2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第53期

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1、2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom

2、of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat bel

3、ts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty.

4、 As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is b

5、eyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal c

6、hoice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, persona

7、l heath choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.1. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because（ ）.2.To “live a completely sedentary life-style” (Para. 1) most probably means（ ）.3.Sound per

8、sonal health choice is often difficult to make because（ ）.4.To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to（ ）.5.According to Fries and Crapo sound health choice should be based on（ ）.问题1选项A.personal heath choices help cure most illnessesB.it helps raise the l

9、evel of our medical knowledgeC.it is essential to personal freedom in American societyD.wrong decisions could lead to poor health问题2选项A.to “live an inactive life”B.to “live a decent life”C.to “live a life with complete freedom”D.to “live a life of vice”问题3选项A.current medical knowledge is still insuf

10、ficientB.there are many factors influencing our decisionsC.few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of lifeD.people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends问题4选项A.improving the quality of ones lifeB.limiting ones personal health choiceC.deliberately ending

11、ones lifeD.breaking the rules of social behavior问题5选项A.personal decisionsB.societys lawsC.statistical evidenceD.friends opinions【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“personal choice”可以定位到文章第一段第二句An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound per

12、sonal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge.（如果个人根据目前的医学知识做出正确的个人健康选择，估计90%的疾病是可以预防的。），也就是说不正确的个人健康选择可能会导致疾病的发生。所以D选项“错误的决定可能会导致健康状况不佳”正确。A选项“个人健康选择有助于治疗大多数疾病”，文章说的是预防大多数疾病，而不是治疗，所以A错误。B选项“有助于提高我们的医学知识水平”，文章说的是只需根据现有的医学知识做出个人健康选择，而这样不会提高医学知识水平，所以B错误。C选项“对美国社会的个人自由至关重要”表述正确，但与题目的问题不相关，所以C

13、错误。2.词义推测题。由题干关键词“sedentary life-style”可以定位到文章第一段第五句If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise.（如果我们愿意，我们可以抽烟、酗酒、拒绝系安全带、想吃什么就吃什么，过一种完全久坐不运动的生活方式。），可以得知这种生活方式是久坐不运动的。所以A选项“过着不

14、活动的生活”符合题意。B选项“过着体面的生活”，C选项“过着完全自由的生活”和D选项“过着罪恶的生活”均不能形容久坐不运动的生活方式，所B，C，D错误。3.客观细节题。由A选项可以定位到文章第一段第二句An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge.（如果个人根据目前的医学知识做出正确的个人健康选择，估计90%的疾病是可以预防的。），说明现有的

15、医学知识是足够的，所以A选项“现有的医学知识仍然不足”错误。C选项“很少有人愿意用生命的质量来换取生命的数量”在原文中没有提及，所以C选项不符合题意。由D选项可以定位到第一段最后一句As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.（例如，青少年可能知道吸烟和健康的相关事实，但可能会迫于朋友的压力，

16、相信这是社会公认的事情。），举例说明了朋友的影响是其中一个原因，但不够全面，所以D选项“人们通常会受到朋友行为的影响”不符合题意。由B选项可以定位到第二段第一句A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors（许多因素，包括遗传因素和环境因素，影响健康相关行为的发展），说明个人健康选择是受多方面的因素影响的，所以B选项“有许多因素影响着我们的决定”正确。4.客观细节题。由题干关键词“knowingly allow ones

17、elf”可以定位到第二段倒数第二句They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide.（明知某一行为在统计上有缩短寿命的可能，而故意沉溺于这种行为，无异于企图自杀。），意思是明知某种行为不健康还要去做，相当于自杀，所以C选项“故意结束自己的生命”正确。A选项“提高一个人的生活质量”，追求不健康的习惯不能提高生活质量，所以A错误。B选项“限制个人健康选

18、择”，故意沉溺于不健康的行为正是个人选择的体现，而不是限制个人选择，所以B错误。D选项“违反社会行为规则”文中没有提及，所以D错误。5.客观细节题。由题干关键词“Fries and Crapo”可以定位到文章第二段，第二段中最后一句personal heath choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.（个人健康选择应该反映出那些在统计上有可能增加活力和长寿的行为。），说明个人健康选择应

19、该基于统计学上的数据。所以C选项“统计学证据”正确。A选项“个人决定”，个人的选择是有健康的也有不健康的，所以不能依据个人的决定来，A错误。B选项“社会的法律”在文中没有提及，所以B错误。D选项“朋友的意见”，文章介绍了因为朋友的意见做出错误健康选择的例子，所以不能依据朋友的意见，D错误。2. 单选题The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds（ ）his argument in favor of the new theory.问题1选项A.which to base onB.on which to baseC.to base on whic

