2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷17（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The（ ）of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek.问题1选项A.originB.generationC.descentD.cause【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项origin“起源、来源”，往往与过去的活动、风俗、事件等有关；B选项generation“产生、发生”，通常经过生产、操作等过程；C选项descent“遗传，派生，世系”；D选项cause“原因，因由”，一般指某事件、后果等的起因。句意：那个词的起源虽不为人所知，但肯

2、定不是来自希腊语。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题A thorough study of biology requires _ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habits of birds and beasts.问题1选项A.acquisitionB.acquaintanceC.discriminationD.justification【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项acquisition“获得物，获得；收购”；B选项acquaintance“熟人；熟悉；熟知；相识；了解；知道”；C选项discrimination“歧视；区

3、别，辨别；识别力”；D选项justification“理由；辩护；认为有理，认为正当；释罪”。句意：彻底的生物学研究需要_树木和植物的特性以及鸟兽的习性。此处填“熟悉”一词最符合句意，所以B选项正确。3. 单选题One of his eccentricities is sleeping under the bed instead of in the bed.问题1选项A.pedestriansB.peculiaritiesC.pedagoguesD.punctures【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。eccentricity意为“古怪行为，怪癖”；pedestrian意为“行人，步行者”；pec

4、uliarity意为“怪异的性质(或习惯)，怪癖”；pedagogue意为“教师，好为人师的人”；puncture意为“小孔，扎孔”。句意：他的怪癖之一是睡在床下而不是床上。4. 单选题You have to thaw the meat before it can be cooked.问题1选项A.tenderizeB.defrostC.seasonD.braise【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。thaw意为“(结冰后) 解冻，融化，融解”；tenderize意为“使嫩，使软化”；defrost意为“（给）化霜，（使）解冻”；season意为“加调料调味，加作料”；braise意为“炖，焖”。

5、句意：烹饪肉之前，你得先解冻它。5. 单选题The atmosphere contains water vapor, but there is a limit to how much water can be evaporated into a given volume of air, just as there is a limit to how much sugar can be dissolved in one cupful of coffee. More sugar can be dissolved in hot coffee than in cold. A given volume

6、of air can hold more water vapor at a higher temperature than at a lower temperature. The air is said to be saturated when it holds as much water vapor as it can at the temperature. At 20C a cubic meter of air can hold about 17 gram of water vapor; at 30 C it can hold about 30 gram. Usually the atmo

7、sphere is not saturated. Relative humidity (expressed in per cent) is the ratio of the mass of water vapor actually present in a given volume of air to the mass which would be present in it if it were saturated. For example, if a cubic meter of air at 20C contains 12 gram of water vapor, the relativ

8、e humidity is 12 gm/17 gm x 100 =71%. Hydrometers are instruments for measuring relative humidity. Readings on wet and dry bulb thermometers can be compared with the aid of a chart from which one can then read off the relative humidity. The basic principle of this is that evaporation is a cooling pr

9、ocess. The rate of evaporation from the wet-bulb thermometer will be high when the relative humidity is low, and therefore on such a day the wet-bulb thermometer will read considerably below the dry-bulb one. There is no simple formula for converting this temperature difference to relative humidity,

10、 and therefore a chart is used.If unsaturated air is cooled, its relative humidity goes up. If the temperature of the air drops sufficiently, saturation is reached and excess moisture precipitates out. The dew point is the temperature to which the air must be cooled to become saturated and condensat

11、ion will just form.1.When the readings on the wet-bulb thermometer and the dry-bulb thermometer are similar, we may assume that（ ）.2.When the temperature of the air rises above the dew point,（ ）.问题1选项A.we have relative humidityB.the air is saturatedC.the thermometer is inefficientD.the temperature i

12、s about to rise问题2选项A.dew will formB.it will rainC.the relative humidity exceeds 100%D.evaporation is likely to take place【答案】第1题:B第2题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Relative humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapor actually present in a given volume of air to the mass which would be present in it if

13、it were saturated.（相对湿度是给定体积空气中实际存在的水蒸气质量与饱和时存在的水蒸气质量之比）和The rate of evaporation from the wet-bulb thermometer will be high when the relative humidity is low, and therefore on such a day the wet-bulb thermometer will read considerably below the dry-bulb one.（当相对湿度较低时，湿球温度计的蒸发率将很高，因此在这一天，湿球温度计的读数将大大低

