2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及模拟押密卷81（含答案解析）

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1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 翻译题I am grateful for the invitation to participate in this important conference, and I interpret it as evidence that students of creativity themselves possess the sensitivity to divergent approaches that they seek to identify in others. But I am not altogether san

2、guine about the outcome of your experiment with me. As most of you already know, I am no psychologist, but rather an ex-physicist now working in the history of science. Probably my concern is no less with creativity than your own, but my goals, my techniques, and my sources of evidence are so very d

3、ifferent from yours that I am far from sure how much we do, or even should, have to say to each other. These reservations imply no apology; rather they hint at my central thesis. In the sciences, as I shall suggest below, it is often better to do ones best with the tools at hand than to pause for co

4、ntemplation of divergent approaches.If a person of my background and interests has anything relevant to suggest to this conference, it will not be about your central concerns, the creative personality and its early identification. But implicit in the numerous working papers distributed to participan

5、ts in this conference is an image of the scientific process and of the scientist; that image almost certainly conditions many of the experiments you try as well as the conclusions you draw; and about it the historian may well have something to say. I shall restrict my attention to one aspect of this

6、 image-an aspect epitomized as follows in one of the working papers: The basic scientist “must lack prejudice to a degree where he can look at the most self-evident facts or concepts without necessarily accepting them, and, conversely, allow his imagination to play with the most unlikely possibiliti

7、es”. In the more technical language supplied by other working papers, this aspect of the image recurs as an emphasis upon “divergent thinking, the freedom to go off in different directions,. rejecting the old solution and striking out in some new direction.”I do not at all doubt that this descriptio

8、n of “divergent thinking” and the concomitant search for those able to do it are entirely proper. Some divergence characterizes all scientific work, and gigantic divergences lie at the core of the most significant episodes in scientific development. But both my own experience in scientific research

9、and my reading of the history of sciences lead me to wonder whether flexibility and open-mindedness have not been too exclusively emphasized as the characteristics requisite for basic research.【答案】 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE 正如你们大多数人已经知道的那样，我不是心理学家，而是现在从事科学历史工作的一位前物理学家。也

10、许我对创造力的关心程度不比你们少，但是我的目标、技巧和证据来源与你的有很大的不同，以至于不确定我们要做多少，或者应该对彼此说多少。这些保留并不意味着一种辩护，相反它们暗示了我的中心论点。在科学领域，正如以下我暗示到的，与其停下来去沉思不同的方法，不如好好利用手头的工具。我将把我的注意力集中于这个形象的一个方面，我在论文中将这个方面进行了概括：基础科学家“一定要没有偏见，达到一种能查看不言自明的事物或概念的程度，并且没有必要接受它们，相反地，允许自己的想象力发挥到最不可能的可能。”我对 “发散思维”的描述一点都不觉得怀疑，对那些能够进行发散思维的人伴随进行的搜寻是完全恰当的。所有的科学工作者都存

11、在分歧，并且巨大的分歧在科学发展中存在于意义最为深重的核心中。但是通过我自己的科学研究经历和对科学史的阅读，我怀疑灵活性和无偏见是否被专有地强调成为基础研究的必要特征。2. 单选题As the worlds political and business elites gather in Davos, the dominant economic and political trend is clear. In the aftermath of the Great Recession, the divergent fortunes of the western and Asian powers h

12、ave become an overarching theme. The really big question, however, is whether this is just a cyclical blip, or the start of a truly historic long-term trend.Both viewpoints will have their supporters in Davos. Those who predict the continuing dominance of the western world will argue that the US eco

13、nomy is already beginning to recover and that it has consistently surprised skeptics with its technological prowess and economic resilience.As for Europe, some believe that the euro zone crisis has already peaked. They argue that market confidence is returning, that the German economythe core of the

14、 euro zone-is in rude health and that the European Union is beginning to put in place the reforms that will make EU more resilient and unified in future.Optimism about western strength is often combined with certain skepticism about the Asian miracle. There will be voices in Davos warning about risi

15、ng inflation in China and about the long-term risks to China posed by environmental degradation, and an ageing society. Sessions on India will hear cautions about everything from corruption to water shortage and armed rebellions in the countryside.In general, however, optimism about Asia and pessimi

16、sm about the west is likely to be the prevailing mood. Even though the US economy is now growing, an apparent budget deficit and a rising national debt present a picture of both economic and political weakness. Similarly, the threat of sovereign-debt crises continues to hover over the EUand its poli

17、tical response has so far been anything but convincing.The conventional wisdom is that a profound shift of economic and political power from west to east is indeed under way. The next question is whether the transition will be smooth or turbulent.Once again, both sides of the argument will be aired.

