2022年考博英语-重庆大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第63期

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1、2022年考博英语-重庆大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 写作题The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1950, 1970 and 1990. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graph and giving possible reasons for the change of the

2、modes.【答案】略2. 填空题1What is drug? Most people probably think there is a perfect simple answer to this question. In fact, if one conducts a quick survey on any street corner, one finds that, according 2 to vast majority of people, there are two groups of drugs: 3 those prescribed by doctors and those p

3、eople take for non-medical use. As medicine and the medical professions are 4 generally self-respectful, there arent any objections to the 5 use of prescribing drugs. What most people dont realize is that though prescribed drugs are usually beneficial, they can also present a serious problem. There

4、were many people 6 addicted by tranquillizers before doctors began to prescribe 7 them: now there being literally millions who depend on them. 8 An acceptance of the use of drugs for non-medical reasons is 9 largely a matter of a culture. Some Eastern people think the use of alcohol with horror, mai

5、nly as a result of religious upbringing. However, these same people freely use marijuana 10 without a second thought, and this, in turn isnt accepted in western culture which accepts alcohol. In most western societies, the tea-or-coffee-break is now a part of life, and huge quantities of these drink

6、s are consumed daily.【答案】1.perfect改为perfectly2.to vast majority of 改为to the vast majority of3.those people 改为those which/that people4.self-respectful改为respected5.prescribing改为prescribed6.by改为to7.there being 改为there are8.an 改为the9.a matter of a culture改为a matter of culture10.and 改为while【解析】1.语法题。根据句子

7、结构，可知要用副词修饰形容词simple，应该将perfect改为perfectly。句意：大多数人可能认为这个问题有一个非常简单的答案。2.固定搭配。根据固定搭配the majority of “大多数，大部分”，可知将to vast majority of 改为to the vast majority of “绝大多数”。句意：对于绝大多数人来说，有两类药品。3.语法题。根据句子结构，people take for non-medical use为定语从句，先行词为those，所以应该添加关系代词which/that，在定语从句中作take的宾语。句意：医生开的药和非医疗用途的药。4.词汇

8、题。Self-respectful “有自尊心的”。根据句意：医学和医学专业通常是受尊敬的。所以应该改为respected “受尊敬的”。5.词汇题。Prescribing drugs中prescribing 修饰drugs，处方药物，应该用过去分词作定语修饰drugs，prescribed drugs “处方药”。句意：由于医学和医学专业受到普遍的尊重，人们并不反对使用处方药。6.固定搭配。根据固定搭配be addicted to “对上瘾，沉溺于”，句意：有许多人对镇静剂上瘾。7.语法题。根据句子结构，可知there be 句型表示 “有”，根据定语从句中的depend，句子为一般现在时态

9、，所以用there are。句意：现在有数百万人依赖镇定剂。8.语法题。根据the use of drugs，可知此处应表示特指，特指对非医疗用途药品的使用。所以用定冠词the。句意：对非医疗用途药物使用的接受很大程度上是一种文化问题。9.语法题。不可数名词前不能用冠词an/a，culture为不可数名词，所以应该去掉a。句意：对非医疗用途药物使用的接受很大程度上是一种文化问题。10.上下文逻辑关系题。上文提到这些人毫不犹豫地自由使用大麻，而下文提到这在西方文化中是不被接受的，可知上下文构成对比关系。And为并列连词，应该用表对比的连词while。句意：这些人毫不犹豫就随意吸食大麻，而这在接受

10、酒精的西方文化中是不被接受的。3. 单选题There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors wo

11、rking alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other

12、inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation.