20、hD.which to be based on【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。根据句意：教授很难找到充分的理由来支撑自己支持新理论的论据。由此可知，要把his argument建立在grounds 的基础上，即“base his arguments on the grounds”，变成定语从句需要将介词on提到关系代词which的前面，即“on which to base his arguments”，所以选项B正确。3. 单选题Inquiries（ ）the condition of patients may be made personally or by telephone.问题1选项A

21、.regardingB.consideringC.followingD.relating【答案】A【解析】考查介词辨析。A选项 regarding“关于，至于”，B选项considering“考虑到，就.而言”，C选项following“意为下述，由于”，D选项relating“关联，联系”，句意：有关病人情况的询问可亲自或电话询问。因此，A选项符合句意。4. 单选题The top managers are full of（ ）toward the sales volume of mobile phones next year.问题1选项A.curiosityB.optimismC.passi

22、onD.attitude【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项curiosity“好奇心，求知欲”，B选项optimism“乐观，乐观主义”，C选项passion“激情，热情”，D选项attitude“态度，看法”，句意：高级经理们对明年的手机销量非常乐观。因此，B选项符合句意。5. 单选题With only about 1000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. Thats move similar to what

23、 a Texas A&M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noahs Ark”.Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&Ms College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo transfer work and related procedures, says he salutes the Chinese effort and “I wish the

24、m all the best success possible. Its a worthwhile project, certainly not an easy one, and its very much like what were attempting here at Texas A&M to save animals from extinction.”Noahs Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen

25、. If certain species should become extinct. Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.It is estimated that as many as 2000 species of mammals, birds and reptiles will become extinct over the next 100 years. The panda, native only to Chin

26、a, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.The entire procedure could take fr

27、om three to five years to complete.“The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy. It takes a long time and its difficul

28、t, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.“They are trying to do something that

29、s never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noahs Ark. Were both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly applaud their effort and theres a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. Its a research that is very much needed.”1. The aim of “Noahs Ark” project

30、is to（ ）.2.The word “groundbreaking” (Paragraph 7) can be interpreted（ ）.3.What could be the major problem in cloning pandas according to Professor Kraemer?4.The best title for the passage may be（ ）.问题1选项A.implant embryo into a host animalB.salute the Chinese efforts in saving pandasC.save endangere

31、d animals from extinctionD.introduce cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit问题2选项A.essentially newB.pioneeringC.evolutionaryD.epoch-making问题3选项A.Lack of available panda eggs.B.Lack of host animals.C.Lack of qualified researchers.D.Lack of funds.问题4选项A.China-the N

32、ative Place of Pandas ForeverB.Chinas Efforts to Clone PandasC.Chinas First Cloned PandaD.Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“aim”可以定位到文章第三段Noahs Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid n

33、itrogen. If certain species should become extinct. Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.（诺亚方舟的目标是收集濒危动物的卵子、胚胎、精液和DNA，并将它们储存在液氮中。如果某些物种灭绝，克雷默说，未来将会有足够的基本构件来重新引入这个物种。），说明诺亚方舟项目的目标是拯救濒危动物。因此C选项“拯救濒临灭绝的动物”正确。由A选项关键词“implant embryo”可以定位到

34、文章第五段最后一句They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.（他们现在正试图将胚胎植入宿主动物体内。），这是中国科学家的做法，不是诺亚方舟项目的目标，所以A选项“将胚胎植入宿主动物体内”错误。由B选项关键词“salute”可以定位到文章第二段第一句he salutes the Chinese effort and “I wish them all the best success possible.（他对中国的努力表示敬意，并说“我祝愿他们取得最好的成功。”），这是克雷默博士对中国拯救大熊猫努力的态度，而不是诺亚方

35、舟项目的目标，所以B选项“向中国拯救大熊猫的努力致敬”错误。由D选项关键词“introduce cells”可以定位到文章第五段第一句Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit.（中国科学家表示，他们将一只死去的雌性熊猫的细胞引入一只日本白兔的卵细胞中，培育出了一个胚胎。），这是中国科学家的做法，不是诺亚方舟项目的目标，所以D选项“将死亡雌性熊猫的细胞导入日本白兔的卵细