18、 The optimists will argue that the world is already moving towards a new phase in the story of globalization. They believe that US anger about alleged Chinese currency manipulation and mercantilism will be blunted, as China allows its currency to appreciate and as the Chinese comer market beans to f

19、ulfill its potential. The relationship between China and the US is seen as a microcosm of the new relationship between developed and emerging powers. According to the optimistic scenario, the western world will abandon any flirtation with protectionism, as it increasingly realizes that the growth ma

20、rkets for the wests large companies lie in countries such as China, India and Brazil. The current surge in European car sales to China could be cited as an encouraging example of this trend.1.As the author discusses the issues in this passage, he sounds （ ）.2.The theme of the Davos Economic Forum wo

21、uld be （ ）.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the German economy is （ ）.4.Which of the following is NOT discussed as a drag on Chinas economic growth in the passage?5.The China-US relationship will be a very challenging one because （ ）.问题1选项A.criticalB.neutralC.optimisticD.pessimistic问题2选项A.

22、current problems in worlds economic recoveryB.the restructuring of world economy in the post-crisis eraC.continued dominance of the west in the world economyD.the need to address the latest developments in the world economy问题3选项A.in very good shapeB.recovering graduallyC.experiencing some problemsD.

23、undergoing reforms问题4选项A.ageing populationB.high inflationC.resource shortagesD.China-US relations问题5选项A.it is hard to balance the divergent fortunes of the western and Asian powersB.it embodies all the problems between developed and emerging powersC.it is part of the story of globalizationD.the US

24、is angry about Chinas economic and financial practices【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.作者态度题。纵观全文，作者在文章中只是客观地讲述和分析了世界各国的经济与政治情况，作者并没有过多的发表自己的个人看法，所以在讨论文章中的一些问题的时候，应该是中立的态度。选项B符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第一段， “As the worlds political and business elites gather in Davos, the dominant economic and political trend

25、 is clear. In the aftermath of the Great Recession, the divergent fortunes of the western and Asian powers have become an overarching theme.”，可知随着全球政治和商业精英齐聚达沃斯，占主导地位的经济和政治趋势是明显的。在大萧条之后，西方和亚洲强国的不同命运已成为一个重要的主题。接下来的文章讲述了不同国家的发展情况及整个世界的经济发展态势。可推断出它的主题应该是危机过后世界经济结构的调整。选项B符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第三段， “the German

26、economythe core of the euro zone-is in rude health”，可知作为欧元区核心的德国，经济状况是好的。选项A符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章第四段， “There will be voices in Davos warning about rising inflation in China and about the long-term risks to China posed by environmental degradation, and an ageing society.”，可知中国不断上升的通胀，以及环境恶化和社会老龄化对中国构成的长期

27、风险。所以中美关系在文中没有提及。选项D符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章第一段， “In the aftermath of the Great Recession, the divergent fortunes of the western and Asian powers have become an overarching theme.”，可知在大萧条之后，西方和亚洲强国的不同命运已成为一个重要的主题。即西方和亚洲强国的经济实力存在差异。根据文章最后一段， “The relationship between China and the US is seen as a microcosm of

28、 the new relationship between developed and emerging powers.”，可知中美关系被视为发达国家与新兴大国之间新关系的缩影。即中美之间的关系反映了发达国家与新兴国家之间的财富差距。可推断出中美关系具有挑战性的原因在于很难平衡西方和亚洲强国的发展差距。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题It （ ）how unleashing domestic demand in surplus countries can support strong global growth as deficit countries increase savings and r

29、epair balance sheets damaged by the crisis.问题1选项A.sets onB.sets inC.sets overD.sets out【答案】D【解析】词组辨析。set.on “使袭击”；set in “到来；开始”；set over “置于上，指派管理，移交”；set out “出发，开始，陈述”。句意：它阐述了在赤字国家增加储蓄、修复因危机而受损的资产负债表之际，盈余国家释放内需如何支撑强劲的全球增长。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题The conferences participants were also under no illusion abou

30、t what was （ ）: the Second World War had not yet ended, and frictions between the United States and the Soviet Union were already growing.问题1选项A.in vainB.at troubleC.at stakeD.at odd【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。in vain “徒劳”；at trouble “陷 入困境”；at stake “在紧要关头”；at odds “争执”。句意：这次会议的与会者对紧急情况不存在幻想：第二次世界大战还没有结束，美国和苏联之间

31、的矛盾在加剧。选项B符合题意。5. 问答题However, political scientists most frequently have argued that they must set aside both fortune and virtue, and instead focus on impersonal forces as the causes of international events. Their reasons for doing so fall under three rubrics. First, many political scientists contend

32、 that individuals ultimately do not matter, or at least they count for little in the major events that shape international politics. Instead they argue that the roar of the anarchic system, domestic politics, and institutional dynamics drown out the small voices of individual leaders. Second, other

33、political scientists posit that although individuals may matter from time to time, their influence does not lend itself to the generalizations that political scientists seek. Simply put, individuals are too individualistic. Third, several leading international relations theorists have raised a numbe

34、r of specific objections that they argue render the study of individuals theoretically hopeless.We believe that political scientists are simultaneously too modest and too arrogant in these claims. Too modest because political scientists need not throw up their hands and believe that they have nothin

35、g useful to say about the role of individuals in international relations. The theoretical objections raised over the years do not stand up under closer examination and should not prevent us from mining this rich ore. Too arrogant because too many political scientists imply or assert that the imperso

36、nal forces on which they focus their attention explain the vast majority of events in international relations. In so doing, they marginalize the crucial impact of individuals on war and diplomacy and neglect they extent to which social science can tease out useful generalizations regarding the role

37、played by individuals.It is time to rescue men and women, as individuals, from the oblivion to which political scientists have consigned them. This article is not intended as a comprehensive account of the importance of individuals-such an effort would require the work of many lifetimes-but it is in

38、tended to question scholars current assumptions about international politics and show the plausibility of analyzing international relations by focusing on the role of individuals.What is the impact of individuals on international relations? What aspects of state behavior do they affect? Under what c

39、onditions are they influential? These are the questions this article seeks to answer. We contend that the goals, abilities, and foibles of individuals are crucial to the intentions, capabilities, and strategies of a state. Indeed individuals not only affect the actions of their own state but also sh

40、ape the reactions of other nations, which must respond to the aspirations, abilities, and aggressiveness of foreign leaders. Of course, individuals matter more to international relations under certain circumstances. Individual personalities take on added significance when power is concentrated in th

41、e hands of a leader, when institutions are in conflict, or in times of great change. Individuals also shape many of the drivers identified by other theorists, such as the balance of power, domestic opinion, and bureaucratic politics. These paradigms suffer when individuals are ignored.1.What is the

42、main idea of the first paragraph?2.What does the author mean by “the roar of the anarchic system, domestic politics, and institutional dynamics drown out the small voices of individual leaders” in the first paragraph?3.Explain “Simply put, individuals are too individualistic” in your own words.4.Wha

43、t does “this rich ore” refer to in the second paragraph?5.Describe the major goal of the article in your own words.【答案】1.It aims to explain the reasons why political scientists ignore the imapct of individuals on international relations.2.The author means that many political scientists believe that

44、the anarchic system, domestic politics and institutional dynamics matter in the major events that shape international politics.3.It means people tend to be self-interested and only focus on their own benefits rather than overall interests.4.It refers to the impact of individuals on international rel

45、ations.5.The major goal of this passage is to draw attention to the role of individuals in international relations.6. 单选题The second major cause of the changes in cultural policy that we are witnessing at the present time is the radical transformation of the economic environment in which cultural goo

46、ds are produced, distributed and consumed, brought about by what is loosely referred to as globalization. This term is widely used in the contemporary discourse to identify a series of related trends that can be observed in economic, social and geopolitical spheres. Essentially, globalization can be

47、 defined as three phenomena: the breakdown of barriers to the movement of resources, especially capital and labor, between countries and regions; the emergence of a global marketplace for many commodities, with increased commercial opportunities for both national and transnational companies; and the

48、 internationalization of communications, leading to, among other things, the free transmission of cultural symbols and messages around the world. There are both technological and economic causes underlying these phenomena; the digital revolution, the explosion in computational power available across

49、 a wide range of applications, the growth of the internet and the invention of new devices for communication and data transmission have together provided the technological impetus for globalization, while its operations have been enabled by a widespread acceptance of neoliberal economic principles a

50、s the basis for national and international policy-making. The effects of these trends on artists, creative workers, commercial and non-commercial firms producing and distributing cultural products, cultural agencies and institutions, and consumers, have been profound. To begin with, on the productio

51、n side new communications technologists have fostered new forms of cultural expression and opened up new avenues for cultural exchange. At the cutting edge, artists working in new media are experimenting with innovative methods for making art and communicating it to consumers; these developments can

52、 be likened to R&D activities in industry, given that the eventual payoff (in both artistic and commercial terms) is uncertain but could be substantial. Manuel Castells has observed that this new technological environment can be described as cultural insofar as its dynamics are dependent on the cult

53、ure of innovation, on the culture of risk, on the culture of expectations and. ultimately, on the culture of hope in the future. Furthermore, new technologists have led to new ways for cultural producers to carry on their business operations, through improved information and marketing services, more

54、 efficient management systems, and so on. For example, museums and galleries are digitizing their collections, performing groups are adopting electronic ticketing, and newspapers are being made available on-line. At the same time, threats have emerged to traditional modes of cultural production and

55、distribution, nowhere more evident than in the music industry, where illegal downloads from the internet continue to affect the revenue streams of performers, publishers and record companies. 1.The best title for the passage is probably （ ）.2.Which of the following phenomena closely related to globa

56、lization is NOT mentioned in the passage?3.One of the causes underlying the globalization trends is that （ ）.4.Which of the following is TRUE about the effects of globalization on cultural industry?5.The word impetus in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to （ ）.问题1选项A.New Trends Brought about by Glob

57、alizationB.The Cultural Causes of GlobalizationC.The Emergence of GlobalizationD.Globalization and Cultural Industry问题2选项A.The breakdown of barriers to the movement of capital resources.B.The emergence of a global marketplace for many commodities.C.The vanishing of cultural diversity.D.The free tran

58、smission of cultural symbols and messages around the world.问题3选项A.the universal acceptance of neoliberal economic principlesB.the free movement of labor resources across the worldC.the emergence of many transnational companiesD.the support of policy-makers across the world问题4选项A.The effects of globa

59、lization on artists and creative workers have been more profound than on cultural agencies and institutions.B.It threatens the traditional modes of cultural production and distribution.C.Museums and galleries can display and sell their digitized collections.D.Downloads from the internet continue to

60、affect the revenue streams of performers, publishers and record companies.问题5选项A.impedeB.fuelC.impactD.impeachment【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.主旨题。纵观全文，文章主要提到了在全球化的环境给文化产业带来了一些影响，全球化对文化产业在构成一定的威胁和挑战。所以文章内容主要是围绕全球化和文化产业展开的。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“Essentially, globalization can be defined as th

61、ree phenomena: the breakdown of barriers to the movement of resources, especially capital and labor, between countries and regions; the emergence of a global marketplace for many commodities, with increased commercial opportunities for both national and transnational companies; and the international

62、ization of communications, leading to, among other things, the free transmission of cultural symbols and messages around the world.”，可知文中提到的全球化带来现象包括the breakdown of barriers to the movement of resources “打破资源流动的障碍”，the emergence of a global marketplace for many commodities “许多商品在全球市场出现”，free transm

63、ission of cultural symbols and messages around the world “文化符号和信息的自由传播”，所以只有文化的多样性没有提及。选项C符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“There are both technological and economic causes underlying these phenomenawhile its operations have been enabled by a widespread acceptance of neoliberal economic principles as the basis for national and international policy-making.”，可知这些现象的背后既有技术原因，也有经济原因，而只有新自由主义经济原则作为国家和国际决策的基础得到广泛接受，才能使全球化成为可能。所以造成全球化趋势的原因之一是新自由主义经济原则的普遍接受。选项A符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句，“The effects of these trends on artistshave been profound.”，可知对于全球化对各方面的影响没有进行对比。选项A不符合文意，可排除。根据文章最后一段