2022年考博英语-山东大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷31（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-山东大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird _ a set of actions to protect its offspring.问题1选项A.hastensB.releasesC.devisesD.initiates【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。hastens “催促，加速”；releases “释放，发表”；devises “发明，图谋”；initiates “发动，发起”。句意：如果猫越来越靠近嘲鸫的巢，它将会发动一系列行动去保护它的后代。选

2、项D符合题意。2. 单选题It is hard to tell whether we are going to have a（ ）in the economy or a recession.问题1选项A.concessionB.boomC.transmissionD.submission【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。concession “特权”，boom “繁荣”；transmission “传输”；submission “屈服”。句意：很难判断我们将来的经济将会呈现繁荣的景象还是衰退的面貌。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题（ ）what has been said，it is unlike

3、that population growth will be halted，either in the developed or in the undeveloped world.问题1选项A.In view ofB.On behalf ofC.For the sake ofD.With the exception of【答案】A【解析】介词词组解析。in view of “ 鉴于，考虑到”；on behalf of “ 代表，为了”；for the sake of “由于，因为”；with the exception of “除了以外”。句意：考虑到他所说的，无论是在发达国家还是在发展中国家

4、，人口增长似乎不会停止。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题The excursion will give you an even deeper（ ）into our language and culture.问题1选项A.inquiryB.investigationC.inputD.insight【答案】D【解析】名词词义解析。inquiry “查询”；investigation “调查”；input “输入”；insight “洞悉”。句意：这次旅行将会提供一个语言和文化的深入了解。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题A 1994 World Bank report concluded that _ gi

5、rls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.问题1选项A.enrollingB.assigningC.involvingD.consenting【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。enroll “登记，注册”；assign “分配，指派”；involve “涉及”；consent “允许，赞成”。句意：1994年世界银行的报告总结道，学校注册招收女孩可能在现今的发展中国家中是对抗贫困最有效的政策。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题The Car

6、negie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be “all things to all people”. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate de

7、sire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, “the nations colle

8、ges and universities are more successful in providing credentials （文凭）than in providing a quality education for their students. “The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce

9、students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact,

10、 they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: “Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.” Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Fa

11、culty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure （终身任期），promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars

12、is that “There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.”1.When a college tries to be “all things to all people”（Line 1，Para. 1） it aims to _.2.By saying that “in too many academic fields, the work has no co

13、ntext” （Lines 4-5, Pare. 1）the author means that the teaching in these areas_.3.One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that_.4.American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates because _.5.It can be inferred fr

14、om the passage that high-quality college education calls for_.问题1选项A.satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB.focus on training students in various skillsC.encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD.make learning serve academic rather than productive ends问题2选项A.ignores

15、 the actual situationB.is not based on the right perspectiveC.only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD.gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students问题3选项A.a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB.students dont have enough freedom in choosing what

16、 they want to learnC.skills are being taught as a means to an endD.students are only interested in obtaining credentials问题4选项A.most of them lack high-quality facultiesB.the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC.there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD.they attach grea

17、ter importance to research and publication than to teaching问题5选项A.putting academic work in the proper contextB.a commitment to students and effective teachingC.the practice of putting learning to productive endsD.dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1

18、.推理题。根据文章第一段第四句，“The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context”,可知问题是给学生们提供了太多的学术领域，也就是太多的专业课程可以选择。选项C符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends.”，这种教育涉及了很多专业领域，但是没有内容，技能

19、没有变成方法，而是成为一种目的，所以这种教育的角度是错误的。选项B符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students.”，可知美国大学当前面临危机的原因是越来越迎合狭隘的事业心，没有培养学生的全球视野。选项A符合题意。 4.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“yet faculty know that research and publication matte

20、r most.”，可知他们认为研究和出版是最重要的事。选项D符合题意。 5.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus.”，可知教学生们基本知识，产生跨学科联系，并且将知识应用于学校之外的生活是他们承诺努力的方面。根据第二段第一句，“Although the key to a

21、good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching.”，可知高素质的教师和好的教学也是他们关注的方面。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题Henrys news report covering the conference was so（ ）that nothing had been omitted.问题1选项A.comprehensiveB.comprehensibleC.understandingD.

22、understandable【答案】A【解析】近义形容词词义辨析。comprehensive “完全的，无所不包的”；comprehensible “能懂的，可以理解的”；understandable “（行为）可以理解的”；understanding“善于理解的”。句意：亨利对于这个会议的报道是相当全面的，没有什么漏掉的信息。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题The fact that the earths surface heats _ provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.问题1选项A.infrequent

23、lyB.irregularlyC.unsteadilyD.unevenly【答案】D【解析】副词词义解析。infrequently “很少发生地”；irregularly “不规则地”；unsteadily “不稳定地”；unevenly “不均衡地”。句意：事实就是地球表面加热不均衡提供了一种将其划分成多个温度区域的简便方法。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to _ wonderful bargains in the market.问题1选项A.pick upB.

24、bump intoC.pile upD.bring back【答案】A【解析】动词词组辨析。pick up“买到，获得”；bump into “无意中遇到，碰到”；pile up “积累，堆放起来”；bring back “拿回来”。句意：有些人喜欢在星期天购物，因为他们期待买到市场上物美价廉的便宜货。选项A符合题意。10. 单选题Science is based on experiment，on a willingness to（ ）old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is.问题1选项A.encounterB.

25、convertC.challengeD.formulate【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。encounter “偶然遇见”；convert “转换”；challenge “挑战”；formulate “规划”。句意：科学是基于实验的，愿意去挑战老教条，以开放的眼光去探求宇宙的本质。选项C符合题意。11. 单选题The career I have chosen（ ）opportunities yet it is fraught with heartbreak, despair and hardship.问题1选项A.is laden withB.is lack ofC.is burdened w

26、ithD.is in want of【答案】A【解析】动词词组辨析。be laden with “满载，充满”；be lack of “缺乏”；be burdened with “使重负”；be in want of “需要”。句意：我选择的职业充满机会，然而也充满的心碎、绝望和艰辛。选项A符合题意。12. 单选题Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily _ for a month or a year as for a single day.问题1选项A.put upB.stay upC.speed up

27、D.make up【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。put up for “获得食宿安排”； stay up “熬夜”； speed up “加速”； make up “组成，补充，编造”。句意：带着这些财产去任何地方，你可以住上一个月或者一年，就像过上一天一样。选项A符合题意。13. 单选题Endangered species are plants and animals that are in immediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Si

28、nce the formation of the earth, many more species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes of climate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation （捕食）.Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly

29、 accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment （侵犯）on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the worlds environments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes through natural selection.Species become extinct or enda

30、ngered for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of natural habitats （栖息地）.Drainage of wetlands （沼泽地），cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the various surroundings become frag

31、ments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.Sin

32、ce the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases and parasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another important cause of their extinction.Some private and governmental effor

33、ts have been organized to save declining species. Laws were made in some countries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, approved by 51 nations. Its purpose is to

34、 restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulating and restricting trade in certain species. How effective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement （实施）and support by the people and the courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some

35、segments of society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch and kill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.1.According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor caus

36、ing the rapid extinction of man species since the 17th century?2.In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word “islands” refers to_.3.This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinction of man species except_.4.According to the passage, which of the following is mos

37、t important in saving declining species?5.How does the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?问题1选项A.Human beings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.B.Some endangered species have already reached the end of their life span in

38、evolution.C.The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.D.The worlds climate has changed so greatly that most species cannot survive.问题2选项A.the lands that are completely surrounded by waterB.the wild animals breeding grounds protected by lawC.the pieces of land sepa

39、rated by modem buildings and roadsD.the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species问题3选项A.natural selection of speciesB.various natural disastersC.commercial trade and killingD.destruction of natural surroundings问题4选项A.Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.B.Peopl

40、e should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.C.Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.D.Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.问题5选项A.Worried.B.Optimistic.C.Indifferent.D.Confident.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:

41、A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第五句，“the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment on natural ecology systems.”，可知灭绝速度加快的原因是人类人口的增长和科学技术对自然生态系统的侵犯。选项C符合题意。2.语义题。根据第二段第三句，“As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining an

42、imal populations crowd into smaller areas”，可知环境变成了碎片，剩下的动物聚集在更小的区域里，下文的small islands就是指这些区域。根据“Species in these small islands lose contact with other populations of their own kind”，可知生活在这个小区域里的物种与其他同类中种群失去了联系。所以是孤立的。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。考查对物种灭绝的原因的理解。根据文章第一段第一句，“a normal process in the course of evolutio

43、n”，可知物种灭绝是进化中的一个正常过程，选项A可排除。根据第二段第一句，“the destruction of natural habitats”，栖息地的破坏也是物种灭绝的原因，选项D可排除。根据文章最后一段第二句， “protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing.”，商业买卖和杀害也是原因，选项C可排除。选项B符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“How effective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement

44、and support by the people and the courts.”，使法律有效发挥作用的关键在于人们和法院的实施和支持，所以相关法律需要在人们的支持下制定和实施是最重要的。选项C符合题意。 5.作者态度题。根据文章最后一段最后一句，“the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.”，可知作者认为尽管有法律保护，许多物种的未来仍然尚存疑问。所以作者是担忧的态度。选项A符合题意。14. 单选题The study of genetics has given rise to a profitab

45、le new industry called biotechnology. As the name （1）, it combines biology and modem technology through such （2 ） as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, （3 ） in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent （取得专利）seeds that give a high yield （产量），that

46、 （4 ） disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. （5 ）such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised （6 ） about genetically engineered crops. “In nature, genetic diversity （多样性）is created within certain limits,” says the book Genetic

47、 Engineering, Food and Our Environment. “A rose can be crossed （杂交）with a different kind of rose, but a rose will （7 ）cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to （8 ） a desired property o

48、r character. This could mean, （9 ）, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes（10 ） from bacteria, viruse

49、s, insects, animals or even humans. （11 ）, then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that（12 ） species. Like the green revolution, （13 ） some call the gene revolution（14 ） to the problem of genetic uniformity （千篇一律）- some say even more so （15 ） geneticists can employ techniques su

50、ch （16 ）cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly（17） copies, or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new（18 ）, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. “We are flying blindly into a new （19

51、） of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential（20）,” said science writer Jeremy Rifkin. 问题1选项A.suggestsB.recallsC.concernsD.advises问题2选项A.conceptsB.viewsC.techniquesD.courses问题3选项A.participateB.focusC.specializeD.involve问题4选项A.treatB.avoidC.opposeD

52、.resist问题5选项A.IfB.UnlessC.SinceD.As问题6选项A.demandsB.topicsC.concernsD.lessons问题7选项A.sometimesB.neverC.frequentlyD.eventually问题8选项A.conveyB.transferC.selectD.collect问题9选项A.for exampleB.for one thingC.on one handD.in any case问题10选项A.resultedB.evolvedC.injectedD.taken问题11选项A.In contrastB.In thatC.In cas

53、eD.In essence问题12选项A.separateB.formC.createD.vary问题13选项A.whatB.whereC.asD.so问题14选项A.combinesB.contributesC.commandsD.breaks问题15选项A.thatB.becauseC.ifD.when问题16选项A.likeB.for exampleC.asD.is问题17选项A.resemblingB.alikeC.similarD.identical问题18选项A.issuesB.heightC.difficultiesD.goals问题19选项A.spotB.eraC.deadli

54、neD.scheme问题20选项A.navigationsB.mysteryC.outcomesD.destinations【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A第6题:C第7题:B第8题:B第9题:A第10题:D第11题:C第12题:A第13题:A第14题:B第15题:B第16题:C第17题:D第18题:A第19题:B第20题:C【解析】（1）动词词义辨析。根据文章第一句，可知the name 指代第一句中的biotechnology，所以这个名字暗示了它是生物和现代技术的结合，选项A符合题意。（2）查上下文语义。根据上文，such指代前面提到的生物和现代技术，所以只有t

55、echnique技术能概括前面的信息，选项C符合题意。（3）动词词组辨析。participate in “参加，分享”；focus on “集中于”；specialize in “专门研究 ”；involve in “参与，涉及”。句意：一些新的生物科技公司，专门研究农业方面的问题。选项C符合题意。（4）动词词义辨析。Treat “治疗，对待”；avoid “避免”；oppose “反对，对抗”；resist “抵抗”。句意：能够抵抗干旱、疾病和霜冻，并且减少对化学用品需求的种子。选项D符合题意。（5）逻辑关系。空格的这句和下一句应该是假设关系，if引导条件状语从句，句意：如果这些目标能够实现

56、，那么将会是最大的好处。选项A符合题意。（6）固定搭配。concern about “对担心”，句意：一些人对转基因农作物越来越担心。选项C符合题意。（7）考查上下文语义。上文提到基因多样性是在特定范围内创建的，“A rose can be crossed （杂交）with a different kind of rose”，玫瑰可以和其他不同种类的玫瑰杂交，后面空格应该是表示转折，句意：但是玫瑰不能和土豆杂交。选项B符合题意。（8）动词词义辨析。convey “运达，传输”； transfer “转移”；select “选择”； collect “收集”。句意：从一种物种上获取基因，然后将其

57、植入到另一物种中，尝试转移一种希望得到的特性。选项B符合题意。（9）考查上下文语义。根据上下文，用北极鱼防冻基因植入草莓土豆，使其也具有防冻特性的例子来说明了基因转移的过程。选项A符合题意。（10）动词词组辨析。resulted from “起因于”；evolved from “演变而来”；injected from “从注射”；taken from “从取出”。句意：现在用从病毒、细菌、昆虫、动物乃至人体中提取的基因来改造植物是可能的。选项D符合题意。（11）词组辨析。in contrast “与此相反”；in that “因为，由于”；in case “万一，假使”；in essence

58、“本质上”。句意：假使生物技术允许人类打破基因墙。选项C符合题意。（12）动词词义辨析。separate “分离，分开” ；form “构成，形成” ；create “创造，造成” ；vary “改变，使多样化”。句意：生物技术使人们打破分隔物种的基因壁垒。选项A符合题意。（13）考查语法。空格应该是主语从句的引导词，句意：如同绿色革命一般，我们所说的基因革命有助于解决基因千篇一律的问题。有what引导主语从句。选项A符合题意。（14）固定搭配。contribute to “有助于”，句意：基因革命有助于解决基因千篇一律的问题。选项B符合题意。（15）逻辑关系。空格前后构成了因果关系。句意：因

59、为遗传学者能采用技术，所以有助于解决基因千篇一律的问题选项B符合题意。（16）固定搭配。空格后面是举了克隆和器官培养的例子，所以用such as “比如”，选项C符合题意。（17）形容词词义辨析。resembling “像”，不是形容词，可排除 ；alike “相同的” ；similar “相似的”；identical “同一的，完全相同的”。文中是指完全相同的基因复制和克隆。选项D符合题意。（18）名词词义辨析。issues “问题”； height “高度”； difficulties “困难”；goals “目标”。句意：转基因植物可能带来新的问题。选项A符合题意。（19）名词词义辨析。

60、spot “地点”；era “时代，年代”；deadline “最后期限”；scheme “计划”。句意：我们正盲目地飞向农业生物科学技术的新时代。选项B符合题意。（20）名词词义辨析。navigations “航海”；mystery “神秘”；outcomes “结果”；destinations “目的地”。句意：不知道会带来什么样的潜在结果。选项C符合题意。15. 单选题Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy _ at any price.问题1选项A.orderB.emancipationC.hopeD.liberty【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。order “命令，顺序”；emancipation “解放，释放”；hope “希望”；liberty “自由”。句意：被二十年实质无政府状态所动摇，大多数人们将不惜一切代价购买规则。选项A符合题意。16. 单选题What makes basketball the most （ ）of sports is how these styles do not necessarily clash.问题1选项A.aspiringB.intriguingC.conspiringD.famous【答案】B