2022年考博英语-东北大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷12（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-东北大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Teresa Estes, a licensed mental-health counselor, watched as business at her private practice decreased last year. Then the single mother turned to her keyboard to boost her income.Ms. Estes applied to become an “expert” on Live Person InC. a Web site where cl

2、ients pay for online chat time with professionals and advisers of all fields. For $1.89 a minute a rate she set the 39-year-old from Marianna, FlA. dispenses advice to clients around the globe. She spends about four hours a day online, often at night, when her daughter has gone to bed.“It was the ec

3、onomy,” she says of her move to take her skills online. “Live Person is more profitable than my private practice.” Ms. Estes had charged her private clients up to $75 an hour.As the recession deepens, a small but growing number of people are taking their skills online, offering expertise or performi

4、ng specified tasks for a fee. Labor-at-the-keyboard sites are gaining popularity as people increasingly turn to the Web in search of work. Internet job-search sites saw a 51% rise in traffic from January 2008 to January 2009, according to comScore Media Metrix, to 26.7 million unique visitors.Among

5、the many fee-for-service Web sites out there, at least three are attracting a significant number of users though consumers should exercise a healthy degree of skepticism when consulting any of these sites. Live Person seeks out experts on a slew of topics, including mental health, financial services

6、, shopping and fashion, as well as psychics and spiritual advisers. Mechanical Turk, a Web service run by A InC. pays workers to perform tasks, such as cataloging products online. Associated Content pays contributors to write articles on a wide range of subjects, from organic flower gardening to how

7、 to apply for financial aid.Live Person went public in 2001, and the current version of the site was launched in late 2007. Today, the site has 30,000 registered experts, attracting an average of 100,000 people a year who pay for the offered services, says Chief Executive Officer Robert LoCascio. Ro

8、ughly 3,500 people have made contributing to the site their full-time job, he says.Live Person says it vets contributors qualifications, such as medical licenses or financial certification, through a third party, and relies heavily on its community reviews. Some 200 people a day apply to be Live Per

9、son experts, up from 120 a year ago, says Mr. LoCascio. Once cleared, advisers work with clients on a cost-per-minute basis set by the adviser. The site takes a commission of between 30% and 35%.Associated Content, by contrast, reviews submissions in house and then decides how much to pay for them.

10、The site, which specializes in how-to pieces and feature stories on news topics, had 237,000 registered contributors and more than one million content pieces as of February, both about double from the same month a year ago.After posting the content, the site sells advertisements against it and distr

11、ibutes it to other companies, such as online shoe retailer Zappos, which use the content on their own Web sites. If Associated Content accepts a submission (it says it rejects about 25% of them), the author gets between $5 and $30, plus $1,50 for each 1,000 page views. An ability to write “search-en

12、gine-optimized content, an industry term for generating good Google results, helps, says site founder Luke Beatty.People are not only looking for payment but also establishing their credentials “as somebody with experience”, he says. Writing about a specific profession, such as law or real estate, h

13、elps raise a persons profile online, enhancing his job searches, says Mr. Beatty.Sabah Karimi, a 26-year-old from Orlando, FlA. left a career in marketing to become a full-time freelance writer and now spends between 8 and 10 hours a week writing for Associated Content. She has been at it for about

14、three years and says she earns roughly $1,000 a month from her past and current submissions.Ms. Karimi cautions newcomers to Associated Content that it takes time to build up earnings. She says she learned how to write articles that would bring traffic and often looks for newsy ideas that will attra

15、ct readers.Mechanical Turk, by contrast, is based on “crowd sourcing”, or breaking a task into lots of tiny pieces and giving it to a big group of people to complete quickly. Most of these jobs which the site calls HITs, for human intelligence tasks pay just a few cents. Efficient MTurkers, as they

16、call themselves, can make more than $100 a week doing things such as finding someones email address or labeling images of a particular animal in a photograph.Amazon says that MTurk now has 200,000 workers from 100 different countries, but it doesnt keep track of past figures.The site named for an 18

17、th-century stunt involving a turbaned chess-playing “machine” with an actual chess master hidden within began as a way to help Amazon manage its product database, says Sharon Chiarella, vice president of Amazon Mechanical Turk. Amazon uses the site to help sort images and content, paying people a fe

18、w cents a task. Mechanical Turk also serves a variety of companies who need Web tasks performed, especially those that require a human element. Test-prep startup Knewton InC. for example, uses it extensively for focus-group-type tasks, as well as enlisting people to take its practice tests.Keri Knut