13、 We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources, that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the ki

14、nd of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government

15、 expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either im

16、prove our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to t

17、he competition of the new product, the new business structure and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation a risky and expensive budget item might meet resistance from management and stockholders

18、 concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their man

19、agerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, sm

20、all firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures. There are instan

21、ces in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.2.According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the passage th

22、at the author（ ）.4.With which of the following statements would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?5.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?问题1选项A.advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial researchB.show that Americas

23、 strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulnessC.describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovationD.point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic

24、power in industry问题2选项A.sometimes adversely affect our standard of living and diminish our natural resourcesB.came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopolistic industriesC.were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teamsD.have greater impact on smaller firms

25、 than on conglomerates问题3选项A.has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the futureB.would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishmentC.favors a conservative approach to innovation and pla

26、ces trust in conglomerates to provide efficient productionD.feels that price should still be the dominant variable in the competitive process问题4选项A.The independent inventor cannot afford to undertake the research needed to improve our standard of living.B.Governmental expenditure for military resear

27、ch will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C.Industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change than smaller firms do.D.Firms with a small-share of the market aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipm

28、ent.问题5选项A.Governmental restraints on monopolies should be lifted, and government funding should be made available to large corporations wishing to engage in research.B.Governmental restraints on monopolies should be tightened, and government funding should be made available to small corporations an

29、d independent individuals wishing to engage in research.C.Governmental restraints on monopolies should be tightened, and no government funding should be provided to any corporations or individuals wishing to engage in research.D.The amount the government spends on military research should be decreas

30、ed, and the amount it spends to improve the standard of living should be increased.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章第一段主要提到了人们普遍认为，伴随着巨型工业的出现，工业研究也开始激增。第二段用实例对观点进行了否定。第三段主要提到相比大型工业，小公司不受大型工厂和资本设备投资的阻碍，往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。第四段主要提到一些大型企业在面临竞争的时候，也会大量投入进行创新。由此可知，本篇文章的主要目的在于指出了一个普

31、遍存在的错误观点：工业研究的范围与工业垄断势力的增长之间的关系，即大型垄断企业的增长会带来工业研究和创新的激增。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research.”，最近一项关于世纪初以来重要发

32、明的研究显示，超过一半的发明是来自于独立发明家，这些发明家独立于有组织的工业研究团队。可判断出二十世纪的重要发明一半来自独立发明家，一半来自研究团队。选项C符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章第三段，“Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change.

33、 Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.”，大型企业往往在稳定和安全的环境中获得更舒适的经营环境，他们的管理机构倾向于维持现状，抵制变革中隐含的威胁。此外，在某些情况下，一些工业巨头面临很少的工业竞争，所以他们试图通过故意阻碍技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损

34、失。可判断作者对垄断行业生产的发明和创新能力没有信心。选项A符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章第三段最后一句，“By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.”，相比大型企业，小公司不受大型工厂和资本设备投资的阻碍，往往积极追

35、求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。可判断出市场份额较小的公司积极追求创新，因为他们没有被固定在资本设备投资上。选项D符合题意。5.判断推理题，文章第三段提到大型企业往往在稳定和安全的环境中获得更舒适的经营环境，他们的管理机构倾向于维持现状，抵制变革中隐含的威胁。相比大型企业，小型企业往往积极追求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。可判断出作者的态度可能是积极支持小型企业的创新，多投资于更有需求的小型企业。选项B符合题意。4. 翻译题Shopping was stressful for men. In some cases, when we looked at heart

36、 rate and blood pressure, we saw something youd expect to see in fighter pilots going into combat or policemen going into dangerous situations.Guy-mode shopping is not compatible with female shopping. Female shopping involves long-term interaction with crowds of people who dont really know what they

37、 want, or where they want to go. No man can stand much of this. We men are all about completion getting in, getting the job done, and getting out.Heres how Ive shopped: 1. Decide on the thing I want. 2. Call around to find a nearly deserted store that has the thing. 3. Go to the store. 4. Walk direc

38、tly to the thing. 5. Buy it. 6. Get it wrapped. 7. Peel out.Last year, I bought wife Brenda a coffeepot for Christmas. The whole process, door to door，took about 15 minutes. Still，I was shaking when it was over.A guy makes a plan, carries it out and exits. We dont wander, we dont browse, and we dont

39、 do a whole lot of comparing. If we say were going window shopping, you can expect us to come home with a window. Most of the men admitted that they would choose the first gift they saw, rather than spend time in crowded stores.Lets see how David buys cars: He calls down to the car lot and tells his

40、 salesman to start driving cars by his office window. If David doesnt like a car, he just waves the salesman on. If a car catches his eye, David holds up his hand. The salesman pulls over. David walks out and examines the car up close. If he still likes the car after five minutes, he writes a check.