36、胞”错误。2.语义推测题。由题干关键词“groundbreaking”可以定位到文章第七段第三句It takes a long time and its difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works.（这需要很长时间，也很困难，但如果成功的话，这可能将会成为科学史上的开拓。），这是科学上的一次开创性举措，因此B选项“首创的；先驱的”正确。A选项“本质上新的”，C选项“进化的”，D选项“划时代的”均没有开创、先驱的意思，所以A，C，D错误。3.客观细节题。根据题干关键词“major problem”可以定位到文章第

37、七段第一句“The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes.（克雷默认为：“将一个物种的细胞核移植到另一个物种并不容易，而且缺乏可用的熊猫卵子可能是一个主要问题。”）说明克隆大熊猫的主要问题是缺乏熊猫的卵子。因此A选项“缺少可用的熊猫卵子”正确。B选项“缺乏宿主动物”，C选项“缺乏合格的研究人员”，D选项“缺乏资金”在文中均没有提及，所以B，C，D错误。4.主旨大

38、意题。文章主要围绕中国开展的克隆大熊猫的项目展开，首先说到中国克隆大熊猫的努力和诺亚方舟项目很相似，接着介绍了中国尝试克隆大熊猫的具体举措，最后说到这项研究是很值得、很有必要的。因此B选项“中国克隆大熊猫的努力”最适合作为文章的标题。A选项“中国熊猫的故乡”没有说到中国正在努力克隆熊猫，所以A错误。C选项“中国第一只克隆熊猫”，中国现在还没有成功克隆出熊猫，所以C错误。D选项“探索克隆熊猫的可能性”没有提到中国做出的努力，所以D错误。6. 翻译题Modern science, particularly physics, is being forced, under pressure of it

39、s own advances, to acknowledge that the truths it offers are true not in an absolute but in a poetic sense, that its laws are contingent, that its facts are a kind of metaphor. Of course, art and science are fundamentally different in their methods, and in their ends. The doing of science involves a

40、 level of rigor unattainable to art. A scientific hypothesis can be proven or, perhaps more importantly, disproven but a poem, a picture, or a piece of music, cannot. Yet in their origins art and science are remarkably similar.【答案】现代科学，尤其是物理学，在自身进步的压力下，被迫承认它所提供的真理不是绝对的，而是诗意的，它的规律是偶然的，它的事实是一种隐喻。当然，艺术

41、和科学在方法上、在目的上是根本不同的。科学所涉及的严格程度是艺术所无法企及的。一个科学假设可以被证明或者，也许更重要的是，被否定但一首诗、一幅画或一首音乐却不能。然而，艺术和科学在其起源上是非常相似的。7. 单选题There are faults which age releases us from, and there are virtues which turn to vices with the lapse of years. The worst of these is thrift, which in early and middle life is wisdom and duty t

42、o practice for a provision against destitution. As time goes on this virtue is apt to turn into the ugliest, cruelest, shabbiest of the vices. Then the victim of it finds himself storing past all probable need of saving for himself or those next him, to the deprivation of the remoter kin of the race

43、. In the earlier time when gain was symbolized by gold or silver, the miser had a sensual joy in the touch of his riches, in hearing the coins clink in their fall through his fingers and in gloating upon their increase sensible to the hand and eye. Then the miser had his place among the great figure

44、s of misdoing; he was of a dramatic effect, like a murderer or a robber and something of this bad distinction clung to him even when his coins had changed to paper currency, the clean, white notes of the only English bank, or the greenbacks, of our innumerable banks of issue; but when the sense of r

45、iches had been transmuted to the balance in his favor at his bankers, or the bonds in his drawer at the safety-deposit vault, all splendor had gone out of his vice. His bad eminence was gone, but he clung to the lust of gain which had ranked him with the picturesque wrong-doers, and which only ruin

46、from without could save him from, unless he gave his remnant of strength to saving himself from it. Most aging men are sensible of all this, but few have the frankness of that aging man who once said that he who died rich died disgraced, and died the other day in the comparative poverty of fifty mil

47、lions.1. This short passage is mainly to tell that（ ）.2.According to the passage, one is thought vicious when he（ ）.3.The italicized expression “gloating upon” probably means（ ）.4.The words “in the comparative poverty of fifty millions” at the end of the passage suggests a notion that（ ）.问题1选项A.man

48、becomes increasingly greedy when getting oldB.a miser can be honest if he does no wrong actC.age can help convert some virtue into viceD.misers all started from trying to be thrifty问题2选项A.gathers up money at the sacrifice of all his family membersB.practices endless thrifty to guard his people from