19、son, a mother of five from Independence, LA. discovered Mechanical Turk when her eldest son was headed for college. Ms. Knutson, now 45, needed money for his tuition and fees. She took on all kinds of low-paying but easy tasks at the beginning, from finding a place to purchase a specific item to ide

20、ntifying the name of a street in a photograph.People looking to make money online as fee-for-service experts should read the fine print. Live Person has one of the more formal payment systems, requiring users to sign up for an account before talking with an expert. Some sites, including Associated C

21、ontent and Mechanical Turk, reserve the right to refuse payment if a task is not completed satisfactorily.Most sites have a robust community of workers who regularly offer one another tips on which tasks pay the best. Mechanical Turk users have an independent site called Turker Nation (), which revi

22、ews the companies that solicit (索求) and pay for tasks so that workers can check a companys record before taking on a task.Consumers who use these sites also need to exercise caution. Relying on legal or medical advice from an unknown online source has obvious drawbacks, and the Web sites acknowledge

23、 that some users have registered complaints about the advice offered on the sites. Live Person warns consumers to offer their financial and personal details with care.For the workers on these sites, even incremental sources of income are helpful these days. Ms. Knutson now spends the majority of her

24、 time transcribing Web audio and video for clients, earning about $250 a week for 30 hours of work. She says she has seen more competition lately but is determined to keep up her weekly pace.“If I didnt have this money,” she says, “wed be struggling to find what to eat every week.”1. What is the pas

25、sage mainly talking about?2. Live Person Inc. is a Web site where （ ）.3. Why are labor-at-the-keyboard sites gaining popularity?4. How much will an expert get through Live Person if a client pays $10?5. Mechanical Turk originated as a method to （ ）.6. What does Turker Nation do?7. What does Ms. Knut

26、son spend the majority of her time doing?8. What is probably the title for the passage?问题1选项A.The economic recession will last a few years.B.More people are taking their skills online to make money.C.Asking for advice through the Internet is a good way to solve your problems.D.People shouldnt releas

27、e their financial and personal details online.问题2选项A.people chat with each other and make friends freelyB.professionals and advisers help others for freeC.people pay money for applying to become an expertD.clients pay for online chat time with professionals and advisers问题3选项A.Because people love to

28、work on the Internet.B.Because more people are finding jobs on the Internet.C.Because people are being asked to work on the Internet.D.Because working on the Internet is easier than other ways of working.问题4选项A.$3 to $3.5.B.$10.C.$6.5 to $7.D.$5.问题5选项A.label images of a particular animal in a photog

29、raphB.serve a variety of companies who need Web tasks performedC.help Amazon manage its product databaseD.find someones email address问题6选项A.It reserves the right to refuse payment if a task is not completed satisfactorily.B.It relies on legal or medical advice from an unknown online source.C.It regi

30、sters complaints about the advice offered on the site.D.It reviews the companies that solicit and pay for tasks.问题7选项A.Finding a place to purchase a specific item.B.Identifying the name of a street in a photograph.C.Transcribing Web audio and video for clients.D.Struggling to find what to eat every

31、week.问题8选项A.Experts on LineB.Selling Expertise on the Internet for Extra CashC.Success in Recession TimeD.Promising Online Economy【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C第6题:D第7题:C第8题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章主要讲的是各领域的收费服务网站兴起，使得越来越多的专业人士通过网络赚钱。故B项“越来越多的人利用他们的专业在网络上赚钱”比较符合文章大意。2.【试题解析】细节事实题。第二段指出：Ms. Estes applied

32、 to become an “expert” on Live Person InC. a Web site where clients pay for online chat time with professionals and advisers of all fields.（埃斯特斯申请成为Live Person Inc.的一名“专家”，这是一家客户付费与各领域专业人士和顾问在线聊天的网站）。因此D项“客户为与专业人士的在线交流时间而付费”正确。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。第四段指出：Labor-at-the-keyboard sites are gaining popularity as

33、 people increasingly turn to the Web in search of work.（随着人们不断转向网络找工作，键盘劳动力网站越来越受欢迎）。因此B项“因为更多的人在网上找工作”正确。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。第七段指出：The site takes a commission of between 30% and 35%（网站收取30%到35%的佣金）。由此可算出，如果客户支付10美元，网站抽取佣金33.5美元，专家将获得6.57美元，故选C。5.【试题解析】细节事实题。第十五段指出：The site named for an 18th-century stunt

34、 involving a turbaned chess-playing “machine” with an actual chess master hidden within began as a way to help Amazon manage its product database, says Sharon Chiarella, vice president of Amazon Mechanical Turk.（亚马逊土耳其机器人的副总裁 Sharon Chiarella说：这个网站为一个18世纪的噱头命名，涉及一个包着头巾的会下国际象棋的“机器”，里而隐藏着一个真正的国际象棋大师一开

35、始是作为一种帮助亚马逊管理其产品数据库的方法）。因此C项“帮助亚马逊管理其产品数据库”正确。6.【试题解析】细节事实题。倒数第四段指出：Mechanical Turk users have an independent site called Turker Nation (), which reviews the companies that solicit (索求) and pay for tasks so that workers can check a companys record before taking on a task.（Mechanical Turk用户有一个独立的网站叫土

36、耳其国家（），该网站评估索求的公司和支付任务，这样员工可以在接受任务之前检查公司的记录）。因此，D项正确。7.【试题解析】细节事实题。倒数第二段指出：Ms. Knutson now spends the majority of her time transcribing Web audio and video for clients, earning about $250 a week for 30 hours of work.（克努森女士现在花大部分的时间为客户转录网络音频和视频，一周工作30个小时赚取约250美元）。因此，C项“为客户转录网络音频和视频”正确。8.【试题解析】主旨大意题。文

37、章主要讲的是各领域的收费服务网站兴起，使得越来越多的专业人士通过网络赚钱。因此，A项“在线专家”比较适合做文章标题。2. 单选题Because the demand of coal decreased, many miners became （ ）.问题1选项A.indignantB.extraneousC.immaterialD.redundant【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项indignant“愤愤不平的”；B选项extraneous“外来的；没有关联的”；C选项immaterial“非物质的；无形的；不重要的；非实质的”；D选项redundant“多余的，过剩的；被解雇的，失业

38、的；冗长的”。句意：因为煤炭的需求下降，所以很多煤矿工人变得失业。结合句意，判断出选项D正确。3. 单选题The（ ）air that lingers around the sewer pipes is enough to make anyone gag.问题1选项A.railleryB.noisomeC.supineD.liturgy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词、名词词义辨析。A选项raillery“逗趣；开玩笑”；B选项noisome“恶臭的；有害的”；C选项supine“仰卧的；懒得动的；向后靠的”；D选项liturgy“礼拜仪式；圣餐仪式；祷告文”。句意：萦绕在污水管周围的恶臭的空气足

39、以使任何人窒息。结合句意，B选项正确。4. 单选题An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to（ ）further research.问题1选项A.stimulateB.originateC.renovateD.endorse【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项stimulate“刺激；鼓舞；激发”；B选项originate“引起；创作”；C选项renovate“更新；修复；革新；刷新”；D选项endorse“背书；赞同”。句意：科学理论的一个重要特性是它激发进一步研究的能力。根据句意，A选项正确。5. 单选

40、题Fast ReadingNewspapersNewspapers are the original form of broadband communication, a distinction not always recognized in the age of the Internet. Long before we had computers, televisions, radios, telephones and telegraphs, newspapers were the cheapest and most efficient way to reach mass audience

41、s with news, commentary and advertising. Newspapers, from their beginnings as hand-printed “broadsheets”, have been a true random-access medium - readers can move easily and quickly through the different sections of a newspaper, returning to them days or even weeks later. And because a newspapers “s

42、oftware” consists of a common language, it possesses a universal and timeless quality.What Did the Growth of TV News Mean to Newspapers?With the growth of television news in the 1960s, newspapers confronted their first formidable competitor. Today, ABC News claims that more Americans get their news

43、from ABC than from any other source and its probably true. The United States 1,600 daily newspapers continue to serve millions of readers, but newspapers are no longer the countrys dominant mass medium. How to survive and even flourish in a culture more attuned to （吻合）electronic media than to printe

44、rs ink is the most serious issue facing the newspaper industry as it enters the 21st century.It is safe to say that newspapers are not about to follow the Morse telegraph into oblivion. Newspapers are a portable convenient medium. No one lugs a computer monitor to the breakfast table to get the morn

45、ing news. And, newspapers are proving surprisingly adept at reinventing themselves for todays readers by emphasizing good design, color photography and detailed stories that report and interpret current events.What Exactly Is News and How Does It Work?Curiously, for a publication called a newspaper,

