部分。这些化合物可以作为一种空气净化方案（an air purification scheme），通过让化合物在全球范围内从空气中移动到水或土壤中，使自然界产生的这些化合物抵消人类活动产生的化合物”

21、，第二步，综合理解，从这里可知是因为自然界产生的污染物是净化污染的一部分，而这些污染物产生化学反应后抵消人类产生的污染，所以才会对控制污染起作用，所以答案选A选项“它们是净化过程的一部分”。【干扰项排除】B选项“它们比其他污染物的数量更多”，文章没有提出这种污染物与其他污染物的比较，所以这里属于无中生有；C选项“与其他污染物相比，它们对生物的危害更小”，文章没有提出这种污染物与其他污染物的比较，所以这里属于无中生有；D选项“自从地球发展以来它们就存在了”，见正确选项解析，这里只是陈述一个事实，不是污染物能够控制污染的原因，这里属于偷换概念。4. 【选项释义】4. According to th

22、e passage, the numerical value of the concentration level of a substance is only useful if_. 4. 根据文章，物质浓度水平的数值只有在_时才有用。A. the other substances in the area are known A. 该地区的其他物质是已知的B. it is in a localized area B. 它是在一个局部区域C. the naturally occurring level is also known C. 知道自然状态下的水平D. it can be calcul

23、ated quickly D. 可以很快计算出来【考查点】判断推理题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句内信息，第三段第四句“一种物质作为污染物的实际浓度不需要很大；事实上，如果我们不知道这个数值相对于该地区自然发生的浓度增加了多少，它就告诉不了我们什么。”由此可知，只有我们知道和自然状态下相比，某种物质增加了多少才能够去定义它是否为污染物，这里一个重要的数据就是自然状态下的数值，所以答案选C“知道自然状态下的水平”。【干扰项排除】A选项“该地区的其他物质是已知的”，见正确选项解析，是知道与自然状态相比增加的数值才会有用，不是去和其他物质作对比才有用，这里属于张冠李戴；B选项“它是在一个局部区域”，文章

24、没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“可以很快计算出来”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。5. 【选项释义】5. Which of the following is best supported by the passage? 5. 文章最支持下面哪一项?A. To effectively control pollution local governments should regularly review their air pollution laws. A. 为了有效控制污染，地方政府应该定期审查他们的空气污染法律。B. One of the most important steps in pre

25、serving natural lands is to better enforce air pollution laws. B. 保护自然土地最重要的步骤之一是更好地执行空气污染法律。C. Scientists should be consulted in order to establish uniform limits for all air pollutants.C. 为了建立所有空气污染物的统一限值，应该征求科学家的意见。D. Human activities have been effective in reducing air pollution. D. 人类活动已经有效地减少了

26、空气污染。【考查点】判断推理题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第二段第二三句“随着地球的发展，各种化学反应改变了这些污染物的浓度；它们成为生物地球化学循环的组成部分。这些化合物可以作为一种空气净化方案（an air purification scheme），通过让化合物在全球范围内从空气中移动到水或土壤中，使自然界产生的这些化合物抵消人类活动产生的化合物”，由此可以推断因为人类的某些活动，抵消了自然界产生的化合物（也就是污染），所以答案选D选项“人类活动已经有效地减少了空气污染”。【干扰项排除】A选项“为了有效控制污染，地方政府应该定期审查他们的空气污染法律”，文章没有提及，属于无中生

27、有；B选项“保护自然土地最重要的步骤之一是更好地执行空气污染法律”，文章主要是讲的空气污染物的定义，没有保护自然土地的问题，这里属于无中生有；C选项“为了建立所有空气污染物的统一限值，应该征求科学家的意见”，定位到第一段第二句，“空气污染需要一个非常灵活的定义，允许不断变化”，由此可知作者是不建议制定一个统一标准的，这里属于反向干扰。2. 单选题Fishing adds only about 1 percent to the global economy, but on a regional basis it can contribute enormously to human surviva

28、l. Marine fisheries contribute more to the worlds supply of protein than beef, poultry or any other animal source.Fishing typically does not require land ownership, and because it remains, in general open to all, it is often the employer of last resort in the developing world an occupation when ther

29、e are no other options. Worldwide, about 200 million people depend on fishing for their livelihoods. Within Southeast Asia alone, more than five million people fish full-time. In northern Chile 40 percent of the population lives off the ocean. In Newfoundland most employment came from fishing or ser

30、vicing that industry until the collapse of the cod fisheries in the early 1990s left tens of thousands of people out of work.Although debates over the conservation of natural resources are often cast as a conflict between jobs and the environment, the restoration of fish populations would in fact bo

31、ost employment. Michael P. Sissenwine and Andrew A. Rosenberg of the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service have estimated that if depleted species were allowed to rebuild to their long-term potential, their sustainable use would add about $8 billion to the U.S. gross national product and provide so

32、me 300,000 jobs. If fish populations were restored and properly managed, about 20 million metric tons could be added to the worlds annual catch. But restoration of ecological balance, fiscal profitability and economic security will require a substantial reduction in the capacity of the commercial fi

33、shing industry so that wild populations can recover.The necessary reduction in fishing power need not come at the expense of jobs. Government could increase employment and reduce the pressure on fish populations by directing subsidies away from highly mechanized ships. For each $1 million of investm

34、ent, industrial-scale fishing operations require only one to five people, whereas small-scale fisheries would employ between 60 to 3,000. Industrial fishing itself threatens tens of millions of fishermen working on a small scale by depleting the fish on which they depend for subsistence.1.The animal

35、 source which supplies the most protein for human being is .2. Paragraph 2 implies that .3. In the conflict between jobs and the environment, the author takes sides with those who are in favor of .4. The balance between jobs and the employment can be kept if .5. The passage suggests that making less

36、 use of modern technology may .问题1选项A.beefB.fishC.porkD.chicken问题2选项A.most of mens employment is from fishingB.man can always turn to fishing for employmentC.forty percent of Chileans live on fishing boats or shipsD.fishing has been the biggest industry in Newfoundland问题3选项A.increasing the annual ca

37、tchB.creating more jobsC.getting greater fiscal profitabilityD.conserving natural resources问题4选项A.fishing capacity is further increasedB.fishing jobs are further increasedC.fewer well-equipped fishing ships are usedD.fewer species are allowed to rebuild问题5选项A.reduce pressure on fish populationsB.thr

38、eaten the worlds annual catchC.increase governments investmentD.cost tens of thousands of fishermens jobs【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第二句话Marine fisheries contribute more to the worlds supply of protein than beef, poultry or any other animal source.“海洋渔业对世界蛋白质

39、供应的贡献超过牛肉、家禽或任何其他动物来源。”第二步，综合理解，这里讲的是鱼类贡献的蛋白质比其他动物来源更多所以这里答案选B选项“鱼肉”，A、C、D选项都是其他动物来源，所以不选，这里属于反向干扰。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到文章第二段第一句的最后一个分句.it is often the employer of last resort in the developing world an occupation when there are no other options.“在发展中国家，这往往是最后的谋生手段当没有其他选择的时候时的一种职业”，当人们

40、没有选择的时候可以选择这种职业，也就是人们总能通过渔业求生，所以答案选B选项“人们总是可以通过捕鱼来寻找工作”。A选项“大多数人的职业是捕鱼”，定位到第二段第二句Worldwide, about 200 million people depend on fishing for their livelihoods.“全世界约有2亿人以捕鱼为生”。全球人口约60亿，而渔业占2亿，所以不能说大部分人靠渔业为生，这里属于偷换概念；C选项“40%的智利人生活在渔船或船只上”，第一步精准定位，定位到第二段倒数第二句话In northern Chile 40 percent of the populatio

41、n lives off the ocean“在智利北部，40%的人口靠海洋为生”。第二步，综合理解，该句只是说智利40%的人口靠海生活，并不是说40%的人口住在船上，这里属于曲意理解。D选项“捕鱼一直是纽芬兰最大的产业”，第一步精准定位，定位到第二段最后一句话In Newfoundland most employment came from fishing or servicing that industry until the collapse of the cod fisheries in the early 1990s left tens of thousands of people o