49、povertyC.stores continuously for his own and his relatives needsD.saves too much but wouldnt spend it for the necessary问题3选项A.thinking with slight guiltB.seeing with much satisfactionC.touching with great aweD.hearing with little delight问题4选项A.stinginess may cause a very rich man to die very pitiful

50、B.rich people may still take 50 million as comparative littleC.one remains discontent with all he has gained until his deathD.the rich are inconsiderate of the majority that live in poverty【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章的中心句是第一句There are faults which age releases us from, and there are virtue

51、s which turn to vices with the lapse of years.（有些缺点会随着年龄的增长而消失，有些美德会随着岁月的流逝而变成恶习。），接着文章以节俭为例说明主题。因此C选项“年龄可以使美德变为邪恶”正确。A选项“人越老越贪婪”和原文随着岁月的流逝节俭变成恶习的意思混淆，所以A错误。B选项“如果守财奴没有做错事，他也可以是诚实的”在文中没有提及，所以B错误。D选项“吝啬鬼都是从努力节俭开始的”是文中的一个细节，不能概括文章主旨，所以D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第四句Then the victim of it finds himself sto

52、ring past all probable need of saving for himself or those next him, to the deprivation of the remoter kin of the race.（有这种陋习的人发现他们自己不断地储存，致使其他远亲们一无所获。），说明被视为罪恶的原因是只顾自己积蓄，不帮助其他远亲。因此D选项“储蓄太多，但不愿花在必要的地方”正确。A选项“牺牲所有的家庭成员来攒钱”，B选项“孜孜不倦地节俭以保护他的人民免受贫困”，C选项“不断地储存以满足自己和亲戚的需要”均不是被视为罪恶的原因，所以A，B，C错误。3.语义推测题。由题干

53、可以定位到文章第一段第五句In the earlier time when gain was symbolized by gold or silver, the miser had a sensual joy in the touch of his riches, in hearing the coins clink in their fall through his fingers and in gloating upon their increase sensible to the hand and eye.（在早期，财富是以金或银作为象征的，当守财奴接触到自己的财富时，听到硬币从他的手指

54、间叮当作响地掉下时，就会感到一种感官上的快乐，而且还会因为硬币的增加而沾沾自喜。），说明“gloating upon”在这里的意思是满意地看到自己的财富增加。因此B选项“满意地看到”正确。A选项“带着轻微的负罪感思考”，C选项“充满敬畏地触摸”，D选项“听着不太高兴”不符合原文的意思，所以A，C，D错误。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一句Most aging men are sensible of all this, but few have the frankness of that aging man who once said that he who died rich die

55、d disgraced, and died the other day in the comparative poverty of fifty millions.（大多数上了年纪的人都明白吝啬的下场，但是没几个人像那位老人一样坦率地说过，富人死得并不体面，他死时虽然有五千万的财富，但相对来说，他精神上是十分贫困的。），说明这句话暗示的内容是虽然吝啬的人可能会非常富有，但他们死去时的处境也是很可怜的。因此A选项“吝啬可能会使一个非常富有的人死得很可怜”正确。B选项“富人可能仍然觉得五千万很少”，C选项“一个人直到死前都不满足于他所得到的一切”，D选项“富人不考虑大多数生活在贫困中的人”的说法均太

56、笼统，所以B，C，D错误。8. 单选题As a member or the society, a person should be responsible for and dedicate to the society.问题1选项A.answer forB.account forC.charge forD.compensate for【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项answer for“对负责”；B选项account for“对做出解释”；C选项charge for“要价”；D选项compensate for“赔偿”。句意：作为社会的一员，一个人应该对社会负责，为社会奉献。划线部分be

57、responsible for是对负责的意思。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won（ ）and a scholarship.问题1选项A.faithB.statusC.fameD.courage【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项faith“信念”；B选项status“地位”；C选项fame“名声”；D选项courage“勇气”。句意：他写了一篇批评希腊诗人的文章，从而赢得了名声和奖学金。本句表示获得了名气，因此C选项正确。10. 单选题Some day software will tra

58、nslate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could（ ）.问题1选项A.descendB.declineC.deteriorateD.depress【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项descend“下降”，多指从高处落向低处；B选项decline“衰退”，多指数量，质量或价值的下降；C选项deteriorate“恶化，变坏”；D选项depress“压抑，使沮丧”。根据句意：总有一天，软件可以很好地翻译书面语和口语，以至于对通用第二语言的需求可能会

59、减少。这里是指需求减少，所以选项B最恰当。11. 单选题In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black

60、man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fill

61、s you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violenc

62、e, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hi

63、t us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent

64、acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed e