2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第117期

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1、2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题When the jury brought in a（ ）of guilt, the defendant who was overwhelmingly arrogant several minutes ago drooped his head.问题1选项A.judgmentB.appraisalC.verdictD.conviction【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: judgment“判断”；B: appraisal“评价”；C: verdict“结论，裁定”；D: conviction “顶嘴，证明有罪”

2、。句意：陪审团拿着判罪裁决书进来时，几分钟之前还相当自大的被告低下了他的头。结合句意，选C。2. 单选题In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. Although much has been accomplished for the modern per

3、iod premodern cultures have proved more difficult: sources are restricted in number, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, and often contradictory. Thus it is not particularly surprising that some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures has so far gone unchallengeD.An example is Johann Baehofens

4、 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruled societies of questionable existence contemporary with ancient Greece.Starting from the premise that mythology and legend preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofen argued that women were dominant in many ancient societies. His work was based on a

5、comprehensive survey of references in the ancient sources to Amazonian and other societies with matrilineal customssocieties in which descent and property rights are traced through the female line. Some support for his theory can be found in evidence such as that drawn fromHerodotus, the Greek “hist

6、orian” of the fifth century B.C., who peaks of an Amazonian society, the Sauromatae, where the women hunted and fought in wars. A woman in this society was not allowed to marry until she had killed a person in battle.Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders of ancient myths have preserv

7、ed facts is problematiC.If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact-real Amazonian societies-but rather to offer moral lessons on the supposed outcome of wome

8、ns rule in their own society. The Amazons were often characterized, for example, as the equivalents of giants and centaurs, enemies to be slain by Greek heroes. Their customs were presented not as those of respectable society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary-Greek practices.Thus, I would argu

9、e the purpose of accounts of the Amazons for their male Greek recorders was didactic, to teach both male and female Greeks that all female groups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society, are destructive and dangerous. Myths about the Amazons were not for the male-dominated status quo,in which

10、 groups composed exclusively of either sex were not permitted to segregate themselves permanently from society Bachofen was thus misled in his reliance on myths for information about the status of women. The sources that will probably tell contemporary historians most about women in the ancient worl

11、d are such social documents as gravestones, wills and marriage contracts. Studies of such documents have already begun to, show how mistaken we are when we try to derive our picture of the ancient world exclusively from literary sources, especially myths.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）

12、.2.All of the following are stated by the author as problems connected with the sources for knowledge of premodern cultures EXCEPT（ ）.3.Which of the following is presented in the passage as evidence supporting the authors view of the ancient Greeks descriptions of the Amazons?4.It can be inferred fr

13、om the passage that the probable reactions of many males in ancient Greece to the idea of a society ruled by women could best be characterized as（ ）.5.The author suggests that the main reason for the persisting influence of Bachofens work is that（ ）.问题1选项A.compare competing new approaches to underst

14、anding the role of women in ancient societiesB.investigate the ramifications of Bachofens theory about dominance of women in ancient societiesC.explain the burgeoning interest among historians in determining the actual status of women in various societiesD.criticize the value of ancient myths in det

15、ermining the status of women in ancient societies问题2选项A.partial completenessB.restricted accessibilityC.difficulty of interpretationD.limited quantity问题3选项A.The requirement that Sauromatae women kill in battle before marryingB.The failure of historians to verify that women were ever governors of anc

16、ient societiesC.The classing of Amazons with giants and centaursD.The well-established unreliability of Herodotus as a source of information about ancient societies问题4选项A.confused and dismayedB.wary and hostileC.cynical and disinterestedD.curious but fearful问题5选项A.feminists have shown little interes

17、t is ancient societiesB.Bachofens knowledge of Amazonian culture is unparalleledC.reliable information about the ancient world is difficult to acquireD.ancient societies show the best evidence of women in positions of power.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章提及古代文化研究妇女在各历史时期的地位受到资料限制而且相互矛盾，之

18、后谈及神话和传说对这一问题的分析，最后作者认为，对这类文献资料的研究早已开始证明，当我们通过神话来获取对古代世界的理解，是十分失误的。因此，综合考虑，这篇文章的主要目的是选项D。2.细节事实题。通过题干关键词定位到原文“Although much has been accomplished forthe modern period premodem cultures have proved more difficult: sources are restricted in number, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, and often contra

19、dictory.”，中文翻译：虽然在现代时期 己经完成了很多，但前现代文化被证明是更困难的：来源受到限制，数量有限，不完整，难以解释，而且常常是矛盾的。因此最佳答案为B选项，只有B没有提及。3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文 “If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact-

20、real Amazonian societies-but rather to offer moral lessons on the supposed outcome of womens rule in their own society.”，中文翻译：如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就 是古希腊对于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实一一真正的亚马逊社会的_而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导” 。 以及原文中 “The Amazons were often characterized, for example, as

21、the equivalents of giants and centaurs , enemies to be slain by Greek heroes. Their customs were presented not as those of respectable society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary-Greek practices.”，原文翻译为：例如，亚马逊人经常被描述为巨人和马人的等份物，被希腊英雄杀死的敌人。他们的习俗并不是作为受人尊敬的社会的习俗来呈现的，而是作为普通希腊习俗的真实对照。由此可以推断出答案选择C。4.推理判

22、断题。根据题干定位到原文 “.to teach both male and female Greeks that all female groups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society, are destructive and dangerous. Myths about the Amazons were not for the male-dominated status quo, Lin which groups composed exclusively of either sex were not permitted to segr

23、egate themselves permanently from society.” .”。中文翻译为：是教诲古希腊的男性和女性这样一个道理，即那些脱离了传统社会而形成的纯女 性群体是破坏性的和危险的。有关亚马逊人的神话 是用作论据来为男人统治的现状做辩护的，在这种现状下，纯粹地由任一性别构成的群体是不允许与社会永久性地隔绝开来的。由此可知，B项符合题目描述。5.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到原文 “Although much has been accomplished for the modern period premodern cultures have proved more diff

24、icult: sources are restricted in number, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, and often contradictory. Thus it is not particularly surprising that some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures has so far gone unchallengeD.An example is Johann Baehofens 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruled socie

25、ties of questionable existence contemporary with ancient Greece.”中文翻译为：虽然对现当代的研究成就斐然，但是古代文化的研究要证明更为困难：资料来源数量有限，支离破碎，难以解释且经常互相矛盾。因此，人们并不特别惊讶地发现，有关这些古代文化的早期学术研究迄今为止听凭其流传下来，而未遭到质疑。其中一个实例就是约翰巴霍芬1861年论述亚马逊人的论文，而所谓亚马逊人，即那些由女性统治的社会，其难置可否的存在与古希腊同期。综合可知。C选项是其主要原因。3. 单选题It was with great delight that I read i

26、n your February（ ）the letter to the editor written by Prof. Johnson.问题1选项A.issueB.printingC.magazineD.copy【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: issue “（报刊或杂志）期刊” ；B: printing “印刷;印刷术”；C: magazine “杂志”；D: copy “一份；复制品”。句意：非常高兴拜读了贵刊二月的一期中所登载有关约翰逊教授致编辑的信。结合此处语义，A为正确答案。4. 单选题There is a popular belief among parents that

27、schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority it must be given over general language development and writing abil

28、ity. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling.If spelling become the only focal point of his teachers interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to play safe. He will tend to write on

29、ly words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. Thats why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience

30、: “This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible.” It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressi

31、ons of the childs deep feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on the childs ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.1.Teachers differ in their opin

32、ions about（ ）.2.The expression play safe probably means（ ）.3.Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that（ ）.4.The writer seems to think that the teachers judgment on that sensitive piece of writing is（ ）.5.The major point discussed in the passage is（ ）.问题1选项A.the difficulties in teaching spel

33、lingB.the role of spelling in general language developmentC.the complexities of the basic writing skillsD.the necessity of teaching spelling问题2选项A.to write carefullyB.to do as teachers sayC.Io use dictionaries frequentlyD.to avoid using words one is not sure of问题3选项A.students will be able to express

34、 their ideas more freelyB.teachers will have less trouble in correcting mistakesC.students will have more confidence in writingD.students will learn to be independent of teachers问题4选项A.reasonableB.unfairC.foolishD.careless问题5选项A.the importance of developing writing skillsB.the complexities of spelli

35、ngC.the correct way of marking compositionsD.the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中 “There are，however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority it must be given over general language develop

36、ment and writing ability”，中文翻译为 “然而，对于怎么来教拼写或者是从提高整个语言的发展和写作能力 方面来说，把拼写放在什么样优先的地位存在着许多不同的看法。”以及 “The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling.”中文翻译为：“所存在的问题是， 在写作当中怎样鼓励孩子不要让复杂的拼写来影响他流畅地，自信地表达自

37、己的 思想。”推断出教学分歧在于怎样教授拼写、以及把拼写放在什么样优先的地位。结合语境，B选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段中 “If spelling become the only focal point of his teachers interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to play safe. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language”， 中文翻译为

38、 “如果字的拼写成为老师关心的唯一焦点，很明显，聪明的孩子很可能就会为保险起见，只写一些他会写的字，避免因冒险而出错的语言。”可以推测出D选项“避免用他/她不确定的内容”正确。3.推理判断题。由题干the use of dictionaries可以定位到文章第二段中 He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. Thats why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries a

39、nd pay attention to content rather than technical ability.” 中文翻译为“他只写一些他会写的字，避免因冒险而出错的语言。那就是为什么老师常常鼓励学生很 早就要使用字典，而且写作时重视内容而非拼写技能。可以推测出A选项“学生能更自由地表达自己的想法”正确。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章中 “It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the te

40、acher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child s deep feelings” 中文翻译为“这对于 一个学生的写作技能也许是一次尖锐的批评，但它同时也悲哀地反映出那位老师 忽视了去阅读一篇包含了表达孩子内心感情的文章。” 以及后文“The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors.虽然老师注意到了这些问题并没有错”可以得知B选项符合题意。5.主旨大意题。原文前面提出“There ar