42、ut of work“在纽芬兰，大部分就业机会来自渔业或该行业的服务直到20世纪90年代初鳕鱼渔业的崩溃，导致数万人失业”。第二步综合理解，鳕鱼在上个世纪90年代就已经崩溃了，因此纽芬兰的渔业早就崩溃了。而题干用的是现在完成时，表达的意思是渔业现在仍然是纽芬兰的支柱产业，这不符合题意，这里属于偷换概念。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第三段第一句话the restoration of fish populations would in fact boost employment“但鱼类数量的恢复实际上会促进就业。”，第二步综合理解，从这里可知作者认为保护资

43、源和就业之间没有冲突，保护了资源就能促进就业，所以作者是支持保护自然资源的，所以答案选D“保护自然资源”。A选项“增加年捕获量”，定位到第三段最后一句话But restoration of ecological balance, fiscal profitability and economic security will require a substantial reduction in the capacity of the commercial fishing industry so that wild populations can recover.“但是，要恢复生态平衡、财政盈利能

44、力和经济安全，就需要大幅减少商业捕鱼业的能力，以便使野生种群能够恢复”。这里作者倡导的是减少捕捞，所以这个选项不能选，这里属于反向干扰。B选项“创造更多的就业机会”。见正确选项解析，这里属于曲意理解。C选项“获得更大的财政盈利能力”。定位到第三段最后一句话But restoration of ecological balance, fiscal profitability and economic security will require a substantial reduction in the capacity of the commercial fishing industry so

45、 that wild populations can recover.“但是，要恢复生态平衡、财政盈利能力和经济安全，就需要大幅减少商业捕鱼业的能力，以便使野生种群能够恢复”。 这句和题目无关，所以这里属于偷梁换柱。4.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第四段第二句话Government could increase employment and reduce the pressure on fish populations by directing subsidies away from highly mechanized ships.（政府可以通过减少对高度机械

46、化船只的补贴来增加就业并减少对鱼类种群的压力）。第二步，综合理解，上文讲到捕鱼能力的必要减少并不需要以牺牲就业为代价，然后作者提出了这个主意，减少对机械渔船的补贴，所以这里答案选C选项“更少的装备精良的渔船”。A选项“捕捞能力进一步提高”，定位到第三段最后一句话. fiscal profitability and economic security will require a substantial reduction in the capacity of the commercial fishing industry so that wild populations can recover

47、.“财政盈利能力和经济安全将需要大幅度降低商业捕鱼业的能力，以便使野生种群能够恢复”。从这里可知捕鱼能力应该减少而不是增加，所以不选A选项，这里属于反向干扰。B选项“渔业工作进一步增加”。文章没有提到工作的增加，这里属于无中生有。D选项“更少的物种被允许重建”，见正确选项解析，这里讲的是枯竭的物种允许其重建，而不是更少的物种恢复，这里属于偷换概念。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。第一步精准定位，定位到第四段最后一句Industrial fishing itself threatens tens of millions of fishermen working on a small s

48、cale by depleting the fish on which they depend for subsistence“工业捕鱼本身就威胁着数千万小规模捕捞的渔民，因为他们赖以生存的鱼类正在枯竭”。第二步综合理解，因为工业捕鱼导致渔业资源枯竭，更少的使用工业渔船也就是现代科技会让渔业恢复，鱼就会更多，鱼类种群的压力就没有那么大了，所以答案选A选项“减少对鱼类种群的压力”。B选项“威胁到世界的年度捕捞”。定位到第四段最后一句Industrial fishing itself threatens tens of millions of fishermen working on a smal

49、l scale by depleting the fish on which they depend for subsistence“工业捕鱼本身就威胁着数千万小规模捕捞的渔民，因为他们赖以生存的鱼类正在枯竭”。文章题干是减少现代科技的使用会威胁世界的年捕捞量 ，文章所描述的正是因为工业渔船的使用才造成渔业资源枯竭的，这里属于反向干扰。C选项“增加政府投资”。文章没有提及，属于无中生有。D选项“损失了成千上万渔民的工作”。第一步，精准定位，定位到第四段第一句话The necessary reduction in fishing power need not come at the expens

50、e of jobs.“捕鱼能力的必要减少并不需要以牺牲就业为代价”，所以D选项不选，这里属于反向干扰。3. 单选题_ the bad weather has delayed the flight, so it would be several hours before they could arrive.问题1选项A.PresumablyB.RespectivelyC.ImaginablyD.Plausibly【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. Presumably 大概 B. Respectively 分别地，各自地C. Imaginably 可想象地 D. Plausibly 似真地【考查

51、点】副词辨析。【解题思路】由结果状语从句中的would be可知，这里表示推测，所以空格处填入presumably符合语境。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项都不表示推测，不符合句意。【句意】大概是恶劣的天气延误了航班，所以他们要等好几个小时才能到达。4. 单选题My car crawled along a main road where a line of traffic was _ so tightly together that it was almost stationary.问题1选项A.wedgedB.crowdedC.squeezedD.compacted【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】

52、A. wedged 塞进，插入 B. crowded 挤满，塞满C. squeezed 挤压，捏 D. compacted 把紧压在一起（或压实）【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】由it was almost stationary（几乎静止不动）可知，交通是非常拥挤的，而wedge表示“塞满”。因此，该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项表示人群拥挤；C、D选项都指由于外力作用在物体上造成的挤压。【句意】我的车在一条主干道上缓慢行驶，那条主干道上的车辆紧紧地挤在一起，几乎静止不动。5. 单选题His license has been _ owing to his drunken driving.

53、问题1选项A.demandedB.chargedC.suspendedD.recognized【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. demanded 要求；需要 B. charged 要价；收费；指控；冲C. suspended 暂停；使暂停使用 D. recognized 承认；意识到【考查点】语义衔接【解题思路】空格部分的语义为“他的驾照被_”，后文提到“因为他酒驾”，根据句意可推断，他因为酒后驾驶，被吊销了驾照。因此，C选项suspended“暂停；使暂停使用”符合原句语义衔接。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合原句语义衔接。【句意】因为酒后驾驶，他的驾照被吊销了。6. 单选题In the

54、 United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the (16) half of the 19th century; most of (17) were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S. the day-nursery movement received great (18) during the First World War, when (19) of manpower

55、caused the industrial employment of unprecedented (前所未有的) numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established (20) in munitions (军火) plants, under direct government sponsorship. (21) the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose (22), this rise was accomplished without government

56、 aid of any kind. During the years following the First Word War (23), Federal, State, and local government gradually began to exercise a measure of control (24) the day nurseries, chiefly by (25) them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.The (26) of the Second World W

57、ar was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were (27) called upon to replace men in the factories. On this (28) the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, (29) $6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery-school

58、program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities (30) this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared (31) in day-care centers receiving Federal (32). Soon afterward, the Federal government (33) cut down its expendit

59、ures for this purpose and later (34) them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their (35) at the end of the war only partly fulfilled.问题1选项A.latterB.laterC.otherD.first问题2选项A.thoseB.themC.whoseD.whom问题3选项

60、A.impetusB.inputC.imitationD.initiative问题4选项A.sourcesB.abundanceC.shortageD.reduction问题5选项A.hardlyB.entirelyC.onlyD.even问题6选项A.BecauseB.AsC.SinceD.Although问题7选项A.unanimouslyB.sharplyC.predominantlyD.militantly问题8选项A.thereforeB.consequentlyC.howeverD.moreover问题9选项A.overB.inC.atD.about问题10选项A.formulat

61、ingB.labelingC.patentingD.licensing问题11选项A.outsetB.outbreakC.breakthroughD.breakdown问题12选项A.againB.thusC.repeatedlyD.yet问题13选项A.circumstanceB.occasionC.allocatingD.transferring问题14选项A.regulatingB.summoningC.allocatingD.transferring问题15选项A.expandedB.facilitatedC.supplementedD.compensated问题16选项A.byB.a

62、fterC.ofD.for问题17选项A.pensionsB.subsidiesC.revenuesD.budgets问题18选项A.prevalentlyB.furiouslyC.statisticallyD.drastically问题19选项A.abolishedB.diminishedC.jeopardizedD.precluded问题20选项A.nurseriesB.homesC.jobsD.children【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:A第10题:A第11题:B第12题:A第13题:B第14题:C第15题:C第16题:D第17题:B第18题:D第19题:A第20题:C【解析】16.【选项释义】A. latter 后者的 B. later 更迟的，更后的C. other 其他的 D. first 第一个的【考查点】关联上下文