2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷60（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 翻译题Passage 1Several promising drug development strategies are emerging in the fight against tuberculosis (TB), which continues to claim nearly two million lives worldwide each year, largely in developing countries. As the TB bacterium evolves to resist anti-TB

2、drugs, and patients find it difficult to stick to existing drug regimes the search is on for both new drugs and good diagnostics. Some promising drugs are in early clinical trials, which could reduce the time needed to treat TB but the odds are stacked against them because fewer than ten per cent of

3、 antibiotics that enter early clinical trials ever gain approval. But researches are finding that fields involving the study of genes, proteins and metabolism offer the potential to unlock new information about the bacterium and its interactions with people in unprecedented detail.Passage 2As far as

4、 Web 2.0 is concerned, bigger is definitely better. Bigger text, that is. Large text is easy on the eye, and coupled with snappy copywriting makes information easy to absorb. The layout of Web 2.0 sites might be described as minimal. With a focus on legibility and ease of use, good use is made of wh

5、ite space. White space allows important information to stand apart, provides rest for the eye, and imparts a sense of calm and order. Generous leading also makes text copy easier for the eye to follow. Some Web 2.0 layouts are so minimal that they verge on boring, but designed well, an uncluttered p

6、age can be incredibly tasteful. Friendly, informal copywriting allows a more personal relationship with website visitors.Passage 3The project management team must be careful not to confuse quality with grade. Low quality is always a problem; low grade may not be. Determining and delivering the requi

7、red levels of both quality and grade are the responsibilities of the project manager and the project management team. In addition, quality improvement initiatives undertaken by the performing organization can improve the quality of the project management as well as the quality of the project product

8、. However, there is an important difference that the project management team must be acutely aware ofthe temporary nature of the project means that investments in product quality improvement, especially defect prevention and appraisal, must often be borne by the performing organization since the pro

9、ject may not last long enough to reap the rewards.Choose ONLY ONE text from the following passages and translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided. If more than ONE translation appears on the Answer Sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored【答案】Pass

10、age 1在反击结核病的战争中, 几种有前景的药物开发策略正在出现。结核病如今每年仍在夺去将近两百万人的生命, 其中大多发生在发展中国家。随着结核分枝杆菌进化成可以耐受抗结核药物, 而患者感到很难接受现有的药物治疗框架, 科学家正在寻找新药和好的诊断方法。一些有前景的药物正在进行早期临床试验, 这可能缩短结核病治疗时间, 但是他们面临的情况不利, 因为只有不到10%的进入早期临床试验阶段的抗生素获得了批准。但研究人员发现, 研究基因、蛋白质和代谢的领域提供了破解关于这种细菌及其与人类相互作用的空前详细的新信息的潜力。Passage 2对于Web2.0来讲, 越大肯定是越好。大的文字就是, 大的

11、文字看起来不累, 配合流畅的文字内容使得信息容易被吸收。Web 2.0网站的排版布局（难度）可说是微乎其微。利用好空白可以使重点突出, 易读, 易用。空白能让重要信息凸显, 让眼睛得以休息, 并给予一种安定和秩序的感觉。宽松的行间距也让视线易于跟随文本流动。一些Web 2.0 网站的布局简单到令人感到无聊的地步, 但若设计上出色的话, 一个四平八稳的页面也能成为绝顶的美味大餐。友好、活泼的行文方式会使作者与访问者建立更多良好的关系。Passage 3项目管理队伍必须注意不能将质量与等级混淆。质量低常成为一个问题, 但等级低则不是。确定和传达所需的质量及等级水平是项目经理和项目管理队伍的责任。另

12、外, 执行组织主动采取质量改进不仅能提高项目管理的质量, 也可提高项目产品质量。但是, 项目管理队伍必须清楚知道一个重要的区别一项目的临时性意味着对产品质量改进的投资, 特别是缺陷的预防和评估, 必须由执行组织承担, 因为项目可能不会持续到获得回报的时候。2. 单选题Frankly speaking, Id rather you（ ）anything about it for the time being.问题1选项A.doB.dont doC.didD.didnt do【答案】D【解析】would rather引导的从句用虚拟语气, 动词用过去时态表示, 所以首先排除选项A和B；根据anyt

13、hing可指本句应该为否定语气, 所以选项D正确。3. 单选题Dead Sea is a saltwater lake in southwestern Asia. Its shore, which lies about 399 meters below sea level, is the lowest place on the surface of the earth. The Dead Sea is the saltiest body of water in the world. It is about nine times as salty as the ocean. The lake l

14、ies at the mouth of the River Jordan and forms part of the border between Israel and Jordan.The salty waters of Dead Sea appear smooth and sparkling. Rocky and barren land surrounds the lake, and steep, brightly colored cliffs rise above its eastern and western banks. The lake is called the Dead Sea

15、 because few plants and no fish except brine shrimp live in its waters. In addition, little plant life grows in the salty soil around the Dead Sea.The Dead Sea lies in the Ghor, a deep fault (break in the earths outer shell, along which rock has moved). The lake covers about 1,040 square kilometers.

16、 It is 18 kilometers wide at its widest point and about 80 kilometers long.A peninsula called At Lisan juts into the Dead Sea from its eastern shore and divides the lake into a large northern basin and a smaller southern basin. The lakes deepest part is in the northern basin. In this area, the lake

17、bosom lies 400 meters below the surface and about 799 meters below sea level.Since the early 1900s, the water level of the Dead Sea has been slowly falling. The region gets less than 100 millimeters of rain annually. The River Jordan and several streams pour relatively fresh water into the lake. The

18、 fresh water mixes with salty water at the surface. But extreme heat in the area causes this water to evaporate rapidly. Thus, the Dead Sea never grows less salty. The high salt content of the water provides great buoyancy, enabling swimmers to float with ease.The Dead Sea contains large quantities

19、of minerals, including common salt, bromine, calcium chloride, and potassium chloride. An Israeli company called the Dead Sea Work extracts the minerals from the water for use in making such products as table salt, fertilizer, and drugs.At the southern end of the Dead Sea a network of dikes forms sh

20、allow pools that cover more that 100 square kilometers. These pools evaporate and leave behind mineral solids, which are then refined by the Dead Sea Works. Some people believe that bathing in the Dead Sea is healthful because of its high mineral content. Several health resorts in the area provide f

21、acilities for bathers.The Dead Sea was probably formed millions of years ago when the Arabian peninsula and the African continent shifted and formed the Great Rift Valley. The Dead Sea is mentioned in the Bible as The Salt Sea. The ancient cities of Sodom and Gomorrah stood near the lake.1.What are

22、the striking main features of the Dead Sea?2.Extreme heat is responsible for（ ） .3.Scholars are not quite sure about（ ） .4.The Dead Sea is （ ） .5.The water in the Dead Sea is so salty that people can（ ） .6.From the passage, we can conclude that （ ） .7.In the phrase In this area in line 3 of paragrap

23、h 4, this area refers to （ ） .问题1选项A.Dead Sea is a part of Asia.B.It is the saltiest and lowest lake of the world.C.Dead Sea is not so dead that some fish can live in its water.D.The region gets a lot rain annually.问题2选项A.the high salt content of the waterB.rich resourcesC.a long historyD.the water

24、of the Dead Sea问题3选项A.the Salt SeaB.the BibleC.mineralsD.the formation of the Dead Sea问题4选项A.to the southeastern AsiaB.not barren landC.abundant in mineralsD.dead问题5选项A.bathe in it for medical purposeB.swim in itC.float easily in the waterD.use it as the only source for salt问题6选项A.the water level no

25、w is lower than it was before early 1900sB.many health resorts are built around the Dead Sea since early 1900sC.there is no life in the Dead SeaD.the heavy rain each year greatly dilute the water in the Dead Sea问题7选项A.the Dead SeaB.At LisanC.Northern basinD.Southern basin【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:

26、C第6题:A第7题:C【解析】1.根据第一段的二三句“Its shore, which lies about 399 meters below sea level, is the lowest place on the surface of the earth. The Dead Sea is the saltiest body of water in the world.”可知, 死海最显著的几个特征是海拔最低, 海水最咸, 所以选项B符合原文。2.根据第五段的倒数二三句“But extreme heat in the area causes this water to evaporate

27、rapidly. Thus, the Dead Sea never grows less salty.”该地区的极端高温导致这些水迅速蒸发。因此, 死海的盐分从未减少过。也就是海水含盐量大, 所以选项A正确。3.根据最后一段的第一句“The Dead Sea was probably formed millions of years ago.”由“probably”可以推测, 学者们对死海的形成不太确定。选项D正确。4.根据第七段倒数第二句“.bathing in the Dead Sea is healthful because of its high mineral content.”有些

28、人认为, 在死海洗澡是健康的, 因为它富含矿物质。选项C正确。5.根据第五段最后一句“The high salt content of the water provides great buoyancy, enabling swimmers to float with ease.”含盐量极高的水提供了巨大的浮力, 使游泳者可以轻松漂浮。选项C符合原文。6.根据第五段第一句“Since the early 1900s, the water level of the Dead Sea has been slowly falling.”可知选项A符合原文, 其他选项均表述错误。7.根据原文上一句提到

29、, 这个湖最深的地方在北部水域, 下一句指出湖泊位于水面以下400米, 海平面以下约799米, 说明“In this area”指的就是北部水域, 选项C正确。4. 单选题All the characteristics and abilities a person acquires and all developmental changes result from two basic. Though complex processes: learning and maturation. Since the two processes almost always interact, it is

30、difficult to separate their effects from each other or to specify the relative contribution of each to a childs development. Clearly, growth in height is not learned but depends on maturation, a biological process. But improvements in motor activities such as walking depend on maturation and learnin

31、g, and the interaction between them.What, then, are maturation and learning? All definitions of maturation stress organic processes or structural changes occurring within an individuals body that are relatively independent of external environmental conditions, experiences, or practice. By maturation

32、 it is meant development of the organism as a function of time, or age.Learning generally refers to changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience. Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through training procedures as distinguished from changes not a

33、ttributable to training.A number of important and stimulating theories of learning have been proposed, each with its own set of principles and hypotheses for explaining the learning process. For our purposes, we do not need to be concerned with the specific details of the learning process, even thou

34、gh learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change. We shall employ only a few generally accepted principles of learning in this discussion.Specifically, we accept the principle that a child will learn a response more effectively and more thoroughly if he is motivate

35、d to learn it. Moreover, he will learn a response better if he is rewarded for learning it. According to this view, the more a response is rewarded, the stronger it becomes and the more likely it is to be repeated. Although most learning involves motivation and reward. I believe some learning does o

36、ccur without them.1.According to the passage, learning （ ） .2.A childs development depends on （ ）.3.In the authors opinion （ ）.4.According to the passage, maturation means（ ） .5.The last sentence of paragraph 4 suggests that （ ） .6.The phrase “this view” refers to the view that （ ） .7.The best title

37、 for the passages is（ ） .问题1选项A.is a complex processB.is independent of maturation.C.is independent of external environmental conditionsD.refers to changes in behavior or performance.问题2选项A.learning processB.maturation processC.the interactions between the two processD.neither of the two processes问题

38、3选项A.learning plays a very important role in most aspects of a childs development and changeB.there are hardly any principles of learning which are generally acceptedC.a child never learns anything unless he has some need or desire for itD.a child should not be rewarded until he has learned a respon

39、se问题4选项A.being sophisticated mentally and sociallyB.development of the organism as a function of time or ageC.being fully grown in height and mentalityD.freedom of adult caring in daily life问题5选项A.some proposed principles of learning may have not been accepted generallyB.principles of learning are b

40、eing proposed every dayC.only a few principles of learning are generally acceptedD.most of the principles of learning are not generally accepted问题6选项A.a child learns and matures fast.B.a child will learn a response better if he is rewardedC.a child learns slowly if he is in a bad mood.D.a child lear

41、ns a response问题7选项A.A Childs DevelopmentB.Learning and ResponseC.Motivation in Relation to LearningD.Maturation and Learning【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A第6题:B第7题:D【解析】1.根据第三段第一句“Learning generally refers to changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience.”可知, 选项D与原文描述一致。2.根据第一段的二三句

42、可知, 学习和成熟这两个过程几乎总是相互作用的, 因此很难将它们的影响彼此分开, 也很难指定它们对儿童发展的相对贡献。所以选项C正确。3.根据第四段的第二句“learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change.”可知, 选项A与原文描述一致, 所以正确。4.根据第二段最后一句“maturation it is meant development of the organism as a function of time, or age.”可知, 选项B符合原文。5.根据第四段最后一句话

43、：在这次讨论中, 我们将只采用几个普遍接受的学习原则。由此可推断, 还有部分原则没有被公众所接受, 选项A符合原文。6.根据原文可知, “this view”指的是上文提出的观点“he will learn a response better if he is rewarded for learning it.”如果他能得到学习的奖励, 他就能更好地学习反应。选项B符合原文。7.本文主要是围绕“学习和成熟”这两个关键词展开讨论的, 所以选项D最能概括全文。5. 翻译题1.根据牛顿的发现, 白光是所有可见光叠加而成的。这就是加色概念的典型例子。例如去掉蓝色色调, 白光就会变为黄色, 还有其他例子

44、等等。然而当把颜料的所有颜色混合, 我们会得到黑色, 这就是典型的减色理论, 黑色代表所有颜色都存在。加色是透射光的领域的概念, 减色是色素、染料和化学品的领域的概念。2.但是我们对创新的追求究竟是为了实现什么呢?创新就是一种重要的新产品或者新程序, 或者是一项制度, 能够在实际生活中大范围的应用, 对经济和社会有着革命性的意义, 就是以更低成本实现更高的工作效益。遗憾的是我们现在几乎把一切事情都用创新来形容, 因为不是所有创新都能给社会财富的増长和生活的改善提供一个长久的平台。3.睡眠问题研究者发现, 总的来说, 大多数人都是随着年龄的增加, 睡眠问题却越来越少, 上了年纪的人反而对失眠有更

45、好的承受力。睡眠模式的大多改变都发生在20岁到60岁之间。那些经历着睡眠问题的人, 应该去看医生才好。因为他们经历的问题也许是某种生病的迹象, 也许是一些药物的副作用。Choose ONLY ONE text form the following and translate it into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided if more than ONE translation appears on the Answer Sheet, only the first or the indicated one

46、 would be scored【答案】1.According to Newton, white light is superimposed by all the parts of the visible spectrum. This is a typical example of additive color concept. For example, take away the blue hues, and a white light will become yellow, and so on. However, when we combine every color of paints,

47、 we will get black. That is subtractive color theory, in which black represents the presence of all colors. Addictive color is the realm of transmitted light, while subtractive color is the realm of pigments, dyes and chemicals.2.But what should our pursuit of innovation actually accomplish? Innovat

48、ion is an important new product, new process, or perhaps a regulation. It can be applied on a large scale in real life, which has a significant impact on economy and society, and that means lower cost for higher benefit. Regrettably, we now use“innovation”to describe almost anything, because not all

49、 innovations can create a long-lasting platform for the rising of social wealth and the improving of life.3.Sleeping problem researchers found that, to sum up, most people had fewer sleeping problems as they grew older, and older people had a better tolerance for sleep deprivation. Most changes in s

50、leep patterns occurred between the ages of 20 and 60. Those people who experience sleeping problems that may be signs of illness or side effects of medication should see a doctor.6. 单选题If an object is suspended from an point on the vertical line passing through its center of gravity, the object will

51、 remain（ ） .问题1选项A.secureB.flexibleC.stationaryD.mobile【答案】C【解析】句意：如果一个物体从通过其重心的垂直线上的一个点上悬停, 该物体将保持静止。选项C符合语境。7. 单选题Ive （ ） my trust I shouldnt have believed in him so much.问题1选项A.misplacedB.mislaidC.displacedD.misappropriated【答案】A【解析】misplaced错放, 把（感情等）寄托于不值得寄托对象；mislaid放错, 把.放在记不起来的地方, 遗失；displace

52、d取代；misappropriated侵占, 滥用, 盗用。句意：我错把信任放在他身上, 不应该那么相信他。选项A符合句意。8. 单选题Death comes quickly in the mountains. Each winter holiday makers are caught unawares as they happily ski away from the fixed runs, little realizing that a small avalanche can send them crashing in a bone-breaking fall down the slope

53、 and leave them buried under tons of crisp white snow. There are lots of theories about how to avoid disaster when hit by an avalanche. Practice is normally less cheerful.The snow in the Salzburg of Austria where a recent disaster took place was typical avalanche material. For several days before th

54、e incident I had skied locally. Early winter snow was wearing thin and covered with ice. On top of that new, warmer flakes were gently falling to produce a dangerous carpet. To the skier who enjoys unmarked slopes it is tempting stuff, deep new power snow on a hard basethe skiing that dreams are mad

55、e of and sometimes nightmares.Snow falls in sections like a cake. Different sections have different densities because of the temperatures at the time of the fall and in the weeks afterwards. Problems come when any particular section is too thick and not sticking to the section beneath. The snow of t

56、he past few weeks had been falling in rather higher temperatures than those of December and early January. The result of these conditions is that even a slight increase in the temperatures sends a thin stream of water between the new snow and the old. Then the new snow simply slides off the mountain

57、.Such slides are not unexpected. Local citizens know the slopes which tend to avalanche and the weather in which such slides are likely. Traps are set to catch the snow or prevent it slipping; bombs are placed and exploded from time to time to set off small avalanches before a big one has time to bu

58、ild up; and above all, skiers are warned not to ski in danger areas.In spite of this, avalanches happen in unexpected areas and, of course, skiers ignore the warnings. The one comfort to recreational skiers, however, is that avalanche incidents on the marked ski slopes are quite rare. No ski resort

59、wants the image of being a death trap.1.Each winter holiday makers in the mountains come face to face with death because （ ） .2.According to the writer, skiing conditions in the Salzburg area of Austria before the accident happened were（ ） .3.In areas where avalanches are known to happen（ ） .4.Altho

60、ugh accidents do happen, skiers will be reasonably safe if （ ） .问题1选项A.they fail to realize how dangerous avalanches can beB.they are not expert enough at skiing on the fixed runs.C.they are trying to avoid areas where avalanches happenD.they ski great distances down the mountainsides问题2选项A.perfect

61、for, the inexperienced skierB.unsafe because the new snow was covered with iceC.typical of conditions resulting in avalanchesD.suitable only for skiing locally问题3选项A.local residents stay indoors when the weather is bad.B.measures are taken to prevent serious avalanchesC.small avalanches can easily b

62、e preventedD.skiers form themselves into a wall to keep the snow in position问题4选项A.they stay on the officially approved slopesB.they ski only for pleasureC.they ski only at resortsD.they choose less crowded ski slope.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的二三句可知，每年的冬季假期，人们都在不知不觉中快乐地滑雪，远离了固定的滑雪道。他们

63、几乎没有意识到，小小的雪崩会让他们从山坡上摔下来，摔断骨头，被埋在数吨洁白的雪里。由此可知，选项A符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第二段的第一句“The snow in the Salzburg of Austria where a recent disaster took place was typical avalanche material.”最近发生灾难的奥地利萨尔茨堡的雪是典型的雪崩性质。选项C与原文一致，所以正确。3.细节事实题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知，当地居民知道容易发生雪崩的斜坡和可能发生雪崩的天气，人们通过设置陷阱和引爆炸弹的方法来防止雪崩；最重要的是警告滑雪者不要在危险区域滑雪。由此可知，选项B正确。4.细节事实题。根据最后一段的第二句“The one comfort to recreational skiers, however, is that avalanche incidents on the marked ski slope