41、e,however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority it must be given over general language development and writing ability”，中文翻译为 “然而，对于怎么来教拼写或者是从提高整个语言的发展和写作能力 方面来说，把拼写放在什么样优先的地位存在着许多不同的看法。”后面则写道：注意拼写会限制 学生写文章，但是不注意拼写会造成作文的拼写错误。综合考虑，可以推测出D选项正确。5. 单选题A new passenger liner i

42、s（ ）after through many hardships.问题1选项A.initiatedB.commencedC.launchedD.classified【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: initiated “开始；传授” ；B: commenced“开始；着手”；C: launched “发射；开展；使（船，尤指新船）下水”；D: classified “分类”。句意：一艘新的客运班轮经过许多艰难困苦之后下水。根据“passenger liner客轮”这一关键词可知C为正确答案。6. 单选题Why the inductive and mathematical science

43、s, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years-and why in the following two years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may

44、 be justly regarded as the products of our own timesare questions which have interested, the modern philosopher not less than, the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of

45、the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period-one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidentsto the influence of conjunctions in circumstanc

46、es of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close

47、examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis, and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by ver

48、ification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction-by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; land the ancient sciences, afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure

49、to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant fact, by appeal to experiment and observation-these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth

50、, whether among the ancients or the moderns: but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a-greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phen

51、omenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or facts and ideasin neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latte?proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and

52、 theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts-a particular glass of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to expl

53、ain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true methoD.A fact is a proposition of simple verification. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote,

54、 and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.1.The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is（ ）.2.According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days

55、 of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is（ ）.3.The difference between fact and theory（ ）.4.According to the author, mathematics is（ ）.5.The statement Theories are facts may be called（ ）.问题1选项A.Philosophy of MathematicsB.The Recent Growth in ScienceC.The Verification of FactsD.Methods of Scientif

56、ic Inquiry问题2选项A.the similarity between the two periodsB.that both tried to develop the inductive methodC.that it was an act of GodD.due to the decline of the deductive method问题3选项A.is that the latter needs confirmationB.rests on the simplicity of the formerC.is the difference between the modern sci

57、entists and the ancient GreeksD.helps us to understand the deductive method问题4选项A.an inductive scienceB.in need of simple verificationC.a deductive scienceD.based on fact and theory问题5选项A.a metaphorB.a paradoxC.a punD.an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解

58、析】1.主旨大意题。题干意为本文最好的标题表述。原文第一段提出问题：为什么从希腊文化顶峰时期后两千年来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢，而后的两百年又超越了前人，是应用新旧方法关系还是其他。第二段讲埃及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法，而现在应用了归纳法。但是，这种解释太狭隘，经仔细审核，难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明显的差别。第四、五段涉及事实和理论的关系。综合考虑下可以判断D为最佳选项。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章中 “Or, should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called histor

59、ical accidents-to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding providence?” 中文翻译为：或者我们是否应当把两个阶段的特点归因于所谓的历史的偶然性（意外事件）归因于客观环境中相似（结合）的影响。这一点除非以指导一切的上帝的智慧 和无限权利来解释，否则难以解说清楚。可以得知C选项符合题意。3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段,事实是一个提议，通过

60、运用知识的源泉和经验而证实的提议直接而又简单。若是真理论，就有事实的一切特性（除非其证实只能 通过非直接的，遥远的和困难的方式方法），把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实， 理论因此具有事实的一切特性。因此，A最符合题意。4.推理判断题。an inductive science “归纳法科学”； in need of simple verification“需要简单证实”； a deductive “推理演绎科学”； based on fact and theory “基于事实和理论”。基于对“数学”的理解，C最符合题意。5.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到“For in the first plac

61、e, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts-a particular glass of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.”，中文翻译为：因为首先，对立是不完整的，事实和

62、理论不是同类的事物。理论，如果是真正的理论，就是事实一种特殊类别的事实，一般性的复杂，但仍是事实。而事实，从词的狭义来说，如果很复杂，如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系，就具有理论的一切主要特征。可知，B项“似非而是的隽语；悖论” 正确。7. 单选题At the news, the demonstrators who had put the foreign goods under a boycott for several months protested but（ ）.问题1选项A.to naughtB.to nothingC.to no availD.to void【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义

63、辨析。A: naught “无价值”；B: nothing “无”；C: no avail “无效”；D: void “空虚，空间”。句意：新闻中那些连续几个月联合抵制国外商品的示烕者一直在抗议，但是没有用。结合词义，C为正确答案。8. 单选题The conductor of the orchestra was not satisfied with the ballet for the steps of the dancer was not（ ）with the rhythm of the music.问题1选项A.coordinated.B.correspondedC.synchronize

64、dD.reconciled【答案】C【解析】考查词组。A项coordinated “与相协调”；B项corresponded “与相符”；C项synchronized “（使）同步；（使）在 时间上一致；（使）同速进行”；D项reconciled “与和谐”。句意：管弦乐队的指挥对芭蕾舞不满意，因为舞蹈家的舞步与音乐的节奏不一致。根据句意，C为正确答案。9. 单选题Rejecting the urging of his physician father to study medicine, Hawking chose to（ ）on math and theoretical physics.问题1选项A.imposeB.