46、 no one has ever coined a standard definition of news. But for the most part, news usually falls under one broad classification - the abnormal. It is human folly, mechanical failures and natural disasters that often “make the news”. Reporters are a newspapers front-line eyes and ears. Reporters glea

47、n （收集） information from many sources, some public, such as police records, and others private, such as a government informant. Occasionally, a reporter will go to jail rather than reveal the name of a confidential source for a news story. American newspapers proudly consider themselves the fourth br

48、anch of government the watchdog branch that exposes legislative, executive and judicial misbehavior.Some reporters are assigned to beats, or an area of coverage, such as the courts, city hall, education, business, medicine and so forth. Others are called general assignment reporters, which means the

49、y are on call for a variety of stories such as accidents, civic events and human-interest stories. In the movies, reporters have exciting, frenzied （狂热的）and dangerous jobs as they live a famous pronouncement of the newspaper business: “Comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable.” Although a f

50、ew members of the media have been killed as a result of investigations into wrongdoing, newspaper work for the great majority of reporters is routine.All reporters are ultimately responsible to an editor. Depending on its size, a newspaper may have numerous editors, beginning with an executive edito

51、r responsible for the news division. Immediately below the executive editor is the managing editor, the person who oversees the day-to-day work of the news division. Other editors sports, photo, state, national, features and obituary（讣告）, for example may also report to the managing editor.However, t

52、he best known and in some ways the most crucial editor is the city or metro editor. This is the editor that reporters work for directly. The city or metro editor assigns stones, enforces deadlines and is the first to see reporters raw copy on the composition system or computer network. These editors

53、 are called gatekeepers, because they control much of what will and will not appear in the next days paper. Often working under the stress of breaking news, their decisions translate directly into the content of the newspaper.Once the city or metro editor has finished editing a reporters raw copy, t

54、he story moves from the composition system via the computer network to another part of the news division, the copy desk. Here, copy editors check for spelling and other errors of usage. They may also look for “holes” in the story that would confuse readers or leave their questions unanswered. The co

55、py desk chief routes finished stories to other editors who fit local and wire service stories, headlines （written by the editor not the reporter!） and digital photographs onto pages. Newspapers are increasingly doing this work, called pagination （分页）, with personal computers using software available

56、 at any office supply store. Microsoft Windows, Word and Quark Express are three programs that, though not designed for newspaper production, are easily adapted for it.What Are the Editorial Pages All About?A newspaper publishes its views on current events - both local and national - on its editoria

57、l pages. This is where editorials, unsigned commentary that reflects the collective position of the newspapers editorial board, appear. Editorials are not news, but rather reasoned opinion based on facts. For example, editorials may criticize the performance of public officials such as the mayor, th

58、e police chief, or the local school board; conversely, editorials may praise others for their civic contributions. Whatever the topic, newspapers hope their editorials will raise the level of community discourse.Two ways this occurs are familiar to any newspaper reader letters to the editor and op-e

59、d articles （a contraction of opposite-editorial page）. Letters are always among the best-read section of any newspaper, for this is where readers express their opinions. Op-ed articles usually run 850 to 1,000 words. Newspapers make space for letters to the editor and op-ed articles freely available

60、 as part of their contribution to civic dialogue.The editorial pages are under the direction of an editor outside the news division. Newspaper people call this “separation of church and state”, meaning there is a line between news and opinion that must not be crossed. To do so strips a newspaper of

61、its most valuable asset - credibility. For that reason, editorial page editors at some large newspapers report to the publisher, who is the chief executive officer of the company, and not to the executive editor. Other newspapers may have their editorial page editor reporting to the executive editor

62、. Whatever the organizational model, though, neither department can tell the other what to publish in the newspaper.How Are Newspapers Distributed?Responsibility for getting the newspaper from the press to the reader falls to the distribution division. Large newspapers publish two, three or even fou

63、r editions, all of which must be ready to leave the newspaper plant at a certain time. The first edition, sometimes called the bulldog edition（晨版）, goes to the outer limits of the newspapers circulation area.This may be several counties or even an entire state. Later editions contain progressively f

64、resher news and go to smaller areas. The final edition, which goes to press after midnight, contains the latest news but covers the smallest geographical area, usually a city.Any subscriber to a daily newspaper knows that it plops （扑通落下）onto the driveway in the wee hours of the morning. Independent contractors called carriers buy copies of the newspaper at discount and deliver them, using their personal vehicles. The first job for many American youngsters was delivering the afternoon pap