14、于干球温度计）可推测当干湿球温度中的度数相近时，则说明相对湿度高，故相对湿度越高说明空气中实际水蒸气含量越接近饱和，因此选B。2.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的If the temperature of the air drops sufficiently, saturation is reached and excess moisture precipitates out. The dew point is the temperature to which the air must be cooled to become saturated and condensation will jus

15、t form.（如果空气温度下降到足够的程度，就会达到饱和，多余的水分就会沉淀出来。露点是指空气必须冷却到的温度，以达到饱和，然后才会形成冷凝）可推测当空气中的温度上升到高于露点温度时，空气中水汽将不会达到饱和，就会产生蒸发，因此选D。6. 翻译题清洁的空气对于健康是至关重要的。如果空气中含有杂质，这些杂质就有可能被我们的身体吸收，使人生病。我们需要清洁的空气，但不幸的是，目前普遍存在着空气污染，尤其是在城市里。城市里有许多食品厂、服装厂和制造其他东西的工厂。每天这些工厂把千百万吨的烟灰排放到空气中。工厂产生的东西过一个时期就会损坏，然后就作为垃圾扔掉。我们烧掉许多垃圾，烟灰就增多了。还有工厂

16、生产的汽车，一旦出厂在街上行驶，将会吸进空气，排出有毒气体，并增加空气中的烟尘。世界上没有任何一个地方可以彻底摆脱空气污染，我们必须采取措施来控制空气污染。现在越来越多的人正在认识到清洁空气的重要性。学校开设了关于污染问题的课程。企业开始帮着净化空气，他们安装了特别的设备来清除自己排放的烟雾。科学家和发明家正在努力开发更清洁的汽车和火车引擎。或许，人们在城市里能呼吸新鲜空气的日子终将到来。【答案】【参考译文】Clean air is vital to good health. If the air contains impurities, they may be absorbed by our

17、 bodies make us ill. We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is generally present, especially in cities. There are many food factories, garment factories and factories for making other products in cities. Every day these factories discharge million tons of smoke and soot into the air. Th

18、ings made in factories wear out after a while and are thrown away as trash. We burn a lot of trash, which produces more smoke and soot. Moreover, once the automobiles produced by factories are out on the street, they will take in air and replace it with poisonous gases, which again produce more smok

19、e and soot.No area in the world can completely free of air pollution. We must take measures to control it. Now more and more people are realizing the importance of clean air. Schools have taught about the pollution problem. Industries are begun to help clean up, by installing equipment to clean up t

20、heir smoke. Scientists and inventors are making efforts to develop cleaner automobiles and the engine of train.Perhaps the day when people are able to breathe fresh air in cities will come at last.7. 单选题Fifty volunteers were alphabetically divided into two equal groups, Group A to participate in a 7

21、 week exercise program, and Group B to avoid deliberate exercise of any sort during those 7 weeks. On the day before the exercise program began, all 50 men participated in a step-test. This consisted of stepping up and down on a 16-inch bench at 30 steps a minute for 5 minutes. One minute after comp

22、letion of the step-test, the pulse rate of each subject was taken and recorded. This served as the protest for the experiment. For the next 7 weeks, subjects in the experiment group (Group A) rode an exercycle (a motor-driven bicycle-type exercise machine) for 15 minutes each day. The exercise sched

23、ule called for riders to ride relaxed during the first days ride, merely holding on to the handle bars and foot pedals as the machine moved. Then, for the next 3 days, they rode relaxed for 50 seconds of each minute, and pushed, pulled, and pedaled actively for 10 seconds of each minute. The ratio o

24、f active riding was increased every few days, so that by the third week it was half of each minute, and by the seventh week the riders were performing 15 solid minutes of active riding.At the end of the 7 weeks, the step-test was again given to both groups of subjects, and their pulses taken. The po

25、st-exercise pulse rates of subjects in the experimental group were found to have decreased an average of 30 heart beats per minute, with the lowest decrease 28 and the highest decrease 46. The pulse rates of subjects in the control group remained the same or changed no more than 4 beats, with an ave

26、rage difference between the initial and final tests of zero.1.The step-test was given （ ）.2.When were pulse rates taken?3.The exercise schedule was planned so that the amount of active riding（ ）.4.What did Group A do in their program?5.The post-exercise pulse rates of Group B were found on the avera

27、ge to have（ ）.问题1选项A.after each exercise periodB.at the beginning and at the end of the seven-week periodC.only once, at the beginning of the seven week periodD.twice to the men in Group A and once to the men in Group B问题2选项A.After every exercise period.B.Every day.C.After the step-tests.D.Every tim

28、e the ration of active riding was increased.问题3选项A.increased every few daysB.varied from day to dayC.increased until the third week and then was kept constantD.increased every exercise period问题4选项A.They stepped up and down on a bench each day.B.They pushed and pulled on exercise handles every day.C.

29、They rode on an exercise every day.D.They refrained from any exercise问题5选项A.not changedB.gone down 28 beats per minuteC.gone down 30 beats per minuteD.gone down 4 beats per minute【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的On the day before the exercise program began, all 50 men participated in

30、 a step-test.（在锻炼项目开始的前一天，所有50名男子都参加了一次阶梯测试）和第二段的首句At the end of the 7 weeks, the step-test was again given to both groups of subjects, and their pulses taken.（在7周结束时，再次对两组受试者进行了逐步测试，并记录了他们的脉搏）可知B选项“在七周的开始和结束时”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的 One minute after completion of the step-test, the pulse rate of each

31、 subject was taken and recorded.（在阶梯测试完成后1分钟，记录每一位受试者的脉搏率）可知选C。3.细节事实题。由文章第一段最后一句中的The ratio of active riding was increased every few days（主动骑行的比率每隔几天增加一次）可知选A。4.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的For the next 7 weeks, subjects in the experiment group (Group A) rode an exercycle for 15 minutes each day.（在接下来的7周中，A组实验者每天

32、骑15分钟自行车）可知选C。5.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Group B to avoid deliberate exercise of any sort during those 7 weeks（B组应避免在这7周内刻意进行任何形式的锻炼）和第二段中的The pulse rates of subjects in the control group remained the same or changed no more than 4 beats（对照组的脉搏率率保持不变或变化不超过4次）可知B组为对照组，没有进行任何锻炼，因此选A。8. 单选题A number of loopholes s

33、till remain in the campaign contribution law.问题1选项A.unprofitable sectionsB.illogical contradictionsC.descriptions for cheatingD.ways of evading rules【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。loophole意为“(法律、合同等的) 漏洞，空子”；unprofitable sections意为“无利可图的部分”；illogical contradictions意为“不合逻辑的矛盾”；descriptions for cheating意为“欺骗描述”；ways

34、 of evading rules意为“规避规则的方式”。句意：竞选捐款法仍然存在一些漏洞。9. 单选题The directions were so（ ）that it was impossible to complete the assignment.问题1选项A.ingeniousB.ambitiousC.notoriousD.ambiguous【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。ingenious意为“精巧的，巧妙的，机敏的”；ambitious意为“有野心的，有雄心的”，一般形容人；notorious意为“臭名昭著的”；ambiguous意为“含糊的，不明确的”。句意：这些指示太不明确了

35、，以致不可能完成任务。10. 单选题He claimed that he would compile an English masterpiece if he could find a(n) _ to deal with the less essential parts.问题1选项A.accompliceB.collaboratorC.confederateD.cobber【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项accomplice“同谋者；共犯”，指在犯罪行为中帮助另一个人；B选项collaborator“合作者；协作者；合著者”，指在做好事中帮助另一个人；C选项confederate“同盟国

36、，同盟者；帮凶；美国南部邦联支持者”，常指国家或政府层面的结盟；D选项cobber“伙伴；朋友”，不常用，属于澳洲俚语。句意：他声称，如果他能找到一位_来处理不太重要的部分，他将编写一部英语杰作。此处填“合著者”一词更符合句意，所以B选项正确。11. 单选题He is considered to be an outstanding artist but I consider his work to be quite （ ）.问题1选项A.mediocreB.mediumC.moderateD.intermediate【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。mediocre意为“普通的”；medium

37、意为“中等的，中级的”；moderate意为“有节制的”；intermediate意为“中间的，中级的”。由句中的but可知前后为转折关系，再根据outstanding（杰出的）可知选A。句意：他被认为是一位杰出的艺术家，但我认为他的作品十分普通。12. 翻译题我国高等教育大众化过程需要更加关注4个问题：理解高等教育规模扩大的本原，加强人文素质教育，平衡优秀与平等的关系，协调大学与政府、市场间的关系。所有这些都要以明析高等教育哲学的一个根本问题为前提，即大学的根本使命和目标如何定位的问题。现代大学一定要使学生和公众都能够理解大学最终和最基本的使命是什么。大学不是提供获利的手段和就业单位的场所，

38、而是要激发他们理性的光辉和力量，培养学生坚持长远地、全面地看待个人、社会与历史的发展所需要的能力。【答案】【参考译文】More attention should be paid to four issues during the massification of Chinese higher education: (1) how to understand the prime cause of the expansion of higher education; (2) how to reinforce liberal education; (3) how to balance the rel

39、ationship between equality and excellence; and (4) how to harmonize the relationship between the university, the government and the market. All these are based on the orientation about the ultimate mission and goal of universities. Modern universities must make students and the public understand the

40、ir ultimate mission. A university is not a place where stratagems for profits and opportunities of employment are provided; rather, it should inspire students rationalistic potencies, cultivate their ability to look upon the development of individuals, society and history from a long-term and all-ar

41、ound perspective.13. 单选题His mother scanned his face to see if he was telling the truth.问题1选项A.indicatedB.scrutinizedC.caressedD.penetrated【答案】D【解析】考查同义动词辨析。A选项indicated“表明，显示，象征，暗示”；B选项scrutinized“仔细查看；认真检查；细致审查”，表示用挑剔的眼光以及对细节苛求的态度检查；C选项caressed“抚摸，爱抚”；D选项penetrated“看透；透过看见，洞察；发现；揭示”。 句意：他母亲审视着他的脸，想

42、看看他是否在说真话。Scan“细看；察看；审视；端详”。D选项与scan意思最接近，因此D选项正确。14. 单选题Toilet waters, colognes （科隆水）and perfumes all have pleasing aromas （香味）. When purchasing them at a store, however, you will find that each of the three has a different price range. Their aromas are created by perfume oils. These can be very co

43、stly. Toilet water, which is the least expensive, contains about two percent perfume oil. Cologne, which is slightly more expensive, has three to five percent perfume oil. Perfume, containing from ten to twenty percent perfume oil, is the most expensive.Perfume oils, also called essential oils, prov

44、ide the special odors of perfumes. These oils come from the flowers, leaves, stems, roots, and seeds of plants. One of the most desirable essential oils comes from the jasmine. Attar is one of the most expensive oils. It is obtained from a unique rose. This special flower grows only in Bulgaria and

45、Turkey.Another ingredient of perfume is called a fixativea substance that makes the aroma of the essential oils long-lasting. The best fixatives are quite expensive. This is because they can be obtained only from certain animals. Musk comes from the scent gland of the musk deer that lives in Asia. C

46、astor comes from beavers, and civet is taken from civet cats. Ambergris, the rarest of fixatives, is a substance sometimes found in sperm whales.The last two ingredients in perfumes, however, are not costly. Almost all perfumes contain synthetic substances that are obtained from coal tar or chemical

47、s. All perfumes also contain alcohol, in which the other ingredients are dissolved. The greater the amount of synthetic materials and alcohol, the cheaper the perfume is to make.Some perfumes, therefore can be very expensive, while others can cost less. The more expensive ones are used for cosmetics

48、: lipsticks, powders, lotions, and of course, the fragrant liquid dabbed or sprayed on the body. The less expensive ones are used in industry. They are key ingredients in the making of paper, plastics, paint, and rubber products, which otherwise would have unpleasant odors.1.Toilet waters, colognes

49、and perfumes are different in prices because （ ）.2.The major ingredients of perfumes are（ ）.3.The best fixatives are very expensive because（ ）.4.The function of alcohol in perfumes is to（ ）.5.People use perfumes in paper-making in order to（ ）.问题1选项A.they contain different percentage of perfume oilB.

50、their aromas are created by perfume oilsC.their perfume oils are very expensiveD.you buy them at different stores问题2选项A.perfume oils, essential oils, jasmine, attarB.oils from the flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seeds of plantsC.perfume oils, fixative, synthetic substances and alcoholD.musk, casto

51、r, civet, ambergris问题3选项A.animals are very expensive and rareB.animals live in different areasC.not every animal contains perfumeD.it is hard to get them问题4选项A.make other ingredients mixed with the liquidB.make other ingredients disappearC.fade awayD.make other ingredients become solid问题5选项A.reduce

52、the costB.make the paper more attractiveC.get rid of the unpleasant smellsD.soften the paper【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Toilet water, which is the least expensive, contains about two percent perfume oil. Cologne, which is slightly more expensive, has three to five percent perfum

53、e oil. Perfume, containing from ten to twenty percent perfume oil, is the most expensive.（最便宜的花露水含有百分之二的芳香油。科隆香水稍微贵一点，有百分之三到五的芳香油。香水是最贵的，含有10%到20%的芳香油）可知A选项“它们含有不同百分比的芳香油”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Their aromas are created by perfume oils.（它们的芳香是由芳香油产生的）、第三段中的Another ingredient of perfume is called a fixa

54、tive（香水的另一种成分叫做固香剂）和第四段中的Almost all perfumes contain synthetic substances that are obtained from coal tar or chemicals. All perfumes also contain alcohol（几乎所有的香水都含有从煤焦油或化学物质中提取的合成物质。所有的香水都含有酒精）可知香水的主要主要成分为芳香油（perfume oils）、固香剂（fixative）、合成物质（synthetic substances）和酒精（alcohol），因此选C。3.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Thi

55、s is because they can be obtained only from certain animals.（这是因为它们只能从某些动物身上获得）可知C选项“不是所有的动物都有香味”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的All perfumes also contain alcohol, in which the other ingredients are dissolved.（所有的香水都含有酒精，其他成分都会溶解在其中）可知A选项“使其它成分混合其中”。5.推理判断题。The less expensive ones are used in industry. They

56、are key ingredients in the making of paper, plastics, paint, and rubber products, which otherwise would have unpleasant odors.（较便宜的香水在工业上使用。它们是制造纸张、塑料、油漆和橡胶制品的关键原料，否则会产生难闻的气味）可知C选项“去除难闻的气味”符合题意。15. 单选题Although some people advocate terrorists, love of peace is the（ ）feeling of many people today.问题1选项

57、A.dominantB.predominantC.paramountD.preeminent【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。dominant意为“占优势的，占支配地位的”，强调权威；predominant意为“主要的，占主导地位的”，侧重主要的，有优势的；paramount意为“最高的，至上的” ；preeminent意为“卓越的，杰出的”。句意：虽然有些人鼓吹恐怖分子，但热爱和平是当今很多人的主要态度。16. 单选题Both parties promised to（ ）the contract to be signed the following day.问题1选项A.keep withB

58、.tangle withC.adhere toD.devote to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。keep with意为“陪伴”；tangle with意为“与吵架，与争论”；adhere to意为“遵循，依附，坚持”；devote to意为“专用于做，专心于做”。句意：双方都承诺遵守次日将要签署的合约。17. 单选题The Civil War provided an impetus to Michigans growth.问题1选项A.an incentive toB.an obstacle toC.a reason forD.a delay in【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。an im

59、petus to意为“推动，促进”；an incentive to意为“刺激，激励”；an obstacle to意为“障碍”；a reason for意为“理由，原因”；a delay in意为“延迟”。句意：南北战争推动了密歇根州的发展。18. 单选题The novel contains some marvelous revealing（ ）of rural life in the 19th century.问题1选项A.glancesB.glimpsesC.glaresD.gleamed【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项glance“瞥闪，扫视，匆匆一看”；B选项glimpse“瞥见

60、”；C选项glare“怒目而视，瞪眼看；发出刺眼的光”；D选项gleamed“闪烁；隐约地闪现”。句意：这本小说包括对19世纪乡村生活的一瞥，绝妙而富于启发。glimpse“瞥见”，是glance的结果。“take a glance at .”（看一看）的结果便是“get a glimpse of .”（瞥见了），此句中，小说提到的是19世纪的乡村生活，是结果不是看一看的动作。因此B选项正确。19. 单选题After his long illness, the old man appeared so thin and （ ）that a gust of wind might have blow

61、n him away.问题1选项A.flimsyB.powerlessC.frailD.faint【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。flimsy意为“劣质的，不结实的，薄而易损坏的”；powerless意为“无影响力的，无权的，无能为力”；frail意为“脆弱的，虚弱的”；faint意为“（光、声、味）微弱的，不清楚的”。由句中的long illness（长期生病）和thin（瘦小的）可知选C。句意：这位老人病了很久，看上去如此瘦小虚弱以致于一直狂风就可能把他吹走。20. 单选题At the first glance, a forest appears to be a haphazard collection of trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers.问题1选项A.randomB.totalC.gradedD.synthetic【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。haphazard意为“无秩序的，无计划的”；random“随机的，随意的”；total意为“总计的，全部的，彻底的”；graded意为“分级的”；synthetic意为“合成的”。句意：乍一看，森林似乎是树木、灌木、藤蔓的杂乱无章的组合。