41、【答案】购物对男人来说是有压力的。在一些情况下，当我们观察心率和血压时，我们看到了一些你会在战斗机飞行员进入战斗或警察进入危险的情况下看到的一种状态。男性模式的购物与女性不同。女性购物需要与一群不知道自己想要什么、想去哪里的人进行长期互动。而这些男人无法忍受。我们男人都是为了达到目标达到目标，然后离开。这是我购物的方式：1. 确定我想买的东西；2. 打电话到附近找一家几乎没人的商店，并且这个商店有这个东西；3. 去这个商店；4. 直接找到此商品；5. 购买；6. 包装好；7. 离开。去年，我给妻子买了个咖啡壶作为圣诞礼物。一个一个商店地逛，整个过程花了15分钟。结束时我仍然在发抖。男人购物会制

42、定计划，实施计划然后结束离开。我们不会闲逛、不会多浏览，也不会做大量的比较。如果我们说我们要去逛街看橱窗，你可以指望我们带着一扇窗回家。大多数男性承认，他们会选择他们看到的第一件礼物，而不是花时间在拥挤的商店里。我们来看一下David是如何买汽车的：他打电话到汽车展销中心，告诉他的销售员开始在他办公室的窗户旁驾驶汽车。如果大卫不喜欢汽车，他就向销售员挥手示意。如果一辆汽车引起了他的注意，大卫就会举起手来。销售员把车停在路边。大卫走过去，近距离检查汽车。如果五分钟后他还喜欢这辆车，他就会开支票买下来。5. 填空题Those that experience a failed marriage fe

43、el like failures on their own. They feel that they should have been able to do something different to make the marriage（1）. They may have been betrayed by an affair,（2）still feel as if it is their fault. Therapy can help someone work（3）feelings like that if they persist. Many see a failed marriage a

44、s a personal failure, and that can be hard to get（4）, even as a few years have gone by and they have moved on to a new relationship. This is（5）that never really goes away but that does not mean you cannot learn how to deal with it in a（6）manner.Those that did not see the divorce coming are going to

45、be hardest hit by（7）is happening. While the other spouse was pulling away, they may not have had any（8）that their partner was hurting or wishing to be out of the marriage. For them, dealing with the failed marriage is going to be very hard, and they are going to try everything to （9）it. At times, th

46、is can be done, but not（10）. Prepare for this if you are the one that wanted the（11）. Understand where they are coming from and you can avoid a lot of（12）and hard feelings in the future. That is very important if you have children together.Going through a failed marriage is never easy on anyone, eve

47、n if it appears to you that your spouse is（13）or moving on much sooner than you ever thought they could. Get help dealing with your feelings if you find that you （14）cannot find a reason for what happened and you cannot move on（15）some type of closure or clarity about your failed marriage.Remember,

48、not all marriages are going to last no matter what happens, but that does not mean you cannot find another partner and take your lesson from your first marriage with you to ensure this does not happen to you again.【答案】1.work2.but3.through4.over5.something6.positive7.what8.idea9.save10.always11.divor

49、ce12.resentment13.indifferent14.simply15.without【解析】1.上下文语义。根据句意，“那些经历过失败婚姻的人会觉得自己是失败的。他们觉得他们本应该做些不同的事情来让婚姻继续下去。”，可知空格中要填入的单词意思为“继续”，又因为固定搭配make sth. do “让做某事”，可知空格中应填入动词原形。故应填入work。2.上下文逻辑关系。空格前一句提到They may have been betrayed by an affair， “他们可能被婚外情出卖了”，空格后一句提到still feel as if it is their fault，“仍然

50、觉得是自己的过错”。可知前后两句存在转折关系，所以填入转折连词，故应填入but。3.固定搭配，根据固定搭配work through “解决，克服”，可知句意：如果他们坚持下去，心理治疗可以帮助他们克服这种感觉。故应填入through。4.固定搭配。根据固定搭配get over “克服，熬过”，可知句意：许多人把失败的婚姻看作是个人的失败，这是很难克服的，即使几年过去了并且他们已经开始了一段新的感情。故应填入over。5.上下文语义。根据句子结构，可知that引导定语从句，修饰空格中的事物。根据上文提到许多人把失败的婚姻看作是个人的失败，这是很难克服的，即使几年过去了并且他们已经开始了一段新的感

51、情还是依然如此，可知这里要表达的意思是“这是一种永远不会消失的事情”。故应填入something。6.上下文语义。根据转折连词but，可知上下文存在转折关系。上文提到“这是一种永远不会消失的事情”，可知下文要表达的意思为：这并不意味着你不能学会如何以一种积极的方式处理它。故应填入positive。7.语法题。根据句意，“那些没有预见离婚的人将受到正在发生的事情的沉重打击”，又根据介词by，可知空格中应填入宾语从句引导词，表达 “正在发生的事情”。故应填入what。8.固定搭配。根据固定搭配have no idea “不知道，不清楚”，可知句意：他们可能根本不知道他们的伴侣正在受到伤害或者想要离

52、婚。故应填入idea。9.上下文语义。根据句意：对他们来说，处理失败的婚姻将是非常困难的，他们会尽一切努力来挽救它。可判断文章想要表达的意思为 “挽救婚姻”。故应填入save。10.上下文逻辑关系，根据空格前的but，可知前后存在转折关系。上文提到有时候，失败的婚姻能够得到挽救。可知下文表达的意思是 “但是不总是能够成功做到”。故填入always。11.上下文语义。根据句子结构可知that引导定语从句修饰one。根据上文 Prepare for this if you are the one “如果你是那个想要的人，做好准备吧”。可判断出本句要表达的意思为 “想要离婚的人”。故应填入divor

53、ce。12.上下文语义。根据并列连词and，可知前后存在并列关系。根据空格后hard feelings “不愉快的情绪”，可知and前应该也是表达消极意义的词汇，并且和hard feelings属于同一名词词类，具有相似的性质。故填入resentment。13.上下文语义。根据even if “即使”，转折连词，可知前后存在转折关系。上文提到经历一段失败的婚姻对任何人来说都不容易，可知even if 引导的让步状语从句想要表达的意思为：即使你觉得你的配偶非常冷漠，或者比你想象的更早离开。故应填入indifferent。14.语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格中应该填入一个副词，用来修饰动词find

54、。根据句意：如果你发现你根本找不到事情发生的原因，那就寻求帮助来处理你的情绪。可判断出空格处应填入的单词可表达的意思为 “仅仅，简单地”。故应填入simply。15.上下文语义。根据空格前提到you cannot move on，“你将无法继续前进”，空格后提到some type of closure or clarity about your failed marriage，“关于你失败婚姻的某种了结或澄清”，可判断出前后两句的关系为：如果没有对失败婚姻的某种类型的了结或澄清，你将无法继续前进。故应填入without。6. 单选题1.（ ）The role of governments in

55、 environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidize the exploitation and consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies

56、, from farm price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage t

57、o control the vested interest that subsidies create.2.（ ）No activity affects more of the earths surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planets land area, not counting Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainl

58、y as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a doubling in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the 1970s and 1980s

59、.3.（ ）All these activities may have damaging environment impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerba

60、te soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests of diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both

61、rich and poor countries. The United State, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soils productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 percent of its

62、 cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than America.4.（ ）Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the

63、price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense; about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmers easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilizers and pesticides. Fertilizer use doub

64、led in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150 percent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 percent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 percent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981.In the late 1980s and

65、early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertilizer subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertilizer use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodi